Selection of ‘Jinzhen 1', a new hazelnut cultivar

Abstract：‘Jinzhen 1'is an early season hazelnut variety. It was selected from seedlings of‘Pingou No. 28'. At the very beginning, cold resistance, early bearing and high-yield were taken as breeding objectives. 280 seeds which were introduced from Liaoning Forest Economic Institution were sown in2003 and 171 seedlings were got in the next year. Phenophase, growth and development status were observed for three years. Sprout rate of overwintering branches were surveyed and electrical conductivity were determined in order to learn cold resistance of seedlings. Nut determination was done in 2006, and then 2 fine single monophyly were selected. Regional trial was started from 2007. Through observation and tests for ten years, it was finally selected in 2014. Tree performance of this variety is natural opening; new shoot growing length is 52.3 cm. Young branches have less grey villus and oyster gray color. Biennial branches have dark grey color and dense black villus. Leaf is 10.8 cm long, 0.8 cm wide, and with3-5 saw tooth on leaf margin. There are 16-20 flowers on every inflorescence and 2 stigmas on every flower. Male flower is light-yellow and grow well, it has about 100 small flowers. Number of inflorescence flower is 4-15, which is more than female parent. Stigma will become black or wither after pollination. The germination rate was 44.6% and branching ability is 3.6. The longitudinal diameter is 1.45 cm and transverse diameter is 1.65 cm. The fruit has good quality, nearly round shape, smooth surface, thin shell of 1.48 mm, large size of 2.6 g per fruit and plump kernel. The heaviest weight of single fruit is3.4 g. Fat content is 56.9%, protein content is 18.4%, carbohydrate content is 8.7%, and shelling percentage is 42%. Nut is full with yellowish-white kernel and milky white flesh. Unfilled shell rate is 2%. It tastes sweet. Fruit-set rate of inflorescence are 3 fruit rate of 53.7%, 4 fruit rate of 30.6%, 2 fruits rate of12.9% and 1 fruit rate of 2.8%. The self-fruit rate is very low, so pollination tree is needed. Fruit development period is 95-100 d and it matures in late August at Taigu, Shanxi province. It is resistant to cold, it can avoid late frost damage because female flower bloom later than most of other varieties. Nuts can be stored for 1 year in an aeration drying room with the temperature of 5-18 ℃. It is suitable for planting in south of Xinzhou at Shanxi province. Further tests are needed if it will be planted in other areas. This variety can bear fruits in the 3 rd year after planted, and reach early full fruiting period at the 5 th year and reach full fruiting period at the 7 th year. The species has high yield potential with the yield over 224.7 kg per 666.7 m². Orchard should choose sunny slope with well drainage condition. Neutral sandy loan soil or loan soil with good water retention and permeability is better for planted. Spacing in the rows and spacing between rows are 2 m×3 m or 2 m×3.5 m. Rate of main cultivars and pollination tree is 4-5∶1. Tree form often use main trunk open model. Pruning includes pinching, bending and back spune are used aiming at controlling tree size and maintaining tree vigor. Fertilization mainly relies on autumn base fetilizaer.