蓝莓新品种盈蓝的选育

宋清秋1,侯柏卉1#,徐婉婷1,杨可心1,黄晶晶1,刘智源1,高 菲1,程彦博2,苏 蕾3,王贺新1,4,崔青青1,韩世明5*,徐国辉1,4*

1大连大学生命健康学院,辽宁大连 116622;2辽宁省林业和草原局,沈阳 110000;3辽宁省林业发展服务中心,沈阳 110031;4大连森茂现代农业有限公司,辽宁大连 116112;5六盘水师范学院生物科学与技术学院,贵州六盘水 553000)

要:北高丛蓝莓新品种盈蓝从红利(Bonus)的播种实生苗中选育而成。果穗密度大,果实扁圆形,果实平均纵横径为1.46cm×1.98 cm,平均单果质量为2.90g,最大果实质量可达3.53 g;果皮蓝色(102-D),果粉厚度适中,质地不均匀,果蒂痕较小且较为干燥;成熟时果实硬度中等(2.80kg·cm-2),可溶性固形物含量(w)为12.17%,酸甜适中。在辽宁大连露地栽培时,始熟期为7月上旬,属中熟品种。该品种质地脆,淡香,丰产性较好,为鲜食的优质新品种。

关键词:蓝莓;新品种;盈蓝

蓝莓,杜鹃花科(Ericaceae)越橘亚科(Vaccinioideae)越橘属(Vaccinium L.)植物[1]。蓝莓含有的抗氧化类物质能够清除体内多余的自由基,对延缓衰老具有一定作用;同时还能改善视力、增强免疫力、提升记忆力并具有抗癌活性[2]。据FAOSTAT与IBO统计,2013—2022年全球蓝莓种植面积增幅达2.1倍,产量增长率达到3.2倍[3]。目前,我国已成为全球最大的蓝莓生产国,种植面积与产量均居全球首位[4]

随着蓝莓产业的迅猛发展,消费市场对新品种的需求日趋多元化,尤其对果实内在及外在品质提出了更高标准[5]。根据美国农业部(USDA-ARS)公布的数据,2020—2022年全球研发蓝莓品种共计137个。其中,北高丛蓝莓品种数量由18个增加至30个,培育数量稳健增长[1,6]。北高丛蓝莓作为商业化栽培历史最悠久、经济价值最为突出的栽培种类,近年来在我国仍有良好的发展势头[4,7],其具有错峰生产、果实品质优良、果肉质地脆硬、耐储性和适应性强等特性,在长江流域以北及以南高海拔地区均可种植,对促进产业发展具有重要作用。因此,开展北高丛蓝莓新品种选育工作极其必要。新品种盈蓝具有果粉厚度适中、果蒂痕小且干燥、果实硬度中等、质地脆等优良性状,是北高丛蓝莓鲜食市场的优良品种,未来将在我国蓝莓产业中发挥重要作用。

1 选育过程

试验所用红利蓝莓种子于2010年7月采自大连森茂现代农业有限公司的蓝莓种质资源圃。2011年春季将种子播种于大连森茂现代农业有限公司;2012年春季,从中选取178株生长健壮的实生苗,移栽至大连普世蓝农业科技有限公司完成定植。2015年7月,果实进入成熟期后,经人工选育(3次生物重复)筛选出子代优良、长势强的单株(编号为SMN-226)。经过多轮品鉴和DUS测试,其果实扁圆形,单果质量较大,果面覆有一层中等厚度果粉,且质地不均匀,果实在光照下呈蓝色(102-D),果蒂痕较小且干燥,果肉质地脆,硬度中等,口感甜酸适中,具清香,丰产性中等,综合性状优良,适宜鲜食。多点试种结果表明,该品种果实品质表现稳定且优异。2018—2020年,经综合评价证实,该优良品系及其无性系在植株形态、物候期、果实产量与品质等核心性状上均表现稳定。2024年12月,该品系获得国家林业和草原局授予植物新品种权,命名为盈蓝(图1),品种权号为20240462。

图1 蓝莓新品种盈蓝
Fig.1 A new blueberry cultivar Yinglan(SMN-226)

2 主要性状

2.1 植物学特征

盈蓝,北高丛蓝莓,树体直立型,树势中等。叶片长椭圆形,绿色,平均叶面积15.62cm2,叶形指数为2.08,叶缘锯齿状;新生结果枝平均长度为8.33 cm,单枝结果数量10个。

2.2 果实性状

果穗密度大,果实扁圆形,平均单果质量达2.90g,最大可达到3.53g,果实平均纵横径为1.46cm× 1.98 cm(表1)。果皮蓝色(102-D),果粉厚度中等,质地不均匀。该品种果蒂痕较小且较为干燥,果实硬度中等(2.80 kg·cm-2),具有良好的耐储性,其可溶性固形物含量(w)为12.17%,酸度低,口感酸甜,质地脆,具香味,产量中等。

表1 盈蓝与红利的果实品质特征
Table 1 Quality characteristics of fruits from Yinglan and Bonus

果实硬度 成熟期 平均单果质量 w(可溶性固形物) 果粉厚度及质地品种 果实形状 Frui hardness/果实颜色 Maturation Soluble solid Fruit wax thickness Cultivar Average singleFruit shape Fruit color(kg·cm-2) period fruit mass/g content/% and texture盈蓝 扁圆形 2.80 蓝色 7月上旬 2.90 12.17 中等且质地不均匀Yinglan Oblateness Blue Early July Medium thickness and non-uniform texture红利 扁圆形 2.77 深蓝色 7月下旬 2.43 11.50 薄且质地均匀Bonus Oblateness Dark blue Late July Thin and uniform texture

2.3 物候期

在大连地区露地栽培条件下,该品种于3月上旬进入萌芽阶段,4月中旬为盛花期,花期约20d,6月15日前后果实开始转色,7月上旬果实成熟,为中熟种,最佳采摘期为7月12日前后,采摘期约30d。

2.4 植株适应性

经田间试验和连续观测,盈蓝具有较强的抗寒性和抗病性,适宜在辽宁大连等北方地区种植。

3 分子鉴定

在本研究中,选用自主开发的SSR核心引物SSR347(F:TCCCGCACCGTAGAAAGTGG,R:ACAGCCCAAATGGCGGC),对母本红利、盈蓝等14个蓝莓主栽品种开展了SSR分子水平的鉴定工作。由图2可知,该引物能够清晰区分盈蓝、红利等14个蓝莓主栽品种间的基因型差异。

图2 引物347对14个蓝莓品种的扩增结果
Fig.2 Specific amplification by primer347across 14 blueberry cultivars

4 栽培技术要点

4.1 适宜种植范围

盈蓝适宜栽培区域为长江中下游以北地区及高海拔地带;适宜生长在疏松、深厚、肥沃且湿润不积水的壤土或壤砂土,pH=4.0~5.5,有机质含量>3.0%。种植区域需冷量要求为600~1200h。若种植区域土质需要改良,应添加适量硫黄粉和松针等酸性基质,以降低pH或提高有机质含量。

4.2 建园定植

定植前需对土壤进行耕翻和平整,耕深20~30cm,做垄以南北走向为宜。坡地建园时,需按等高线实施带状定植。植株最佳株行距为1.5 m×2.0 m。建议选择2~3年生钵苗或裸根苗进行园林建设,要求植株高度≥40cm,主茎基部直径≥0.4cm。

4.3 水肥管理

采用厚度超过10 cm的秸秆、稻草、木屑、松针等有机物料进行全园覆盖,可保湿、增肥并改善土壤理化性状。树冠下铺设黑色地膜可抑制杂草生长,在膜下埋设滴灌管。定植前施入足量充分腐熟的有机肥,是保障苗木成活率及早期生长的关键环节。

4.4 病虫害防治

缺素症、溃疡病、灰霉病、炭疽病及枝枯病等是蓝莓栽培中常见病害。叶片黄化主要由缺铁或镁引起,多与土壤pH偏高或干旱相关,通过土壤调酸和适当灌溉等方法进行改良。蓝莓溃疡病多发于高湿环境,常危害个别枝条,建议在春季萌芽期前完成病枝修剪工作,以有效降低初侵染源。

主要虫害类型包括地下害虫、蛀干类害虫及鸟类啄食等,防治时应优先采用生物防治(如白僵菌)与机械捕杀措施,严格控制化学农药的施用;针对鸟类危害,建议采取防鸟网覆盖的防控手段。

4.5 植株整形与修剪

定干时,主干保留高度控制在20~30 cm。在果树生长过程中,培养8~10条主干枝,以多主干、自然形、丛生灌丛为主。一年四季均需修剪,其中夏剪在果实采收后进行,主要采用回缩短截与疏删修剪(清除过密枝、病虫枝及弱势枝)相结合的方式;冬剪在白露时节进行,以促进花芽分化为核心目标。

4.6 防寒措施

北高丛蓝莓的越冬防寒措施应根据具体地区进行调整,在山东胶东半岛、中原等气候较温暖区域,盈蓝一般无需进行防寒处理;而在辽东半岛等气候寒冷地区,亟须建立防寒技术体系,包括埋土防寒,以及应用镀铝反光膜袋、填充稻草的黑色塑料袋等套袋材料,以保障蓝莓安全越冬。

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Breeding of a new blueberry cultivar Yinglan

SONG Qingqiu1,HOU Baihui1#,XU Wanting1,YANG Kexin1,HUANG Jingjing1,LIU Zhiyuan1,GAO Fei1,CHENG Yanbo2,SU Lei3,WANG Hexin1,4,CUI Qingqing1,HAN Shiming5*,XU Guohui1,4*

(1Life and Health College,Dalian University,Dalian 116622,Liaoning,China;2Liaoning Forestry and Grassland Bureau,Shenyang 110000,Liaoning,China;3Liaoning Forestry Development Service Center,Shenyang 110031,Liaoning,China;4Dalian Senmao Modern Agriculture Co.,Ltd,Dalian,116112,Liaoning,China;5School of Biological Science and Technology,Liupanshui Normal University,Liupanshui 553000,Guizhou,China)

Abstract: The new blueberry cultivar Yinglan is a northern highbush blueberry that has been developed from seedlings of the Bonus cultivar. In July 2010,seeds from the Bonus cultivar were collected from the Dalian Senmao Modern Agriculture Co.,Ltd. Blueberry Germplasm Resource Nursery. In the spring of 2011,these seeds were sown at the same company,resulting in 178 seedlings. In the spring of 2012,these were planted at Dalian Pushi Blue Agricultural Technology Co.,Ltd. In early July2015,the fruits matured,and an excellent offspring was selected,which was designated as SMN-226. From July 2018 to August 2020,a comprehensive evaluation of excellent strains and their asexual offspring was conducted,showing consistent performance in terms of plant morphology,flowering and fruiting characteristics,fruit yield,and fruit quality,with stable specific traits. In December 2024,this variety was granted plant variety rights by the National Forestry and Grassland Administration,and was named Yinglan.This bush cultivar has an upright growth habit with a moderate vigor. The leaves are elongated oval in shape,with an average leaf area of 15.62cm2,a leaf shape index of2.08,and are of a medium green color. The leaf margins are serrated. The average length of the new fruiting branches is 8.33 cm,producing approximately 10 fruits per branch. The fruits are relatively large,with an average horizontal and vertical diameter of 1.98 cm×1.46 cm. The maximum fruit weight can reach 3.53 g,while the average weight per fruit is 2.90 g. The clusters are dense,and the fruits are flat and round. The thickness of the fruit skin is moderate,with uneven texture,exhibiting a medium level of blue (102-D). The pedicel scar is small and relatively dry. At maturity,the fruit hardness is moderate (2.80 kg·cm-2),and the soluble solid content measured is 12.17%,with a balanced sweet and sour taste. In Dalian,Liaoning Province,fruit ripening begins in early July under the field cultivation condition,marking the early maturing period and classified as a medium-maturing cultivar. This cultivar is characterized by its crisp texture and aromatic flavor,exhibiting good yield potential and is recognized as a high-quality cultivar for fresh consumption. It is suitable for cultivation in regions including north of the middle and lower Yangtze River in China as well as high-altitude areas. Regarding soil conditions,it thrives in loose,deep,fertile,and well-drained sandy loam or loamy soil,where the pH value should be maintained between 4.0 and 5.5,and organic matter content must exceed3.0%. The planting area should receive a chilling accumulation of600to 1200hours or more. If the soil quality in the planting area is special and requires improvement,an appropriate amount of sulfur powder and acidic materials such as pine needles should be added to lower the pH or increase organic matter content. Black plastic mulch should be laid under the tree canopy and drip irrigation tubes need to be buried beneath the mulch. The optimal spacing for the plants is 1.5 m×2.0m. It is recommended to select2 to 3-year-old potted seedlings or bare-root seedlings for landscaping,with the requirement that the plant height reaches or exceeds40 cm and the diameter at the base of the main stem reaches or exceeds 0.4 cm. Prior to planting,the land must be prepared,with soil tillage to a depth of20cm to30cm,and the land should be leveled before planting.

Key words: Blueberry;New cultivar;Yinglan

DOI: 10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20250511

中图分类号:S663.2

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2026)05-1301-04

收稿日期:2025-09-24

接受日期:2025-11-25

基金项目:辽宁省重大研发专项(2025JH1/11700017);青岛西海岸新区种业科技创新揭榜挂帅项目(XDNY-20232024002);大连市科技创新基金项目(2023JJ12SN035)

作者简介:宋清秋,女,在读硕士研究生,从事蓝莓遗传与育种研究。E-mail:songqingqiu2000@163.com;#为共同第一作者。

*通信作者 Author for correspondence. E-mail:hanshiliang888@163.com;E-mail:xugh520@163.com