Breeding report of a new wine grape cultivar Luniang 1

Luniang 1 is a late-season, wine grape cultivar with excellent appearance. The seeding was derived from a cross between Shuanghong (Vitis amurensis) and Pinot Noir (Vitis vinifera) in 2005 at the experimental field. Through artificial hybridization, 187 hybrid seeds were obtained, and ultimately 105 seedlings were cultivated. It was initially selected in 2011 for its high sugar content and resistance. After regional adaptability testing at three sites (including Jinan, Tai’an, and Linyi) over a 10-year period from 2012 to 2022, it was finally selected in 2024. The new variety grow vigorously, with semi-open shoot tips cover in creeping downy hairs. Young branches are sparsely pubescent. Leaves are nearly triangular, tri-lobed, 13.4 cm long and 16.1 cm wide, with sharply serrated margins. The flower is hermaphroditic. The grape cluster has a conical shape with lateral shoulders, averaging 219 g in weight, 17.9 cm in length, and 11.6 cm in width. The maximum cluster weight reaches 352 g. The berries are nearly round, with an average weight of 1.85 g. The skin is blue-black, showing consistent coloration, and the flesh is green and had no pulp vesicles. Each berry contains 2-4 seeds. At maturity, the content of soluble solids is 22.7%, the titratable acid is 0.71%, the sugar-acid ratio is 32, and the juice yield is 64%. The quality is excellent. The fruit development period is 120 d. In the Jinan region of Shandong Province, bud break occurs in late March, flowering take place in early May, veraison begin in late July, and maturity is reached in early September. The germination rate is 88.4% , the proportion of fruit branches is 91.1%, and the fruit coefficient is 1.86. It shows resistance to cold, drought, downy mildew, etc. In Shandong Province, it can be cultivated without the practice of burying vines in winter. Dry red wine exhibits a deep gem-red color, with a rich and mellow aroma. It has a soft and harmonious taste, and its body is well-balanced and characteristic. The suitable cultivation area should be a place with a frost-free period of 150 days, a sum of active temperature above 10 ℃ of 3500 ℃, and a winter extreme temperature not lower than -25 ℃. It can bear fruits next year after being planted and has high yield potential. The orchard should be established on flat, neutral sandy soil with good moisture and fertilizer retention capabilities. The spacing within rows and between rows should be 1 m × 2.5 m-3.0 m. Pruning should include shortening, back-budding, and updating, aiming to control the ventilation and light transmission of the tree body and maintain tree vigor