丰产优质耐贮番木瓜新品种贮丰的选育

魏岳荣,杨 敏,吴夏明,徐 泽,邝瑞彬,杨 护,贺 涵,刘传和,周陈平*

(广东省农业科学院果树研究所·农业农村部南亚热带果树生物学与遗传资源利用重点实验室·广东省果树科学与技术研究重点实验室,广州 510640)

摘 要:贮丰是通过人工杂交(GZ2013005×GZ2014002)和F1单株优选培育的丰产、优质、耐贮番木瓜新品种。该品种植株生长势中等,平均株高237.0 cm,茎粗44.6 cm,叶长79.8 cm,叶宽92.8 cm,叶柄长97.9 cm,叶柄粗(基部周长)11.1 cm。花量多,花瓣白色,连续结果能力强,丰产性强。果实椭圆形,平均单果质量916.0 g,纵径20.5 cm,横径11.2 cm,纵横径比1.83。果肉橙红色,风味清香无异味,品质优良,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)12.6%,还原糖含量106 g·kg-1,总酸含量1.42 g·kg-1,维生素C含量1.09 g·kg-1,粗纤维含量0.7%。果实较耐贮,常温条件下贮藏期可达11 d。在珠江三角洲地区,按株行距2.0 m×2.5 m在春季定植时,始花期约59 d,最低结果部位高度37.8 cm,平均单株商品果数64.5个,当年平均株产59.1 kg,每666.7 m2产量7092 kg。该品种适应性较强,适宜在中国广东、广西、海南、云南、福建等番木瓜产区种植,但易感番木瓜环斑花叶病毒病(papaya ringspot virus,PRSV),需重点防控,建议采用轮作方式。

关键词:番木瓜;新品种;贮丰;丰产;耐贮

番木瓜(Carica papaya L.)因具有丰富的营养和较高的药用价值而闻名世界[1-2],是“岭南四大名果”之一,具有种植周期短、采收期长、见效快、效益好等优势,在“百千万工程”和乡村振兴战略实施中发挥了重要作用。

番木瓜是典型的呼吸跃变型果实,常规品种果实耐贮性差,采后常温贮藏2~4 d 即可迅速达到生理成熟,之后果实腐烂,严重影响果实品质和货架期[3-5],这成为制约当前番木瓜产业规模化发展的主要因素。因此,培育耐贮性好的番木瓜新品种成为产业发展之急需。

1 选育过程

2016 年6 月,以收集于高州市东岸镇麦坑村的种质GZ2013005 为母本、梅州市大埔县西河镇黄堂村的种质GZ2014002 为父本进行杂交育种,获得杂交种子214 粒。当年11 月播种后,培育出F1健康种苗151 株。2017 年2 月28 日,将其定植于广州钟落潭试验基地,4 月下旬进入始花期并开始挂果。参照《植物新品种特异性、一致性和稳定性测试指南番木瓜》[6],对植株进行综合评价和筛选,获得一株生长势中等、花量多、连续坐果能力强、果实可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)达14.0%以上的优良单株,初始编号为GZ20-1。2017 年12 月,对该单株进行截干和促芽处理,并利用其侧芽进行组培快繁[7],获得一批组培苗。2018—2021年,在广州、佛山、阳江等地开展品种比较试验和多点试验。经综合评价,GZ20-1株系特异性明显,性状一致性好,具有丰产、优质和较耐贮等特性。2023年3月,该品种获得农业农村部植物新品种权(品种权号:CNA20211000174),定名为贮丰(图1)。

图1 番木瓜新品种贮丰
Fig.1 A new papaya cultivar Zhufeng

2 主要性状

2.1 植物学特征

贮丰生长势中等,始采期平均株高237.0 cm。茎干圆柱形,灰绿色,内中空,茎干高166.5 cm,茎粗44.6 cm。叶片呈掌状缺刻,缺刻深度中等,叶片较厚有光泽,无旗叶,叶长79.8 cm,叶宽92.8 cm;叶柄绿色,叶柄长97.9 cm,叶柄粗(基部周长)11.1 cm。花序主轴平均长8.9 cm,花量多,花冠白色,长3.7 cm,直径3.2 cm。

2.2 主要经济学性状

贮丰最低结果部位高度37.8 cm,连续结果能力强。节位坐果率96.9%,商品果率94.6%,平均单株商品果数64.5 个,平均单果质量916.0 g,平均株产59.1 kg。按株行距2.2 m×2.5 m定植时,每666.7 m2产量7092 kg。果实椭圆形,纵径20.5 cm,横径11.2 cm,纵横径比1.83,果肩和果顶为圆形,果实脊显著程度极弱或无,中果腔星形,宽度5.0 cm。未成熟果皮为绿色,成熟果皮为黄色,后期为橙红色,皮色均匀,果皮光滑度中等。果肉橙红色,厚度3.1 cm,硬度中等,可溶性固形物含量12.6%,还原糖含量106 g·kg-1,总酸含量1.42 g·kg-1,维生素C含量1.09 g·kg-1,粗纤维含量0.7%。果实较耐贮,常温条件下保鲜贮藏期为11 d(表1)。

表1 贮丰番木瓜与对照品种果实经济性状比较
Table 1 Comparison of characters on commercial fruit between Zhufeng and the control cultivar

品种Cultivar商品果率Commercial fruits rate/%贮丰Zhufeng黄花佑Huanghuayou最低结果高度The lowest fruiting height/cm 37.8 45.7 94.6 93.6节位坐果率Fruit setting rate/%96.9 94.3平均单果质量Average single fruit mass/g 916.0 790.3单株产量Plant yield/kg 59.1 56.8每666.7 m2产量Yield per 666.7 m2/kg 7092 6816 w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solids content/%12.6 12.3 w(总酸)Total acid content/(g·kg-1)1.42 1.30 w(维生素C)Vitamin C content/(g·kg-1)1.09 0.76常温贮藏期Shelf life at normal temperature/d 11 7

2.3 生物学特性

在珠江三角洲地区,于3月中旬定植具8枚真叶的组培苗。5 月中旬便可开花结果,从定植至始花期为59 d,至始熟期为177 d。9 月中旬开始采收果实,10—11月为采收盛期。

2.4 适应性和抗性

该品种适应性较强,适宜在中国广东、广西、海南、云南、福建等番木瓜产区种植。果实耐贮性较好,但易感番木瓜环斑花叶病毒病(papaya ringspot virus,PRSV)。

3 栽培技术要点

3.1 建园

选择无PRSV 病源、土层深厚、土质疏松、排灌条件良好的地块建园。地下水位高的种植区域,需提前规划好排灌沟渠。整地时应施足基肥,建议每公顷30 t以上。

3.2 定植

可选择春植或秋植,并根据具体种植区域和管理水平选择合理的种植密度。常规条件下,建议采用株行距(1.8 m~2 m)×2.5 m 进行定植,每666.7 m2种植130~150 株。定植时尽量避免伤根,定植深度以杯面基质略低于畦面为宜。定植后浇透定根水,避免露根和积水。

3.3 田间管理

定期进行人工除草,忌用除草剂。规模种植时,建议采用地膜或地布覆盖以防止杂草,并配备水肥一体化系统进行科学肥水管理,提高工作效率。肥水管理措施可参考其他番木瓜品种[7]的栽培方式,并根据具体气候和土壤条件进行调整。

3.4 树体和花果管理

在营养生长期,需及时摘除侧芽;密植果园应适当修剪植株下部老叶,保持果园通风,减少病虫害发生。鉴于该品种具有花多、果多的特性,在盛果期需适当疏果,每个节位保留1~2个正常发育果实。在台风季节和盛果期加固支撑,防止植株倒伏;及时扶正歪斜或倒伏植株,并适当培土,避免露根和果实接触地面。

3.5 病虫害防控

重点防控病毒病、茎/根腐病、炭疽病、红蜘蛛、蚜虫和蓟马等病虫害,以预防为主。保持果园通风透光,避免积水烂根,定期防治蚜虫,降低病毒病发病率。病毒病一旦发生,需及时清除病源,防止传播。建议实施水旱轮作,避免长期连作。

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Breeding of a new papaya cultivar Zhufeng with high yield,good quality,and better storability

WEI Yuerong,YANG Min,WU Xiaming,XU Ze,KUANG Ruibin,YANG Hu,HE Han,LIU Chuanhe,ZHOU Chenping*

(Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Science and Technology Research on Fruit Tree,Guangzhou 510640,Guangdong,China)

Abstract:Zhufeng is a new papaya cultivar selected from the F1 generation single plants of artificial hybridization(GZ2013005×GZ2014002)in 2016,exhibiting high yield,good quality,and better storability characteristics. Briefly, this artificial hybridization (GZ2013005 × GZ2014002) yielded 214 seeds,which were sown in November 2017 and finally produced 151 healthy seedlings.Zhufeng was selected in 2017 due to its moderate plant height, high flower count, strong continuous fruit-setting ability, and longer fruit shelf life.Clonal seedlings were derived through tissue culture of lateral buds after stem removal. From 2018 to 2021, comparative variety trials and multi-location trials were conducted in Guangzhou,Foshan,and Yangjiang,culminating in its final selection in 2021.This cultivar was granted Plant Variety Rights by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China in 2023 (Variety Right No.:CNA20211000174).The plant exhibited moderate vigor and plant height, showing as 237.0 cm in plant height, 166.5 cm in stem height, 44.6 cm in stem circumference, 79.8 cm in leaf length, 92.8 cm in leaf width, 97.9 cm in green petiole length, and 11.1 cm in petiole circumference.The inflorescence rach averages 8.9 cm in length and bears numerous flowers with white corollas (3.7 cm longth, 3.2 cm in diameter). Fruits were elliptical with orange-red flesh and 3.1 cm in thickness. The average single fruit weight was 916.0 g with an average longitudinal diameter of 20.5 cm and a transverse diameter of 11.2 cm.Key fruit quality parameters were:soluble solids content(SSC)12.6%,reducing sugar content 106 g·kg-1,total acid content 1.42 g·kg-1,vitamin C content 1.09 g·kg-1,and crude fiber content 0.7%.The fruits shelf life under ambient conditions is about 11 days.In the Pearl River Delta region,the period from spring-transplanted plants to initial flowering was about 59 d,with the lowest fruiting height at 37.8 cm.Plant spacing was 1.8-2.2 m×2.5 m(130-150 plants per 666.7 m2)yielding 59.1 kg per plant and 7092 kg per 666.7 m2. This variety exhibited strong adaptability and excellent fruit storage tolerance, but was susceptible to papaya ringspot virus (PRSV). Orchard establishment should prioritize areas free from PRSV pathogens, with deep soil layers, loose texture, and excellent drainage/irrigation conditions. In areas with high groundwater level, plan drainage/irrigation ditches must be pre-planned.Apply sufficient basal fertilizer during land preparation,with a recommended rate of ≥30 tons per hectare. Regular manual weeding is essential; herbicides should be avoided, and ground cover (plastic film or weed control fabric)is recommended.Fertigation systems are advised for water and nutrient management to maintain soil moisture, while preventing waterlogging in case of root rot. Taken together, this cultivar exhibits wider adaptability and is suitable for cultivation in major papaya-producing regions of China, including Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan, and Fujian. However, it is susceptible to PRSV,requiring focused disease management.It is suggested to adopt rotation planting mode.

Key words:Papaya;New cultivar;Zhufeng;High yield;Better storability

中图分类号:S667.9

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2026)04-1020-04

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20250449

收稿日期:2025-08-05

接受日期:2025-08-25

基金项目:2024年省级乡村振兴战略专项资金种业振兴行动项目(2024-NPY-00-028);广州市重点研发计划项目(2023B03J1369);广东省农村科技特派员项目(KTP20240769);2025年度科技创新战略专项资金(农业科研主力军建设)-广东省农业科学院地方分院和专家工作站工作经费项目(2025工作站03)

作者简介:魏岳荣,男,研究员,主要从事果树育种和栽培技术研究工作。Tel:020-38765468,E-mail:weid18@163.com

*通信作者 Author for correspondence.Tel:020-38765468,E-mail:zhouchenping@gdaas.cn