板栗新品种蒙盛的选育

刘 伟1,5,6,吴 秋2,刘广元3,李朝阳1,李 欣1,丰丕建1,任志堂4 ,兰彦平5,6*

1费县果茶服务中心,山东费县 273499;2费县乡村振兴服务中心,山东费县 273499;3费县农业农村局,山东费县 273499;4费县掌枢院果树种植专业合作社,山东费县 273403;5北京市农林科学院林业果树研究所,北京 100093;6国家林业草原板栗工程技术研究中心,北京 100093)

摘 要:蒙盛是通过实生选育方式培育的丰产、优质、抗旱板栗新品种。植株生长势中等,树姿半开张,结果枝生长健壮,每果枝平均着生刺苞2.5个,出实率48.02%。坚果椭圆形,褐色、明亮,茸毛少,平均单粒质量11.79 g。内种皮易剥离,果肉黄色,水分含量(w,后同)52.7%,淀粉(干基)含量62.2%,可溶性糖(干基)含量22.45%,脂肪(干基)含量1.3%。该品种于9月10日左右成熟,坚果发育期约105 d。嫁接亲和力强,对栗大蚜及红蜘蛛抗性强,在缺乏灌溉条件的山岭薄地可连年丰产、稳产,适宜在中国北方板栗栽培区种植。

关键词:板栗;新品种;蒙盛;抗旱;优质

板栗以香、甜、糯、易剥等独特风味和丰富营养而闻名,是我国特色经济树种,栽培历史悠久,且多以实生繁育为主。因此,基因资源极为丰富[1]。全国育种工作者也相继选育出多个适合不同生态型的商业化栽培品种[2-4],在推动板栗良种化、品种化栽培中发挥重要作用。在长期人工选育过程中,山东省形成了适应不同生态气候条件的地方品种和生态类型,先后选育出多个品种系列[5-7],如红栗2号、泰林2号、丽抗、泰安薄壳、石丰、黄棚、海丰、金丰、红光等,在推动山区经济发展、增加农民收入方面做出了突出贡献。蒙盛是通过实生选育方式培育的丰产、优质、抗旱板栗新品种,适宜在粗砂质山岭薄地栽植。

1 选育过程

2002年,在山东省费县大田庄乡蒙山栗园的板栗实生群体中发现一株优良母株,该单株于9 月10日左右成熟,具有丰产、抗旱以及对栗大蚜和红蜘蛛抗性强等性状,初选为优株。2004—2014 年,选用4~5 年生的实生幼树进行无性嫁接繁殖,开展对比试验。2015—2019 年,连续对嫁接后代的生长习性、果实品质、丰产性、遗传稳定性、适应性、抗逆性等性状进行观察与研究。结果表明该品种性状遗传稳定,后代与母株表现一致,大规模病虫害发生较少,在同一条件下单株产量较对照品种石丰提高约18%,且抗旱能力强。2022年暂定名为蒙盛(图1),并向国家林业和草原局申请植物新品种权保护。2024 年初夏,该地区遭遇极度干旱,导致雄花提前脱落未能正常开放,红光、海丰、岱岳早丰等品种减产30%~40%,但蒙盛产量仍维持正常年份水平。2025 年,国家林业和草原局授予植物新品种权(品种权号:20250191)。

图1 板栗新品种蒙盛
Fig.1 A new cultivar of Chinese chestnut Mengsheng

2 主要性状

2.1 植物学特征

植株生长势中等,树姿半开张。树干褐色,1年生枝条阳面红褐色,背面灰绿色;多年生枝条褐色,具白色皮孔,皮孔小,呈圆形或椭圆形,且分布不规则;结果母枝生长健壮,平均长度18.71 cm,平均粗度1.04 cm,每果枝平均着生2.5 个球苞和7.56 个雄花序,且翌年平均抽生2.6 个结果新梢。叶片绿色,长椭圆形,叶姿平展,叶柄灰绿色。刺苞椭圆形,成熟时一字裂或三裂,平均刺苞质量63.0 g,每苞平均含坚果2.7粒,出实率48.02%。刺束密度中等,分支角度大。坚果椭圆形,褐色、明亮,茸毛稀少,筋线不明显,底座中等,平均单粒质量11.79 g;果肉黄色,细糯香甜,坚果水分含量(w,后同)52.7%,淀粉(干基)含量62.2%,可溶性糖(干基)含量22.45%,脂肪(干基)含量1.3%。

2.2 物候期

在山东省沂蒙山区,蒙盛于3 月30—31 日芽萌动,4 月7—8 日展叶;雌花盛花期为5 月27—28 日,雄花盛花期为6月5—6日,果实成熟期为9月10日,落叶期为11 月上旬。在一般年份,9 月8 日栗苞开裂,9月20日采收完毕,果实发育期约105 d(表1)。

表1 蒙盛与近似品种石丰物候期的比较
Table 1 Comparison on phenological period between Mengsheng and Shifeng

品种Cultivar蒙盛Mengsheng石丰Shifeng萌芽期Germinating date 3月30日March 30th 4月1日April 1st展叶期Leafspreading date 4月7日April 7th 4月12日April 12th雌花盛花期Blooming date of female flowers 5月27日May 27th 6月1日June 1st雄花盛花期Blooming date of male flowers 6月5日June 5th 5月28日May 28th成熟期Ripening date 9月10日September 10th 9月16日September 16th落叶期Deciduous date 11月10日November 10th 11月14日November 14th果实发育期Nut development period约105 d About 105 days约106 d About 106 days

2.3 生长结果习性

蒙盛嫁接亲和力好,成活率高,早实性强。嫁接后第2年开始结果,第3年单株产量可达2.80 kg,第6 年进入盛果期,单株产量可达7.60 kg,每hm2产量达6 270.00 kg。该品种连续结果能力强,无大小年现象,产量高(表2)。

表2 稳产性的比较
Table 2 Comparison on yield stability

品种Cultivar蒙盛Mengsheng石丰Shifeng嫁接后第6年6th-year after grafting平均单株产量Average yield per plant/kg 7.60 6.25产量Yield/(kg·hm-2)6 270.00 5 156.25嫁接后第7年7th-year after grafting平均单株产量Average yield per plant/kg 7.50 6.13产量Yield/(kg·hm-2)6 187.50 5 057.25嫁接后第8年8th-year after grafting平均单株产量Average yield per plant/kg 7.80 6.49产量Yield/(kg·hm-2)6 435.00 5 354.25

2.4 抗逆性

蒙盛抗逆性强,对栗大蚜及红蜘蛛抗性强,抗旱能力强,在缺乏灌溉条件的山岭薄地可连年丰产、稳产,适应范围广(表3)。

表3 抗逆性的比较
Table 3 Comparison on stress resistance

品种Cultivar蒙盛Mengsheng抗旱性Drought resistance土壤水分含量15%时,仍能正常生长和结果Normal growth and fruiting can still be maintained when the soil water content is 15%耐涝性Waterlogging tolerance积水7 d 后,无明显受害症状No obvious damage after 7 days after waterlogging石丰Shifeng在土壤水分含量15%时,生长减缓,果实略有减产Growth is slowed and fruit yield is slightly reduced at a soil water content of 15%积水3 d 内生长正常,7 d后有少量落叶A few fallen leaves after 7 days after waterlogging抗病性Disease resistance对炭疽病、黑斑病抗性强,发病率低于6%Strong resistance to anthracnose disease, black spot disease, the incidence is less than 6%对炭疽病有一定抗性,发病率约5%Partial resistance to anthracnose disease, incidence of about 5%抗虫性Insect resistance对红蜘蛛抗性强,受害率低于10%;易受桃蛀螟危害Strong resistance to red spider, and the damage rate is less than 10%.Susceptible to Conogethes punctiferalis易受栗瘿蜂危害,受害率约15%Susceptible to Dryocosmus kuriphilus with an incidence rate of 15%

3 栽培技术要点

蒙盛适宜在中国板栗栽培区pH=5.5~7.0 的片麻岩沟谷、山前平地、河滩地、山地种植,株行距以3 m×4 m 为宜。选用多主枝自然开心形,主枝4~5个。整形时要及早抹芽疏枝,确保树冠通风透光。修剪宜轻,选留主枝、副主枝的同时,适当多留辅养枝,促进分枝,增加结果部位。果实采收后施入基肥,根据栗园土壤肥力状况,每666.7 m2施入500~1000 kg厩肥,并混入少量复合肥。追肥关键时期为萌芽期和盛花期后,果实膨大期(7 月下旬)可视土壤及树体营养状况追施1次富钾复合肥。关键需水期为萌芽期、开花坐果期和果实快速增重期。对栗大蚜及红蜘蛛抗性较好,病虫害防治重点为桃蛀螟,根据虫害发生规律、危害程度,采用以生物防治和物理防治为主的防治策略。

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A new cultivar of Chinese chestnut Mengsheng

LIU Wei1,5,6, WU Qiu2, LIU Guangyuan3, LI Zhaoyang1, LI Xin1, FENG Pijian1, REN Zhitang4, LAN Yanping5,6*

(1Shandong Feixian Fruit Tea Service Center, Feixian 273499, Shandong, China;2Feixian Rural Revitalization Service Center, Feixian 273499, Shandong, China;3Feixian Agriculture and Rural Bureau, Feixian 273499, Shandong, China;4Zhangshu Academy Fruit Tree Planting Professional Cooperative,Feixian 273403,Shandong,China;5Institute of Forestry and Pomology,Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100093, China;6Chestnut Engineering Technology Research Center, National Forestry and Grassland Administration,Beijing 100093,China)

Abstract:Mengsheng is a high-quality,drought-resistant cultivar suitable for cultivation on poor,sandy mountain slopes.It was selected through seedling selection in Mengshan Liyuan in Datianzhuang Town of Feixian.The mother plant was a 100-year-old tree found on the hillside in 2002.The tree was found to have the characteristics of high quality, strong drought-resistance and low maintenance, and identified as the superior strain after evaluation. The tree has a moderate posture with an open canopy and semi-straight branches. The biennial bearing branches are strong, with each biennial bearing branch bearing an average of 2.6 burs, with a seed yield of 48.02%. The nut mass is 11.79 g on average, and the side nut shape is ellipse,the color is brown and bright.The kernel is faint yellow in color,fine-textured and smooth.The tegmen is easy to peel.The water content is 52.7%; the soluble sugar content is 22.45%; the starch content is 62.2%; the crude protein content is 4.7%; and the crude fat content is 1.3%.The new cultivar ripens in mid September in Feixian,and the fruit development period is around 105 days. The stripes on nut is not obvious, and the size of hilum is intermediate. The current-season shoots above the bearing branch is long.There are many big buds,and female flowers differentiate easily within them.After grafting, it can bear nuts in the 2nd year and enter the high-yield period in 3-4 years with an average yield of 2200-3000 kg·hm-2.Recommended plant spacing is 3 m×4 m.It is resistant to barren soils and has strong disease resistance, and suitable for cultivation in the Yimeng mountain area and areas with similar ecological conditions. Orchard should be chosen on gneiss or granite weathered soil, which is appropriate to be planted in mountains, hills and sandy beached with a pH of 5.5-7.0.

Key words:Chestnut;New cultivar;Mengsheng;Drought-resistance;High quality

中图分类号:S664.2

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2026)04-1006-04

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20250403

收稿日期:2025-08-15

接受日期:2025-09-08

作者简介:刘伟,男,高级农艺师,研究方向:果树优质高效栽培技术研究与推广。E-mail:15192951576@139.com

*通信作者 Author for correspondence.E-mail:Lanyanping2000@126.com