Abstract: Fruit trees, as important economic crops, are significantly influenced by a variety of environmental factors, with light playing a particularly crucial role. Light serves not only as the primary energy source for photosynthesis but also has a significant impact on the growth and development of fruit trees. The growth and development of fruit trees are influenced by various factors, including light quality, intensity, photoperiod, and distribution. These light-related factors regulate multiple processes such as morphogenesis, flowering, and fruiting. As an artificial light source, plant supplemental lighting can provide additional light to plants, which plays a crucial role in regulating the growth and development of fruit trees, increasing yield, and enhancing fruit quality. The advancement of science and technology has facilitated the gradual integration of artificial lighting technologies in horticulture, with applications extending to vegetables, flowers, fruit trees, and other crops. The most commonly used forms of supplemental plant lighting include fluorescent lamps, high-pressure sodium lamps, and LED lamps. Fluorescent lamps and high-pressure sodium lamps are characterized by high energy consumption and operating costs. Additionally, they contain various harmful substances, such as mercury and sodium, making waste disposal a significant environmental hazard. In contrast, LED lamps offer a broad spectral range, specific wavelengths, high efficiency, minimal heat dissipation, long lifespan, adjustable light quality and intensity, low energy consumption, and are free from mercury, sodium, and other hazardous substances. Moreover, waste generated from LED lamps can be recycled without environmental contamination. These attributes have led to the increasing adoption of LED lamps as the preferred choice for plant lighting.Red and blue light are key components of photosynthetically active radiation in natural light. Red light is primarily absorbed by chlorophyll, increasing chlorophyll content in leaves and promoting photosynthesis. Additionally, red light promotes the elongation and growth of roots and stems in fruit trees, which is beneficial for shaping tree morphology. Blue light is absorbed not only by chlorophyll but also by carotenoids. It influences plant growth, morphology, and physiological metabolism, promotes stomatal opening, and enhances stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and photosynthetic efficiency in fruit trees. Different tree species have varying light requirements, and different red-to-blue light ratios have distinct effects on the same species. Based on the variety, growth stage, and desired indicators of fruit trees, high-quality production can be achieved by adjusting the red and blue light ratio. Insufficient light can significantly inhibit the photosynthesis of fruit trees, leading to a reduction in photosynthetic products, which in turn affects the normal growth and development of fruit trees. This is characterized by thin trees, yellowing leaves, poor flower bud differentiation, severe flower and fruit drop, small fruit size, and poor quality. On the other hand, excessive light also negatively impacts fruit trees. Overexposure can cause sunburn on leaves and even fruits, damage chloroplast structures, reduce photosynthesis, and impair nutrient absorption in the affected areas, ultimately hindering the normal growth of fruit trees. In addition, uneven light quality distribution can cause the phenomenon of light spots on plants. Uneven light distribution in the canopy of fruit trees results in insufficient light reaching certain areas, leading to uneven growth and affecting the overall growth potential and yield distribution of the trees. This paper summarizes the development process of plant supplemental lighting and reviews the effects of light quality, intensity, duration, and distribution on the growth and development of fruit trees. Additionally, future research directions for artificial lighting in fruit tree cultivation are proposed, aiming to provide a reference for further studies on artificial light supplementation for fruit trees.
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