基于叶绿素a/b值快速鉴定柱型苹果

华俊凯1,2,王彦文2,李 志2,韩婷婷2,齐文硕2,郭绍霞1*,张玉刚2*

1青岛农业大学园林与林学院,山东青岛 266109;2青岛农业大学园艺学院·青岛市园艺植物遗传改良与育种重点实验室,山东青岛 266109)

摘 要:【目的】建立一种经济高效的鉴定方法,以实现对柱型苹果杂种后代的早期筛选。【方法】首先测定了不同品种柱型苹果和非柱型苹果叶片的叶绿素荧光生理数据,关注叶绿素a与叶绿素b含量比值(Chla/Chlb)的差异。以取自20个苹果杂种后代的62份材料(每个杂种取3~5枚叶片,一枚叶作为1份材料)为试材,进行叶绿素提取与Chla/Chlb分析,并采用分子标记法再次鉴定,以验证该生理指标鉴定方法的准确性。【结果】基于叶绿素提取分析Chla/Chlb的方法,通过计算苹果叶片叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值来鉴定柱型苹果。经与分子鉴定方法对比,其综合鉴定准确率达到97.6%。其中,对柱型苹果的鉴定准确率高达100%。【结论】本研究为田间快速鉴别柱型苹果杂种后代提供了一种快速、易行的解决方案,可有效提高柱型苹果的育种效率。

关键词:柱型苹果;叶绿素;叶绿素荧光;Chla/Chlb值

树型结构影响果树的整形修剪、授粉、果品产量等方面,是果园精细化管理的重要内容。矮化密植栽培是当前中国苹果现代化生产的发展趋势,轻简化和机械化管理的树型也适于未来苹果产业的发展。柱型苹果是普通型苹果上发现的一个短节间芽变,具有生长紧凑、节间短、腋芽萌发为大量的短枝、很少或无长分枝、光合效率高的特点,因其树型无需拉枝,修剪量极轻,适于机械化规范管理,所以是选育轻简化栽培品种的重要种质资源[1-5]。以柱型苹果资源为亲本,选育株型适于轻简化栽培的品种,对苹果产业未来的发展有重要意义。然而,通过形态学观察往往难以确定一年生杂种后代的株型[6],因此,如何准确地鉴别、筛选柱型苹果品种,是目前研究的重点。

苹果柱型是由显性单基因Co 控制的质量性状[7-9]MpCoL是调控苹果柱型性状形成的关键候选基因[10-13]。目前已根据苹果Co基因开发了鉴定柱型苹果的分子标记,但是分子标记鉴定法所需仪器和试剂较繁琐,耗时较长,操作者需具有一定分子生物学基础,所以不适用于田间快速地鉴别柱型苹果材料。切片染色分析方法丰富了柱型苹果的鉴定方式,满足了田间快速鉴定柱型苹果的基本需求,但是该方法对试验试剂和试验环境要求较高,且试剂毒性强[14]。本研究基于柱型苹果叶片的生理特点,新开发一种快速鉴别柱型苹果材料的简易方法,利于柱型苹果材料的选育与推广。

光合作用是地球上几乎所有生命的能量和物质基础,其应用与农业、能源和环境的可持续发展密切相关[15]。柱型苹果的叶绿素含量和光合速率较普通型高[4],柱型苹果舞佳和润泰一号中MpCoL 表达量也显著高于非柱型苹果富士和华硕[16]。实验室前期研究发现,在过表达MpCoL基因杨树叶片中叶绿素b含量提高,即叶绿素a/b减小(未发表)。基于这一结果,本研究推测柱型苹果中也存在叶绿素a/b值降低的情况,并通过测定与计算柱型和非柱型苹果的叶绿素a与叶绿素b比值,以反映其叶绿素含量特征,旨在开发一种新型高效的早期筛选方法。叶绿素浸提法是植物叶绿素提取分析的常用方法,利用相似相溶原理可将叶绿素溶解到乙醇等有机溶剂中,根据有机溶剂中叶绿素a和叶绿素b最大吸收峰所在波长的吸收系数,通过测定该波长下吸光值计算分析叶绿素浓度比例等特征。在95%乙醇溶液的叶绿素溶液中,叶绿素a和叶绿素b的最大吸收峰分别为665 nm和649 nm,结合叶绿素a和叶绿素b在两个波长的吸收系数,可以根据公式计算出叶绿素a和叶绿素b浓度。

本研究通过计算苹果叶片中叶绿素a与叶绿素b含量比值(Chl a/b)的大小来分析柱型苹果和非柱型苹果叶绿素含量特征,并以此开发了一种早期鉴定柱型后代的新方法。新方法的鉴定结果与分子标记鉴定结果的一致性为97.6%,可靠性高,为苗期快速鉴别柱型苹果杂种后代,也为选育及推广柱型苹果提供了高效的解决方案。

1 材料和方法

1.1 试验材料与试剂

本研究所使用的苹果(Malus pumila Mill.[17]包括金冠、澳洲青苹、新红星、红月、王林、瑞雪、粉红女士、福丽、福美和旭等10个非柱型品种,塔斯坎、贵妃、福蕾、鲁加5号、鲁加4号、舞美和威赛克旭等7个柱型品种,以及20株柱型和非柱型苹果的杂交后代。上述材料均为种植于青岛农业大学胶州基地的12年生苹果树。每个品种选取3~5株,从中选取3~5枚叶片,以备后续观察分析。每个品种/杂种后代中随机选取2~3个枝条,每个枝条上取一枚嫩叶并混合,经液氮速冻后保存至-80 ℃冰箱,以备后续分子标记鉴定。

本研究所用的植物基因组DNA提取试剂盒、2×Taq Mix、2000 bp DNA marker均购自于艾科瑞生物工程有限公司(长沙);无水乙醇购自于富宇精细化工有限公司(天津)。

1.2 叶绿素荧光测定方法

使用imaging-parm叶绿素荧光成像分析仪进行参数检测。从上往下数,以苹果正常生长的枝条第1枚长度大于0.5 cm的叶片记为第1枚叶,取第8枚叶。将柱型和非柱型苹果叶片样本置于暗环境中处理30 min。随后对叶片进行荧光特性分析,记录暗适应状态下的基础荧光值(F0)、峰值荧光强度(Fm)等,并通过公式Fv/Fm=(FmF0)/Fm计算得出光系统Ⅱ在暗适应条件下的最大光能转换效率。

1.3 叶绿素提取方法

从上往下数,以苹果正常生长的枝条第1枚长度大于0.5 cm的叶片记为第1枚叶,取第8枚叶。去掉待测叶片叶脉并剪碎,称质量后加入2.5 mL的95%乙醇溶液研磨成组织匀浆,再加10 mL的95%乙醇继续研磨至组织变白,静置3 min,连同残渣移入15 mL容量瓶用95%乙醇定容。将1 mL待测液加入2 mL的95%乙醇溶液稀释后移入光径1 cm比色皿,以95%乙醇为空白,用分光光度计测量波长665、649 nm下的吸光度,根据公式计算叶绿素a含量和叶绿素b含量的比值。

1.4 Chl a/b计算分析

叶绿素含量按照以下公式计算:

叶绿素含量(mg·g-1)=C×V×N/ω

式中:C表示叶绿素质量浓度,mg·L-1V表示待测液体积,mL;N表示测量稀释倍数;ω表示植物叶片组织鲜质量,g。

在95%乙醇溶液中,根据朗伯-比尔定律和叶绿素a和叶绿素b在最大吸收峰665和649 nm的吸光系数,可知叶绿素a和叶绿素b质量浓度分别按照以下公式计算:

Chl a=13.95×A665—6.88×A649;

Chl b=24.96×A649—7.32×A665。

式中:Chl a表示叶绿素a质量浓度,mg·L-1;Chl b表示叶绿素b浓度,mg·L-1;A665表示待测液在665 nm吸光度;A649表示待测液在649 nm吸光度。

1.5 分子标记鉴定

采用植物基因组DNA提取试剂盒进行植物叶片DNA提取。通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测DNA样本质量。分子标记鉴定所用引物AF1(5′-GGTTTTGCGTCAAGTCTTATGTTAG-3′)、AR1(5′-CCCTCTAG CTAGTCCGTCATTTATC-3′ )和AR2(5′-AAGGTTTGGGCTACGTCCATACTA-3′)均源自前人研究[18]。按表1配制PCR反应体系,按表2进行PCR反应程序设定,反应完成后,使用琼脂糖凝胶进行电泳并通过AlphaImager HP荧光/可见光凝胶成像分析系统(Alpha Innotech,美国加州)观察结果。

表1 PCR扩增体系
Table 1 PCR amplification system

表2 PCR程序
Table 2 PCR procedure

1.6 试验设计与数据统计分析

本研究中不同苹果品种/优系设置2~10个生物学重复,每个生物学重复通过4组Chl a/b计算平均值,并确定鉴定结果。统计分析时,准确率/%=单个重复与最终鉴定结果一致的个数/总的生物学重复数×100。试验数据使用Graphpad Prism 8进行差异显著性分析并绘图。

2 结果与分析

2.1 柱型苹果和非柱型苹果光合作用能力分析

本试验取不同品种柱型非柱型苹果叶片,测定其叶绿素荧光参数(图1),发现在正常生长条件下,柱型品种PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量较非柱型品种更高。非柱型品种中澳洲青苹、福丽、红月的Fm值整体低于柱型品种塔斯坎、福蕾、鲁加五号;柱型品种和非柱型品种之间Fo值差异不明显,柱型品种较高。通过这些光合荧光参数的测定,说明柱型苹果品种相较于非柱型苹果品种具有更高的光合生理优势。

图1 非柱型和柱型苹果光合作用能力分析
Fig.1 Analysis of photosynthetic capacity in non-columnar and columnar apple

A.非柱型和柱型苹果叶片的叶绿素荧光表型观察;B.PSⅡ反应中心都处于关闭状态时的最大荧光;C.PSⅡ反应中心都处于开放状态时的最小荧光;D.PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量。
A.Phenotype observation of chlorophyll fluorescence in non-columnar and columnar apple leaves;B.Maximum fluorescence when PSⅡreaction centers are all closed;C.Minimum fluorescence when PSⅡreaction centers are all open;D.Maximum photochemical quantum yield of PSⅡ.

2.2 不同柱型和非柱型苹果品种叶绿素提取分析

为分析柱型苹果叶绿素特征,选取7个柱型苹果品种和10个非柱型苹果品种,每个品种取3~5枚叶片,共计63份材料(一枚叶片作为一份材料),作为鉴定试材(图2)。计算得出各试验材料Chl a/b的原始数值及平均数值(表3)。

图2 部分非柱型和柱型苹果叶片表型与叶绿素提取液
Fig.2 Partial non-columnar and columnar apple leaf samples and chlorophyll extraction solution

图中比例尺为50 mm;“C”或“N”分别表示“柱型”或“非柱型”;品种名称后的数字n 表示该品种的第n 份生物学重复。例:N‘澳洲青苹’-1表示非柱型苹果嘎拉的第1个重复。
The scale bar in the figure represents 50 mm;“C”or“N”denotes“columnar”or“non-columnar”respectively;The number“n”following the cultivar name indicates the nth biological replicate of that cultivar.For example:N‘Granny Smith’-1 represents the 1th replicate of the non-columnar apple cultivar Gala.

表3 利用叶绿素分析方法鉴定不同苹果品种的结果统计
Table 3 Statistics of chlorophyll analysis methods for identifying different apple varieties

注:品种栏的品种名称前的“C”或“N”和结果栏的“C”或“N”表示该样品是“柱型”或“非柱型”苹果材料;品种名称后的数字表示不同树体的生物学重复(叶片编号);表中Chl a/b为4个Chl a/b数据的平均值。
Note:The“C”or“N”before cultivar names in the“Cultivar”column and the“C”or“N”in the“Result”column indicate whether the sample is from a“columnar”or“non-columnar”apple plant;the numbers following cultivar names represent different biological replicates of individual trees;the Chl a/b ratio in the table is the average of four Chl a/b measurements.

进一步研究发现,柱型苹果的叶绿素含量高于非柱型苹果,叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量均有增加,但叶绿素b含量的增幅较叶绿素a更为显著。柱型苹果Chl a/b平均值为1.79,非柱型苹果Chl a/b平均值为2.33,柱型苹果和非柱型苹果Chl a/b值分离明显。通过分析发现,Chl a/b值在2.00上下分布(图3)。由此确定,以Chl a/b值作为评价指标,柱型苹果和非柱型苹果Chl a/b的分界线为2.00,若Chl a/b<2.00,则该材料为柱型苹果,若Chl a/b≥2.00,则该样品为非柱型苹果。

图3 非柱型和柱型苹果叶绿素含量分析
Fig.3 Analysis of chlorophyll content in non-columnar and columnar apple

A.非柱型和柱型苹果叶片的叶绿素含量;B.非柱型和柱型苹果叶片的Chl a/b值分系;差异显著性分析以非株型苹果为对照,t 检验分析,****P<0.000 1。
A.Chlorophyll content in non-columnar and columnar apple leaves;B.Chl a/b ratio in non-columnar apple and columnar apple leaves;Significance analysis of differences was performed using non-columnar apple trees as the control,with t-test,****P<0.000 1.

2.3 利用叶绿素提取分析方法鉴定苹果杂种后代

为评价上述叶绿素提取分析方法鉴定柱型苹果的准确性,随机选取青岛农业大学杂种圃内20株柱型和非柱型苹果的杂交后代进行取样,每株取3~5枚树叶,20株杂种后代共取62份材料(一枚叶作为一份材料)作为鉴定试材,并统计分析Chl a/b平均值,8株杂种后代的全部24份试材的Chl a/b<2.0,鉴定为柱型苹果,剩余12株杂种后代的全部38份试材中36份试材的Chl a/b≥2.0,鉴定为非柱型苹果(表4)。

表4 杂种后代中不同柱型和非柱型苹果材料的鉴定结果统计
Table 4 Statistics on the identification results of different columnar and non-columnar apple materials in selected hybrid lines

注:编号后面的数字n 表示来自不同树体的第n 个生物学重复,如5-1,表示杂种后代5的第1个生物学重复;表中Chl a/b为4个Chl a/b数据的平均值;结果栏中的“C”或“N”表示用分子标记法鉴定该样品是“柱型”或“非柱型”苹果材料;是否一致栏中的“Y”表示Chl a/b鉴定结果与分子标记鉴定结果一致,“N”表示不一致。
Note:The number“n”following the hybrid identification code indicates the nth biological replicate from different individual trees.For example,“5-1”denotes the first biological replicate of superior hybrid line 5;the Chl a/b ratio in the table represents the average of four Chl a/b measurements;the“C”or“N”in the molecular marker results column indicates whether the sample is from a“columnar”or“non-columnar”apple plant;in the consistency of results column,“Y”indicates that the Chl a/b identification result is consistent with the molecular marker identification result,while“N”indicates inconsistency.

表4 (续)Table 4 (Continued)

2.4 分子标记方法鉴定苹果杂种后代

为进一步明确叶绿素提取分析方法在筛选柱型苹果杂种后代中的准确性,对上述杂种后代和对照品种贵妃、福蕾、福丽和新红星进行DNA提取和分子标记鉴定。结果显示,杂种后代20、26、32、34、37、38、51和58与柱型对照材料贵妃和福蕾的扩增条带一致,确定为柱型苹果;其余12个杂种后代的扩增结果与非柱型对照材料福丽和新红星一致,确定为非柱型苹果(图4)。

图4 不同苹果杂种的分子标记鉴定结果
Fig.4 Identification results of molecular markers in different apple strains

图中M表示2000 bp DNA marker,“5”等数字表示试验选用杂种的编号名称;“C”或“N”表示该杂种是“柱型”或“非柱型”。
In the figure,“M”represents the 2000 bp DNA marker;numbers such as“5”indicate the identification codes of the superior hybrid lines selected for the experiment;“C”or“N”denotes whether the superior hybrid line is a“columnar”or“non-columnar”apple line.

2.5 叶绿素提取分析和分子标记鉴定结果的比较

采用叶绿素Chl a/b值对62株杂种后代苹果材料进行鉴定,其中60株的鉴定结果与分子鉴定结果相同,准确率高达96.8%,其中鉴定柱型苹果的重合度可达100%。综合分析10个已知非柱型苹果品种和7个已知柱型苹果品种的63份供试材料,以及20株杂种后代的62份供试材料的鉴定结果得出,利用本研究所述的叶绿素分析方法,鉴定柱型材料和非柱型材料的综合准确率可达97.6%(共125株材料,两种鉴定方法一致的为122株),其中鉴定柱型材料的准确率为100%,表明叶绿素分析Chl a/b以快速鉴定柱型苹果的方法是有效的。

3 讨论

在当前中国苹果现代化生产向矮化密植栽培转型的背景下,未来产业发展亟须适宜轻简化与机械化管理的树型。柱型苹果正是这类树型的理想种质,而对其杂种后代进行早期筛选,已成为提升育种效率的关键步骤。杂种后代在苗期形态学特征不明显,分子标记辅助筛选虽然准确率高,但是成本高,对试验人员专业化水平和试验设施要求高,不适于田间快速鉴定柱型苹果,在实际生产中难以大面积推广。根据前期研究,发现柱型苹果的叶绿素含量和光合速率较普通型苹果高[4],并且转MpCoL 杨树叶绿素b含量提高,即叶绿素a/b(Chl a/b)减小(未发表)。本研究发现,MpCoL 表达量高的柱型苹果品种相较于MpCoL表达量低的非柱型苹果品种,其叶片具有光合生理优势,且多个品种Chl a/b值较小;上述结果表明,柱型苹果叶片叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量比例相较于非柱型苹果具有显著差异,以此为基础,开发一种新的更为简便和经济的适于田间筛选柱型后代的方法是可行的。

通过测量分析不同苹果品种/优系的Chl a/b值,该数据反映了柱型苹果和非柱型苹果的遗传差异。20个杂种后代鉴定柱型材料和非柱型材料的准确率高达96.8%,然而仍有非柱型材料50-4和50-5个体的Chl a/b值小于2.0,这可能是环境因素影响导致的。表现型受基因和环境因素共同影响。光照度和温度等环境因素对苹果叶片光合效率和Chl a/b值具有显著影响[19]。传统遗传学研究表明,苹果独特的柱型性状是由反转座子插入诱导邻近基因Mp-CoL 的表达所引起的受显性单基因控制的质量性状[13,20]。现有文章报道了柱型苹果杂种后代幼苗中存在两个隐性抑制基因c2(位于Chr10)和c3(位于Chr9)的遗传定位,这两个基因与反转座子诱导的MpCoL 表达和柱型性状形成的抑制有关[13]。所以,随着柱型苹果遗传机制的不断完善,目前该性状的遗传机制已经难以用简单的单基因显性遗传模型或多基因遗传模型来解释[21]。本研究中Chl a/b以2.0为分界线离散分布于两侧,这种不连续分布特征可能是柱型性状的表型之一,但该性状形成可能的多基因调控分子机制仍需进一步研究。

利用叶绿素分析鉴定柱型苹果,成本低,试验试剂毒性小,操作步骤简单,但是其对苹果幼嫩叶片的鉴定准确率较低,并且除光照外,叶绿素含量尤其是叶绿素a/b还易受干旱等非生物胁迫的影响[22]。为了提高鉴定准确率,需要使用成熟的苹果叶片进行鉴定。因此,想要提高柱型苹果育种效率并降低成本,加速实现苹果轻简化栽培模式,需要综合利用多种鉴定方法。利用苹果叶片Chl a/b的大小快速鉴定柱型苹果,为苗期快速鉴别柱型苹果杂种后代和柱型苹果选育、推广提供了高效的解决方案,具有应用价值和前景。未来的研究应该着重于优化叶绿素提取步骤,并制定更详细的操作规范,提升该方法的普及性。

4 结论

柱型苹果叶绿素b含量所占比例高于非柱型,Chl a/b值小于2.0;在本文所鉴定的所有125株材料中,利用Chl a/b值鉴定柱型苹果的准确性高达100%,可以高效鉴定柱型苹果材料。叶绿素提取分析法为柱型苹果的早期筛选提供了一种全新简便的鉴定方式。

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Rapid identification of columnar apples based on chlorophyll a/b ratio

Hua Junkai1,2,Wang Yanwen2,Li Zhi2,Han Tingting2,Qi Wenshuo2,Guo Shaoxia1*,Zhang Yugang2*

(1College of Landscape and Forestry,Qingdao Agricultural University,Qingdao 266109,Shandong,China;2College of Horticulture,Qingdao Agricultural University/Qingdao Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Genetics and Breeding,Qingdao 266109,Shandong,China)

Abstract: 【Objective】Columnar apple is a spontaneous bud mutant characterized by compact growth,shortened internodes,and easy formation of spurs.This unique architecture,coupled with high photosynthetic efficiency,would eliminate the need for extensive training and pruning.Consequently,the columnar phenotype would be well-suited for standardized,mechanized orchard management systems.Therefore,the columnar apple would be a highly valuable germplasm resource for breeding new apple varieties for simplified cultivation.The columnar growth habit is a qualitative trait governed by a single dominant gene,designated Co.Although molecular markers developed through the identification and characterization of this Co gene are available to facilitate the precise genetic identification of columnar apples,these techniques have considerable practical limitations.A previouse method including tissue sectioning and staininghas been developed in our laboratory,provided an alternative identification strategy for columnar apples.The present study was tried to develop another optional method for easy selection of columnar apples from hybrid population.【Methods】This investigation employed an Imaging-PAM(Pulse Amplitude Modulated)chlorophyll fluorescence imaging system for the non-destructive assessment of photosynthetic parameters.A standardized leaf sampling protocol was instituted:commencing from the apex of a normally growing shoot,the first leaf exceeding 0.5 cm in length was designated as position one,and the eighth leaf from this point was systematically selected for all subsequent analyses.Leaf samples,collected from both confirmed columnar and non-columnar apple genotypes,weresubjected to a dark adaptation period of 30 minutes to fully relax photosynthetic reaction centers.Following this adaptation,a comprehensive chlorophyll fluorescence analysis was conducted.Key parameters included the minimal fluorescence level (F) and the maximum fluorescence yield (Fm) in the darkadapted state were recorded.These values were utilized to compute the maximum photochemical efficiency of Photosystem Ⅱ(PSⅡ),expressed as Fv/Fm,through the standardized formula:Fv/Fm=(Fm-F)/Fm.In parallel,chlorophyll extraction and quantification were performed on leaf tissue obtained from the identical,standardized nodal position.The central midrib was meticulously excised and discarded from each sample leaf.The remaining lamina tissue was then finely fragmented,accurately weighed,and subsequently homogenized using a mechanical grinder in the presence of 2.5 mL of 95% ethanol.The grinding process continued after the addition of a further 10 mL of 95%ethanol until the plant material was completely bleached.The resulting homogenate was allowed to settle for 3 minutes before being quantitatively transferred,including insoluble residues,into a 15 mL volumetric flask,which was then brought to its final volume with 95% ethanol.For spectrophotometric analysis,a 1 mL aliquot of the primary extract was diluted with 2 mL of 95% ethanol.This diluted solution was transferred into a spectrophotometric cuvette with a 1 cm optical path length.Using a pure 95% ethanol solution as the blank reference,the absorbance of the sample was measured at two specific wavelengths: 665 nm and 649 nm.The respective concentrations of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b were calculated using established arnon equations,from which the chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b ratio(Chla/b)was precisely determined.A comparative analysis of chlorophyll content and,more specifically,the Chla/b ratio was conducted between the columnar and non-columnar apple groups.The observed differential in the Chla/b ratio served as the foundation for proposing a new,physiology-based method for the rapid identification of columnar apple types.To rigorously validate the reliability and accuracy of this proposed physiological marker,an extensive trial was undertaken utilizing 62 individual plant samples sourced from a diverse panel of 20 distinct apple germplasms.All samples underwent the standardized chlorophyll extraction and Chla/b analytical procedure described above.The results derived from this physiological assay were systematically compared against those obtained from a established molecular marker analysis for the Co gene,which served as the definitive control or“gold standard”for genotypic identification,thereby allowing for a critical assessment of the new method's diagnostic precision.【Results】The experimental results indicated that under normal growth conditions,the maximum photochemical quantum yield of PSⅡ(Fv/Fm) was higher in the columnar apples compared with the non-columnar apples.The maximum fluorescence (Fm) values of the non-columnar apples were generally lower than those of the columnar apples.The minimum fluorescence (F) values showed no significant difference between the columnar and the non-columnar apples,with columnar apples exhibiting slightly higher overall values.The overall identification accuracy of the method based on chlorophyll extraction and Chla/b analysis reached 97.6%.Specifically,the identification accuracy for columnar apples was as high as 100%.【Conclusion】In conclusion,measuring the Chla/b ratio would provide a rapid,cost-effective,and reliable method for early screening of columnar apple progenies,with 100%accuracy in identifying columnar types.

Key words: Columnar apple;Chlorophyll;Chlorophyll fluorescence;Chla/b ratio

中图分类号:S661.1

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2026)06-1611-11

DOI: 10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20250572

收稿日期:2025-10-24接受日期:2026-02-28

基金项目:国家自然科学基金面上项目(32372651);山东省泰山学者人才工程建设项目(tstp20221134);山东省农业良种工程(2023LZGCQY007);国家现代苹果产业技术体系(CARS-27)

作者简介:华俊凯,男,在读硕士研究生,研究方向为果树分子生物学。E-mail:1104848124@qq.com

*通信作者 Author for correspondence.E-mail:gsx2309@126.com;E-mail:ygzhang@qau.edu.cn