绿肉猕猴桃新品种农大青猕的选育

邹欣婷1,张 浩1,秦中坤1,贺浩浩2,邓丰产1,刘占德1,刘艳飞1*

1西北农林科技大学园艺学院,陕西杨凌 712100;2眉县果业技术推广服务中心,陕西眉县 722300)

摘 要:农大青猕是徐冠经自然授粉后实生选育出的中晚熟绿肉美味系猕猴桃新品种。果实倒卵圆形,果皮黑褐色,果肉深绿色;果个较大,平均单果质量87.53 g;果实纵径63.91 mm,横径49.58 mm,果形指数为1.29。软熟果实的可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)19.80%,总糖含量14.70%,总酸含量0.91%,维生素C含量2770 mg kg-1。常温下可存放30 d以上,在(1.0±0.5)℃贮藏条件下可存放140~150 d。在陕西关中地区,盛花期为5月上旬,果实成熟期为10月上旬,果实生长发育期为145~155 d。树势强健,萌芽率79.22%,成枝率58.69%,结果枝率64.38%,以长果枝结果为主(69.00%),盛产期产量为30.38 t·hm-2,适宜在陕西秦岭北麓、陕南地区及同类型气候区域栽植。

关键词:美味猕猴桃;新品种;农大青猕;绿肉

我国作为世界猕猴桃种植面积最大、产量最高的生产国,猕猴桃品种结构多样化,但绿肉猕猴桃品种相对占比较高(40%),尤其在全国产业规模最大、效益最好的秦岭北麓百万亩核心产区,其绿肉猕猴桃品种占比高达70%,且以栽培15年以上的徐香、翠香、海沃德等为主[1]。随着猕猴桃产业高质量发展需求的持续增强,以及人们生活水平和消费质量的不断提高,新兴优质绿肉猕猴桃新品种的选育与推广种植,可为陕西产区乃至全国猕猴桃产业品种迭代更新奠定良好基础。

1 选育过程

农大青猕是由徐冠经自然授粉后实生选育而来。2005 年,收集徐冠自然授粉果实的种子并播种,于2006 年获得实生后代群体。经过10 年(2007—2016 年)的观察与筛选评价,初选出1 个风味佳、产量高、抗性较强的优良株系。2017—2022年,采集优系接穗,在陕西眉县、岐山、杨凌地区进行大树高接,以陕西主栽品种徐香为对照,进行品种比较试验。结果表明,该优系遗传性状稳定、特异性状表现突出[2]。2024年获得陕西省果树品种登记证书(证书编号:2025-03-103),定名为农大青猕(图1)。

图1 猕猴桃新品种农大青猕
Fig.1 A new kiwifruit cultivar Nongda Qingmi

2 主要特征特性

2.1 植物学特征

1 年生枝表皮粗糙,表面附有硬质短毛;皮孔褐色、短梭形;叶片阔卵圆形、绿色、半革质、叶缘波状;二歧聚伞花序,花柄长52.09 mm,花冠直径56.73 mm;花萼6~7 枚,绿色;花瓣6~8 枚,白色;花柱斜生,31~38枚,白色(表1)。

表1 农大青猕和徐香的植物学性状特性比较
Table 1 Comparison of botanical characteristics of Nongda Qingmi and Xuxiang

品种Cultivar农大青猕Nongda Qingmi徐香Xuxiang物候期Phenological periods萌芽期Germination period 03-17—03-18花期Full blooming 05-01—05-08果实成熟期Maturity period 10-08—10-10皮孔长度Length of branch hole skin/mm 2.45±0.02皮孔宽度Width of branch hole skin/mm 1.35±0.02 03-18—03-19 05-02—05-07 10-08—10-17 1年生枝Annual branch表皮粗糙度Rugosity of epidermis粗糙Rough粗糙Rough 2.32±0.03 1.51±0.01皮孔形状Shape of branch hole skin短梭形Short fusiform短梭形Short fusiform皮孔颜色Color of branch hole skin褐色Brown褐色Brown品种Cultivar农大青猕Nongda Qingmi徐香Xuxiang叶长Leaf length/cm 14.82±0.18叶宽Leaf width/cm 15.79±0.10叶Leaf叶形Leaf shape阔卵圆形Oblate ovate阔倒卵圆形Broadly obovate花Flower花序Inflorescence二歧聚伞Dichasium二歧聚伞Dichasium叶柄长Petiole length/cm 8.31±0.05叶厚Leaf thickness/mm 0.55±0.01 14.83±0.08 16.88±0.05 9.54±0.08 0.54±0.01叶缘Edge of foliage波状Undate波状Undate叶色Leaf color绿色Green绿色Green叶质Leaf texture半革质Semi-leathery半革质Semi-leathery品种Cultivar农大青猕Nongda Qingmi徐香Xuxiang花瓣petal 6~8白色6-8 white 6~9米白色6-9 off-white花萼Sepal 6~7绿色6-7 green 5~8褐色5-8 brown花柱Style 31~38白色31-38 white 26~39白色26-39 white花丝颜色Thrum color淡绿Light green淡绿Light green花药Anther 181~235黄色181-235 yellow 270~406黄色270-406 yellow花冠直径Flower diameter/mm 56.73±0.15花柄长Flower s talk/mm 52.09±0.19 62.52±0.48 45.71±0.33品种Cultivar农大青猕Nongda Qingmi徐香Xuxiang果实Fruit果形Fruit shape index倒卵圆形Obovate近圆柱形Subcylindrical纵径Longitudinal diameter/mm 63.91±0.04横径Horizontal diameter/mm 49.58±0.05单果质量Single fruit mass/g 87.53±0.12 w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solids content/%19.80±0.13 w(总糖)Total sugar content/%14.70±0.21 w(总酸)Total acid content/%0.91±0.04 w(维生素C)vitamin C content/(mg·kg-1)2770±20.89 60.32±0.17 49.28±0.19 81.31±0.13 17.17±0.11 14.07±0.29 1.07±0.08 2980±40.58

2.2 果实经济性状

果实倒卵圆形,果皮黑褐色,果肉深绿色(图1)。果个较大,平均单果质量87.53 g;果实纵径63.91 mm,横径49.58 mm,果形指数为1.29。软熟时(硬度8~10 N),果实可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)19.80%,总糖含量14.70%,总酸含量0.91%,维生素C 含量2770 mg·kg-1(表1)。果实贮藏性与对照品种徐香相似,常温下可存放30 d 以上,在(1.0±0.5)℃低温贮藏条件下可存放140~150 d。

2.3 生长结果习性与物候期

树势强健,萌芽率79.22%,成枝率58.69%,结果枝率64.38%,坐果率96.84%,以长果枝结果为主(69.00%)。盛产期产量30.38 t·hm-2。在陕西关中地区,3月中旬萌芽,5月上旬开花,10月上旬果实成熟,果实生长发育期为145~155 d。

2.4 DNA指纹图谱鉴定

以绿肉猕猴桃品种徐香、海沃德、秦美等作为对照,利用6对SSR分子标记引物(F1/R1:GATTTCAGCCGTAGATAGCG/TGTGGGTGGTAGCCAAGAT;F2/R2:CTTCTCGGCAATGCTTTC/GACGATGAATACGGAGTTGAC;F3/R3:ATTCTCCCACAGGACCAAAC/CCACTTTACAACTTGCTCGC;F4/R4:AGGGTTTGGTTGTTGGAATC/AGAGCGGGAGATCAAGGAG; F5/R5:CGGGTATGCTCTTTTCTTTT/GAAGATTGAGGTTCTGTTTGG;F6/R6:AAACACGATTGGGTTCTCCTT/GTAGACTTGGAGGATGGGAGG),对农大青猕进行DNA 鉴定,并构建分子身份证和DNA指纹图谱(表2,图2)。结果表明,农大青猕在DNA 水平上与3 个对照品种均存在显著差异。

表2 基于SSR 分子标记的分子身份证
Table 2 Molecular ID cards based on SSR molecular markers

品种Cultivar农大青猕Nongda Qingmi徐香Xuxiang海沃德Hayward海沃德Hayward SSR-P1 01100010110 00011000110 01010101110 01100011111 SSR-P2 1110110011 0001000011 1110100100 0010010010 SSR-P3 1110011010011 1110001010000 1001011110011 1010001110001 SSR-P4 010110111100 010000111100 010010111100 010110011100 SSR-P5 010011111111111 000011011110101 000001001011011 000001000111001 SSR-P6 00010011 00110111 00111111 00010111

图2 基于SSR 分子标记的DNA 指纹图谱
Fig.2 DNA finger printings based on SSR molecular markers

3 栽培技术要点

3.1 优化选址、高标准建园

该品种适宜在陕西秦岭北麓、陕南地区及同类型气候区栽植。选择具有排涝和灌溉条件的轻壤、中壤及沙壤土质,土层1 m 以上,土壤pH=6.5~7.5,有机质含量≥1%的地区建园。定植苗木选用优质嫁接成品苗,株行距(2.5~3.0)m×(3.5~4.0)m,授粉雄株为NWM39,雌雄比例(6~8)∶1[3]

3.2 整形修剪

采用水平大棚架为宜,培养“单主干双主蔓”树形。冬季修剪以长放为主,主要疏除过密枝、细弱衰老枝和病虫枝;夏季以摘心为主[4]

3.3 花果管理

为确保充分授粉,提高坐果率,花期要及时进行人工辅助授粉或机械授粉。在花蕾期,及时疏除畸形、过密、有病虫的花蕾;花后15~20 d进行疏果,疏除过密果、小果、畸形果、病虫果等不符合质量要求的果实。

3.4 肥水管理

根据该品种不同生长阶段的肥水需求,加强肥水管理。基肥以充分腐熟的饼肥、农家肥等有机肥为主,配施磷钾肥和生物菌肥。灌溉可选择喷灌、滴灌或者水肥一体化等方式。在生长季节,可结合行间生草,改善果园环境条件并增加养分。

3.5 病虫害防治

遵循“预防为主、综合防治”的植保方针,依据病虫害发生规律及预测预报,优先采用农业防治、物理防治和生物防治,合理辅以化学防治。冬季修剪后,喷施石硫合剂进行清园。在生长季,重点防治茶翅蝽等虫害;采用“两前两后”绿色防控技术防治猕猴桃溃疡病。

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[2] 刘艳飞,何昕,田爱林,刘占德. 优质耐贮猕猴桃新品种‘金福’[J].园艺学报,2024,51(9):2219-2220.LIU Yanfei,HE Xin,TIAN Ailin,LIU Zhande.A new high-quality kiwifruit cultivar with better storability‘Jinfu’[J].Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2024,51(9):2219-2220.

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[4] 郁俊谊,刘占德,姚春潮,刘军禄,王林青.猕猴桃新品种‘农大猕香’的选育[J].中国果树,2017(6):74-75.YU Junyi,LIU Zhande,YAO Chunchao,LIU Junlu,WANG Linqing.Breeding of a new kiwifruit variety‘Nongda Mixiang’[J].China Fruits,2017(6):74-75.

A new green-fleshed kiwifruit cultivar Nongda Qingmi (Actinidia deliciosa)

ZOU Xinting1,ZHANG Hao1,QIN Zhongkun1,HE Haohao2,DENG Fengchan1,LIU Zhande1,LIU Yanfei1*

(1College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China;2Meixian Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center,Mei County 722300,Shaanxi,China)

Abstract:China is the largest kiwifruit producer in the world in terms of both harvested area and yield,with a diversified cultivar structure that includes green-, yellow-, and red-fleshed varieties. However,green-fleshed kiwifruit varieties account for the highest proportion,reaching up to 40%.In particular,in Shaanxi province, the proportion of green-fleshed kiwifruit varieties is as high as 70%, with cultivars such as Xuxiang, Cuixiang and Hayward, which have been cultivated for over 15 years, being the predominant ones.Thus, the breeding and promotion of new high-quality green-fleshed kiwifruit cultivars are of crucial importance.In 2005,seeds collected from Xuguan fruit that had been naturally pollinated were sown, and the F1 population was obtained in 2006. Through systematic observations of botanical traits, fruit characteristics, and genetic evaluations,a superior strain named Nongda Qingmi was identified.This strain demonstrated stable and distinct features compared to Xuxiang:larger fruit size, better flavor,an optimal balance of sweetness and sourness,and higher yield.After five years of regional trial evaluations from 2017 to 2022, the breeding process was completed, and the cultivar was registered in 2024. The one-year-old canes of Nongda Qingmi are covered with rough hairs on their surface. The leaves are broad obovate and semi-leathery,with wavy margins and green coloration.The single flower has a pedicel length of 52.09 mm and a corolla diameter of 56.73 mm, forming a dichasial cyme. The fruit is obovate in shape, with a rough hairy surface, averaging 87.53 g in weight and having a fruit shape index of approximately 1.29.The skin,flesh,and core of the fruit are dark brown,green,and offwhite, respectively. The fruit offers a unique flavor, with a perfect balance of sweetness and sourness when ripe, and contains a soluble solids content of 19.80%, total sugars of 14.70%, total acids of 0.91%, and vitamin C of 2770 mg·kg-1.The fruit can be stored for over 30 days under ambient conditions and 140-150 days when stored at 1.0 ± 0.5 ℃. In the Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province, the phenological development includes flowering in early May and fruit maturation in early October,with a fruit growth period of 145-155 days.The cultivar exhibits vigorous growth with robust branching,characterized by a sprouting rate of 79.22%, branching rate of 58.69%, and fruit-bearing cane rate of 64.38%.Fruit-bearing primarily occurs on long canes.DNA analysis reveals significant differences between Nongda Qingmi and cultivars such as Xuxiang, Hayward, and Qinmei. Nongda Qingmi is suitable for cultivation in the northern foothills of the Qinling Mountains, southern areas of Shaanxi, and other similar ecological regions. It can achieve average yields of 30.38 t·hm-2 during peak production periods. Cultivation techniques, including orchard establishment, selection of male plants, shaping and pruning, flower and fruit management, soil, fertilizer and water management, as well as disease and pest control,can refer to the practices used for Nongda Yuxiang,Nongda Mixiang,and Jinfu.The breeding and promotion of Nongda Qingmi can provide a new option for the variety renewal and upgrading of the kiwifruit industry in Shaanxi Province and even in China.

Key words:Actinidia deliciosa;New cultivar;Nongda Qingmi;Green flesh

中图分类号:S663.4

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2026)04-1002-04

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20250488

收稿日期:2025-08-29

接受日期:2025-09-28

基金项目:国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项资助(CARS-26);陕西省重点研发计划项目(2024NC-YBXM-022)

作者简介:邹欣婷,女,在读硕士研究生,研究方向为猕猴桃种质资源评价与创新利用。E-mail:zzxinting123@163.com

*通信作者 Author for correspondence.E-mail:lyfkiwi@nwafu.edu.cn