调环酸钙喷施适期及对甜樱桃新梢生长调控的生理效应分析

张 琛,刘 辉,郗笃隽,黄康康,钟宇巍,骆慧枫,裴嘉博,阮若昕*

(杭州市农业科学研究院园艺研究所,杭州 310024)

摘 要:【目的】筛选南方地区甜樱桃使用调环酸钙控梢的适宜时期,解析相关生长调控机制。【方法】以布鲁克斯为试材,分别在新梢萌发初期、快速生长初期进行喷施并比较其抑梢效果;测定新梢叶片相关指标,结合聚类和相关性分析探明调环酸钙对新梢生理指标的影响。【结果】在新梢快速生长初期进行处理,可明显抑制生长,新梢长度总增长量减少了11.12%,节间长度总增长量减少了12.00%。处理组在处理后0~60 d新梢叶片可溶性蛋白、淀粉含量快速升高,可溶性糖含量先降低后升高。处理后30 d,IAA、ZR、GA3+4含量均降低,但ABA含量升高。叶片SPAD值、叶绿素a、叶绿素b 含量均升高,叶片厚度增加。相关性分析表明调环酸钙对新梢叶片内源激素的影响大于碳水化合物和光合色素。【结论】调环酸钙主要是通过调控内源激素水平来达到抑制生长的效果。南方地区在新梢快速生长初期单次喷施125~250 mg·L-1调环酸钙对布鲁克斯新梢生长可产生明显抑制作用。若想达到更显著的抑梢效果,可选择在效应减弱期叠加二次喷施。

关键词:甜樱桃;调环酸钙;营养生长;生理

近年来甜樱桃(Prunus avium L.)逐渐成为南方采摘游果园的主要栽培树种[1-2],其在中国的主产地为环渤海湾地区及陇南铁路带。受气候等因素的影响,部分甜樱桃品种极易出现树体旺长,由此造成树冠郁闭,进入内膛的光线不足,引起病虫害频发、修剪困难等问题。生产上常用的树体控旺方式包括物理控旺和化学控旺等。化学控旺通常使用多效唑、复合型植物生长调节剂、调环酸钙等化学物质进行调控作物生长。调环酸钙是一种环己烷羧酸类化合物,属于新型植物生长调节剂,具有低毒、无残留、易吸收、对环境空气无污染等优点[3]。调环酸钙在苹果树上的应用有较多报道,其可以抑制苹果树的营养生长[3-5]。Atay 等[6]对金冠苹果连年使用调环酸钙,结果表明新梢长度较对照降低了40%~43%;刘丽等[7]对富士苹果树体使用300 mg·L-1调环酸钙处理,结果发现新梢增粗,抑制旺长效果明显,且能提高叶绿素含量和单果质量;万艳玲[8]通过在富士成年树打孔施入CPPU+调环酸钙组合丸剂可显著降低新梢长度,并抑制秋梢长度,增加茎干粗度和干物质积累量,提高叶片净光合速率和叶绿素含量。除苹果外,调环酸钙在梨[9]、柑橘[10]、葡萄[11]、桃[12]等树种上的应用均有相关报道。调环酸钙的使用效果受多种因素的影响,如浓度、喷施时间、次数、方法等。通常认为要尽早使用生长调节剂,如在落花后即开始使用[8],但过早喷施往往需要二次或多次喷施以增强抑制效果[6,13]。在实际生产中,结合成本和效果分析,若想取得较好的控旺效果,调环酸钙的喷施时间相对于喷施浓度更为关键[14]

Elfving等[15]表明,125~250 mg·L-1调环酸钙处理在短期内可有效降低甜樱桃新梢发生率。Jacyna等[16]指出对于调环酸钙不敏感的品种,使用500 mg·L-1调环酸钙才可显著降低樱桃节间长度,增加花芽密度。Cline[17]研究表明,喷施低浓度(ρ,后同)(123~246 mg·L-1)的调环酸钙即可抑制甜樱桃的营养生长,但在新梢快速生长之前如开花期施用并无明显效果。国内使用调环酸钙对甜樱桃控梢的相关研究较少,本研究以此为切入点,以在南方地区树体生长过旺的布鲁克斯为试材,在前期连续两年开展预试验的基础上,继续逐年开展针对调环酸钙使用时期的研究,以期筛选出南方地区甜樱桃适宜的控旺时期;通过测定调环酸钙对新梢叶片相关生理指标的影响,分析其对甜樱桃新梢产生抑制效果的生理原因,为该地区及类似生境区甜樱桃营养生长调控制定科学有效的技术措施提供理论基础,推动甜樱桃产业健康发展。

1 材料和方法

1.1 试验材料

试验材料种植于杭州农业科学院转塘基地(北纬30°9′34″,东经120°4′37″,海拔10 m,年平均气温为18.7 ℃),供试品种为布鲁克斯(Brooks),砧木为矮化砧吉塞拉6号(Gisela 6),树龄为7 a(年)。栽培方式采用起垄加避雨单体棚种植,基地采用常规水肥管理方式。

1.2 调环酸钙适宜喷施时间的筛选

供试药剂为上海悦联化工有限公司生产的调环酸钙悬浮剂(有效成分含量10%)。

试验处理:试验在2022—2023年开展。根据生产商推荐的果树使用浓度,并在前期连续2 a(年)的研究基础上,使用其600倍液对树体进行喷施,每个生长季喷施1次,以叶片开始滴液为准,同期以清水喷施作为对照。采用完全随机区组设计,设置处理组和对照组(CK),选取生长健壮、无病虫害植株,每个处理以单株树为1 次重复,共设3 次重复。2022年喷施时间为2022-04-13,此时为新梢萌发初期,新梢长度为1~5 cm;2023年喷施时间为2023-06-01,此时为新梢快速生长初期,新梢长度为10~15 cm。

新梢生长量:于每株树树冠中部外围随机选择当年生枝条10个进行挂牌,分别使用卷尺测量其新梢长度,数显游标卡尺测量其直径、节间长度,直径统一于基部1 cm处测量,节间长度统一于顶芽下第3节测量。2 a测量时间均从6月中旬开始,每隔1个月测量生长量至10月中旬树体停止生长为止。

新梢、节间长度增长量/cm=当月值-30 d前值;

新梢直径增长量/mm=当月值-30 d前值。

1.3 调环酸钙对新梢叶片生理指标及果实指标的影响试验

于2023 年的试验开展生理指标测定。首次样品采集时间为2023-06-01(喷施前),此后每隔1 个月采集样品至11 月初为止。每次采集在树冠外围一圈随机采集健康无病虫害新梢中部叶片10枚,立即置于液氮中冷冻并置于-80 ℃冰箱中待测。果实品质及产量于2024年采收期测定,每组分别采集每株树果实10个(共30个果)。

SPAD测定:对挂牌标记的新梢测量生长量,采用SPAD-502 叶绿素仪对测量枝条中部健康无病害叶片进行测定,每个重复测定5枚叶片,共3次重复。

石蜡切片取样:于6月(处理前)、8月、10月在树冠外围一圈随机采集健康无病虫害新梢中部叶片3枚,每片在中心叶脉两侧相同部位使用手术刀片挖取1 cm×1 cm的方形区域,立即使用FAA固定液固定,经酒精系列脱水后,用石蜡包埋,普通石蜡切片机切片,番红-固绿染色后在光学显微镜(NIKON ECLIPSE CI)下观察并拍照,利用CaseViewer 软件测量栅栏组织厚度(PT)、海绵组织厚度(ST)、全叶厚度(LT)。每张切片随机观察5个视野,3次重复,测定统计各指标参数。

栅海比=PT/ST;

组织结构紧密度/%=PT/LT×100;

组织结构疏松度/%=ST/LT×100。

叶片碳水化合物含量的测定:参照张亦弛等[18]的方法对可溶性糖、淀粉含量测定。参照李玲等[19]的方法对可溶性蛋白含量测定。每个参数设有生物学3次重复。

测定叶片糖组分的方法:参照杨生瑞等[20]的方法,采用高效液相色谱(使用Waters Sugar-PakTM-1柱,柱温90 ℃;MILLPORE 超纯水流动相,流速为0.5 mL·min-1)测定。以蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖(色谱级)为标品,设3次生物学重复。

测定叶片叶绿素含量的方法:参照李玲等[19]的方法测定叶绿素a、b 和类胡萝卜素含量,使用80%丙酮溶液提取叶片叶绿素,使用紫外分光光度计测定。

测定叶片内源激素的方法:采用中国农业大学提供的ELISA试剂盒,测定赤霉素(GA3、GA4)、生长素(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)、玉米素核苷(ZR)。样品中内源激素通过80%甲醇提取,使用Waters公司C18固相萃取柱,每个参数设有3次生物学重复。

测定果实相关质量指标的方法:使用电子秤测定果实单果质量和果实总产量,使用游标卡尺测定果实纵径、横径、侧径,使用日本Atago PAL-1 测定果实可溶性固形物含量。

采用Excel 2019 和DPS18.10 软件对数据进行统计分析,采用单因素方差分析和Duncan法、t检验比较差异显著水平(P<0.05)。

2 结果与分析

2.1 调环酸钙处理时间对新梢生长量的影响

由图1-A 可知,在2022 年6、7、8 月处理的新梢长度增长量均显著大于对照,分别为同期对照组的2.02、2.88、1.52 倍,至9 月处理与对照组无显著差异。处理组的节间长度增长量也在6—8 月期间高于对照组。处理组的新梢直径增长量在6月显著低于对照组,7月高于对照组,8月和9月均显著低于对照组,10 月略高于对照组。相较于对照,6—8 月处理组的新梢长得更快、更细长,而进入9月后其新梢长度增长量小于对照组但差异不显著,其节间长度和直径增长量则显著低于对照组,表明其新梢生长量较小。处理、对照组全年新梢长度总增长量分别为43.91、23.39 cm,处理组是对照组的1.88 倍。处理、对照组全年节间长度总增长量分别为7.24、5.64 mm,处理组是对照组的1.28 倍。从整体趋势看,2022年6—10月,对照组新梢长度增长量整体呈下降趋势,但在8 月升高,表明8 月新梢出现二次增长期,而处理组8 月仍较7 月低。由此可见,在新梢萌发初期进行调环酸钙处理,未对新梢夏季生长产生明显抑制效应。

由图1-B 可知,2023 年除6 月外,7—10 月处理组的新梢长度增长量均明显小于对照组,分别较对照组减少8.93%、35.82%、5.13%、72.00%。节间长度增长量亦有同样变化,7—10 月处理组节间长度增长量分别较对照组减少34.05%、32.26%、33.54%、22.30%。处理组新梢直径在6、8月低于对照组,7和9月则高于对照组,但差异不显著,至10月则显著高于对照组。表明,在6 月初新梢生长较快期使用调环酸钙处理后,在当月尚未表现出抑制效应,但在随后的7—10 月其新梢生长受到明显的抑制,新梢生长量较少。相较于对照组,处理组的枝条生长慢、节间较短、直径相对较粗。从整体趋势看,6—10 月,处理组和对照组的新梢长度、节间长度增长量变化趋势相同,但直径增长量趋势不同。对照组逐月下降,而处理组在7月略有升高。6—10月,处理组、对照组新梢长度总增长量分别为25.94和29.19 cm,处理组较对照组减少了11.12%。处理组、对照组节间长度总增长量分别为4.55 和5.17 mm,处理组较对照组减少了12.00%。由此可见,在新梢快速生长初期进行调环酸钙的处理,新梢夏季生长明显受到抑制,7月很可能是效应发挥的重要时间节点。

2.2 调环酸钙对新梢叶片碳水化合物含量的影响

由图2-A 可知,6—9 月处理组叶片可溶性蛋白含量均显著高于对照组,至10月后则显著低于对照组。可溶性糖含量变化趋势在组间存在差异。于6月处理后,叶片可溶性糖含量逐渐降低,7月初显著低于对照组,8 月初、9 月初处理组叶片可溶性糖含量显著高于对照组,分别是对照组的1.32、1.49 倍,随后再次降低。两组淀粉含量在6—10月初变化趋势相同,在8月初,处理组叶片淀粉含量显著高于对照组。调环酸钙处理后,叶片可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、淀粉含量在8月和9月均较对照组高。

处理组葡萄糖含量自7月开始升高,至8月初比对照高26.10%,差异显著。9月初,两组葡萄糖含量变化呈相反趋势,对照组呈升高趋势。在6月和7月初,对照组新梢叶片果糖含量均显著高于处理组。在7 月,两组处理新梢叶片果糖含量变化呈相反趋势,对照组逐渐降低,至8月初,处理组新梢叶片果糖含量较对照组高59.42%。此后两组变化趋势相同,无显著差异。6—9月初,两组新梢叶片内蔗糖含量均升高;随后处理组逐渐下降,至10 月后又略有升高。调环酸钙处理后,叶片葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖含量逐渐增加。尤其是葡萄糖、果糖含量虽在初期均显著低于对照组,至8月均已显著高于对照组。

2.3 调环酸钙对新梢叶片内源激素含量的影响

由图3 可知,处理组新梢叶片IAA 含量略有降低后逐渐升高,至9 月初再次降低。对照组则表现为先升高,7月初降低,此后均呈升高趋势。处理组和对照组在8月均呈升高趋势。7、10和11月,处理组新梢叶片IAA含量均显著低于对照组。两组叶片内ABA 含量均呈升高趋势。8 月后,处理组新梢叶片ABA含量显著高于对照组。处理组叶片ZR含量在6 月快速降低,7—9 月变化不大,自10 月逐渐降低。处理组ZR 含量在7、8 月分别较对照组低27.49%、15.51%,组间差异显著。GA3含量也呈下降趋势,处理组新梢叶片GA3含量在7、8 月均显著低于对照组,分别较对照组低26.20%、14.60%,9月、10月组间差异不显著。在处理后短期内GA4含量降低,但随后增加,显著高于对照组。调环酸钙处理后,叶片IAA、ZR、GA3、GA4含量在处理的第一个月内出现明显的下降,8—9月间,5种激素在组间均呈相同的变化趋势。

图3 调环酸钙对甜樱桃新梢叶片内源激素含量的影响
Fig.3 The effect of pro-ca on the on endogenous hormone content in the new shoots leaves of sweet cherry

2.4 调环酸钙对新梢叶片叶绿素含量及显微结构的影响

图4表明,处理组和对照组新梢叶片SPAD值变化趋势相同,6—10 月,处理组叶片SPAD 值均高于对照组。两组间新梢叶片3种色素含量均呈相同变化趋势。叶绿素a含量逐渐升高,8、9月处理组叶片叶绿素a 含量显著高于对照组。叶绿素b 含量也逐渐升高,9、10 月处理组叶片叶绿素b 含量显著高于对照组。类胡萝卜素则呈波浪式变化,其含量在组间差异不显著,但在8 月处理组叶片内类胡萝卜素含量显著低于对照组。

图4 调环酸钙对甜樱桃新梢叶片叶绿素含量及SPAD 值的影响
Fig.4 The effect of pro-ca on the chlorophyll content and SPAD in the new shoots leaves of sweet cherry

甜樱桃为典型的异面叶植物,叶片结构划分为叶表皮、叶肉和叶脉3部分,其中叶肉由栅栏组织和海绵组织组成(图5)。表1 为6 月、8 月、10 月的处理组和对照组的叶片解剖结构参数,甜樱桃经过6月、8 月、10 月的生长,对照组和处理组的叶片厚度均逐渐增加,但处理组叶片栅栏组织厚度在10月降低。对6 个组合的单因素方差分析表明,对照组和处理组的叶片组织结构紧密度、疏松度、栅海比变化趋势均相同且在6 月差异不显著,此后处理组叶片组织结构紧密度均高于对照组,栅海比在8 月也高于对照组。

表1 不同处理-时期叶片解剖结构参数
Table 1 Leaf anatomical structure parameters at different treatment periods

注:PT. 栅栏组织厚度;ST. 海绵组织厚度;LT. 叶片厚度;TLTS. 组织结构紧密度;LTTS. 组织结构疏松度;P/S. 栅海比。数据表示平均值±标准差,同列不同小写字母表示P<0.05 水平差异显著。
Note:PT. Palisade tissue thickness; ST. Spongy tissue thickness; LT. Leaf thickness;TLTS.Tightness of leaf tissue structure; LTTS. Loosenses of leaf tissue structure;P/S.PT/ST.Data are mean±standard error,different small letters in the same columns represent significant difference at P<0.05.

PT/ST 0.96±0.17 c 0.96±0.12 c 1.19±0.08 a 1.06±0.14 b 0.86±0.10 d 0.96±0.08 d处理Treament T6 C6 T8 C8 T10 C10 PT/μm 70.03±8.37 c 60.19±4.77 d 86.64±5.84 a 66.02±4.81 c 75.85±7.22 b 70.03±4.59 d ST/μm 74.27±8.74 b 63.55±7.38 c 73.36±6.80 b 63.01±8.00 c 88.71±7.16 a 74.27±5.19 b LT/μm 182.83±18.91 ab 157.96±5.20 c 185.02±7.70 ab 165.19±14.58 c 191.89±14.70 a 177.81±14.68 b TLTS/%38.77±6.74 b 38.12±2.97 bc 46.96±2.99 a 40.29±4.83 b 39.63±3.74 b 38.77±4.59 c LTTS/%40.98±6.20 bc 40.27±4.87 bc 39.71±3.98 bc 38.33±5.29 c 46.35±3.63 a 40.98±4.85 b

图5 不同时期甜樱桃叶片解剖结构差异
Fig.5 Differences in anatomical structure of sweet cherry leaves among different time and treaments

PT. 栅栏组织;ST. 海绵组织。时期.a.处理组6 月(T6);b.处理组8 月(T8);c.处理组10 月(T10);d.对照组6 月(C6);e.对照组8 月(C8);f.对照组10 月(C10);表1 同。
PT. Palisade tissue; ST. Spongy tissue. Timing. a. Treamengt June (T6); b. Treament August (T8); c. Treatment October (T10); d. Control June(C6);e.Control August(C8);f.Control October(C10).Table 1 is the same.

2.5 调环酸钙对果实品质及产量的影响

由表2 可知,处理组的果实单果质量、纵径、横径、侧径均高于对照组,但组间差异不显著。处理组的可溶性固形物含量略低于对照组,单株产量为对照组的1.01倍,但均差异不显著。

表2 调环酸钙对甜樱桃果实品质及产量的影响
Table 2 The effect of pro-ca on fruit quality and yield of sweet cherry

组别Group处理组Treament对照组Control单果质量Single fruit mass/g 11.58±0.85 11.44±0.74纵径Longitudinal diameter/mm 22.47±0.56 22.27±0.12横径Transverse diameter/mm 28.82±0.23 28.40±0.17侧径Side diameter/mm 24.33±0.31 24.20±0.20 w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solids content/%17.90±0.30 17.93±0.70单株产量Yield per tree/kg 9.39±0.07 9.31±0.05

2.6 叶片相关指标的聚类分析

图6显示,有3 组数据被归为一类,分别是T6-C6、T9-C9、T10-C10。这表明,6、、10月,处理组和对照组新梢叶片14 个生理指标含量在同一水平。T7和C8被归为一类,表明处理组7月的生理指标水平与对照组8月相当。由此可知,在6月初进行调环酸钙处理后,新梢叶片内部分生理指标含量开始受到影响,经过7、8月一系列的动态变化,至9月与对照组其指标含量保持在同一水平。7、8月是调环酸钙对新梢叶片生理指标影响表现较为明显的两个月份。

图6 生理指标的聚类分析
Fig.6 Cluster analysis of physiological indicators

T6、T7、T8、T9、T10、T11.处理组6 月、7 月、8 月、9 月、10 月、11 月;C 6、C7、C8、C9、C10、C11.对照组6 月、7 月、8 月、9 月、10 月、11 月。X1.可溶性蛋白含量;X2.可溶性糖含量;X3.淀粉含量;X4.叶绿素a 含量;X5.叶绿素b 含量;X6.类胡萝卜素含量;X7.IAA 含量;X8.ABA含量;X9.ZR 含量;X10.GA3 含量;X11.GA4 含量,X12.葡萄糖含量;X13.果糖含量;X14.蔗糖含量。
T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11. Treament June, July,August, September, 0ctober, November; C 6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11. Control June, July,August,September, 0ctober, November. X1. Soluble protein content; X2. Soluble sugar content; X3. Starch content; X4. Chlorophyll a content; X5. Chlorophyll b content; X6. Carotenoid content; X7. IAA content; X8.ABA content; X9. ZR content; X10. GA3 content; X11. GA4 content; X12. Glucose content;X13.Fructose content;X14.Sucrose content.

2.7 叶片生理指标间相关性分析

图7 表明,在P<0.01 差异水平下,多个指标之间存在极显著相关关系。在新梢生长量指标方面,直径增长量与可溶性糖、叶绿素b、IAA、ABA、蔗糖含量均呈极显著负相关。节间长度增长量与叶绿素a含量呈极显著负相关,但与ZR、GA3含量呈极显著正相关。综合可知,新梢生长量指标与碳水化合物、叶绿素、内源激素含量存在极显著或显著相关关系,其中,相关的碳水化合物指标1 个、光合色素指标2个,内源激素指标则有4个。碳水化合物指标主要与内源激素和糖组分部分指标间存在显著相关关系,但仅与GA3含量呈负相关。叶绿素指标和内源激素指标存在极显著相关关系。GA3与6 个指标(新梢生长量、碳水化合物、叶绿素、内源激素4类指标)间存在相关性,其中3个指标均为极显著相关。

图7 生理指标的相关性分析
Fig.7 Correlation analysis of physiological indicators

X1.新梢长度增长量;X2.新梢直径增长量;X3.节间长度增长量;X4.可溶性蛋白含量;X5.可溶性糖含量;X6.淀粉含量;X7.叶绿素a 含量;X8.叶绿素b 含量;X9.类胡萝卜素含量;X10.IAA 含量;X11.ABA 含量;X12.ZR 含量;X13.GA3 含量;X14.GA4 含量,X15.葡萄糖含量;X16.果糖含量;X17.蔗糖含量。
X1.Growth amount of shoot length;X2.Growth amount of shoot diameter;X3.Growth amount of internodal length;X4.Soluble protein content;X5. Soluble sugar content; X6. Starch content; X7. Chlorophyll a content; X8. Chlorophyll b content; X9. Carotenoid content; X10. IAA content;X11.ABA content;X12.ZR content;X13.GA3 content;X14.GA4 content;X15.glucose content;X16.Fructose content;X17.Sucrose content.

3 讨 论

前人研究表明施用调环酸钙的时间十分关键[6,14-15]。本试验中,在新梢萌发初期进行处理,并未对夏季新梢生长产生明显抑制作用,这与调环酸钙的效应期有关。调环酸钙对草莓种苗株高的抑制效应约为60 d[21]。聚类分析表明,7、8月是调环酸钙对新梢叶片生理指标影响表现较为明显的两个月份,也印证了处理0~60 d 是调环酸钙发挥效果的最佳时期。在2022年,当测量期已过了调环酸钙的效应期时,处理组枝条生长量反而大于对照,这很可能是植物生长调节剂施用时期选择不当而产生的“补偿性生长”现象(即反弹)。而在新梢快速生长初期进行调环酸钙的处理,夏季新梢生长明显受到抑制。在2023 年,其抑制效果在7—8 月表现明显,9—10月效应有所减弱,但新梢长度增长量仍低于对照,整体抑制作用时期可覆盖甜樱桃在杭州地区夏季90%以上新梢生长期。若想达到更显著的抑梢效果,可选择在效应减弱期叠加二次喷施。试验虽在两年间连续开展,但基于交互作用的方差分析表明,年份并不是差异的主效因子,可见处理效应在不同年份间是稳定的。调环酸钙对新梢生长量的抑制主要表现在新梢长度较短,这是通过缩短节间长度来实现,同时其枝条直径会相对较粗,这与前人[4,10,14]研究结果相符。抑梢效果在品种间存在较大差异,Elfving等[15]指出125~250 mg·L-1 调环酸钙即可对Bing、Lapins、Attika等甜樱桃品种有明显抑梢效果,但Regina 表现不敏感。此外,调环酸钙对新梢生长具有抑制作用,但并不会对成花和产量造成影响[16]。前人指出调环酸钙对苹果的品质和产量影响很小[14],本试验也得到相同结果。Brooks 对调环酸钙敏感,选择低浓度、在适宜时期单次喷施可对新梢产生明显的抑制作用且不会对翌年产量造成影响。

内源激素与细胞生长、分裂、分化密切相关[22]。调环酸钙处理后30 d,新梢叶片内IAA和ZR含量均降低,ABA 含量较对照组高,这与胡真[14]的研究结果相符。生长素和细胞分裂素促进细胞生长[23-24],ABA则与前两者生长作用相反,它通过抑制细胞分裂和伸长来抑制新梢的长度生长[25]。在IAA和GA3的协同作用下促进新梢的生长[14],由此推测,GA3、ZR含量降低可引起节间长度增长量降低,而IAA含量降低会引起新梢直径增加,调环酸钙通过调控激素水平,对新梢生长量有所抑制。GA3在营养生长中发挥作用,而GA4在生殖生长中发挥作用,6月甜樱桃开花结果期结束,GA4含量会持续到回落期。通常,调环酸钙对GA4的合成并无影响[7],反而能维持和延长植物体内既有的赤霉素的活性水平[26]。本试验中,GA4含量在6月期间下降,但此后含量均显著高于对照组,保持在较高的活性水平。猜测调环酸钙处理可能使其含量回落期提前,之后表现为活性水平的提高和保持。

光合能力和碳水化合物的累积密切相关,光合色素则是光合作用的物质基础[27]。调环酸钙处理后,SPAD 值和叶绿素a、b 含量均升高,与前人[28]研究结果相符。处理组中相对更高的ABA 含量也是光合色素增加的原因之一,ABA 调节细胞分裂、分化,促进类胡萝卜素的合成,从而增加植物色素含量[29-31]。光合色素含量的升高有利于提高叶片的净光合速率[32]。叶片结构与植物生长发育密切相关,栅栏组织和海绵组织厚度的变化会对叶片的光合速率造成影响,栅海比与净光合速率呈正相关[33-34]。调环酸钙处理后,叶片厚度增加,其组织结构紧密度、栅海比提高。曾有研究指出,植物生长调节剂可以刺激细胞数量,限制其在叶片表面扩展,并最终产生较为紧密的结构组织[35]。栅栏组织发达的叶片光合能力更强[36],这与栅栏组织中存在大量的叶绿体有关。推测处理组叶片的光合速率也得到提升,这很可能是这一时期,作为光合作用的产物葡萄糖以及作为贮藏形式的淀粉含量较对照组高的原因之一。

相关性分析表明与新梢生长量显著相关的内源激素指标多达4 个,且均为极显著相关关系。可见调环酸钙对激素的影响大于碳水化合物和光合色素。调环酸钙主要是通过调控内源激素水平来影响植株生长,达到抑制生长的效果,这与多效唑等其他植物生长调节剂的作用机制类似[37]

4 结 论

调环酸钙处理通过调控内源激素水平来影响甜樱桃生长,达到抑制的效果。在南方地区或类似生境地,在新梢快速生长初期单次喷施125~250 mg·L-1调环酸钙可对布鲁克斯甜樱桃新梢夏季生长产生明显的抑制作用。若想达到更有效的抑梢效果,可选择在效应减弱期叠加二次喷施。

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Analysis of the optimal application time of prohexadione calcium and its physiological effects on the growth regulation of new shoots of sweet cherry

ZHANG Chen, LIU Hui, XI Dujun, HUANG Kangkang, ZHONG Yuwei, LUO Huifeng, PEI Jiabo,RUAN Ruoxin*
(Institute of Horticulture,Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Hangzhou 310024,Zhejiang,China)

Abstract:【Objective】The origin of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) was believed to be traced back to a region south of the Caucasian mountains around the Caspian and Black Seas before they were disseminated across Europe and Russia by explorers.In China,its main production areas are in the northern regions. In recent years, sweet cherry has gradually become the main cultivated tree species in southern leisure picking orchards. However, due to the influence of factors such as climate, some varieties of sweet cherry trees are prone to vigorous growth,resulting in dense canopies.This results in insufficient light entering the inner chamber,leading to frequent occurrence of pests and diseases,difficulty in pruning, and even affecting flowering. Eventually, it will impact yield and fruit quality. Prohexadione calcium(Pro-Ca)is a new type of plant growth regulator,featuring low toxicity,no residue,easy absorption,and no pollution to the environmental air. However, the application effect of Pro-Ca is influenced by factors such as spray concentration and time.To achieve better control of plant growth,the timing of applying is more crucial than the concentration.This study aimed to determine the appropriate period for spraying Pro-Ca to control the growth of sweet cherry shoots in the southern China,and analyze the effects of Pro-Ca on the physiological indicators related to the new shoots of sweet cherry.【Methods】The treatment was conducted during the two-year periods of 2022—2023.The 7-year-old Brooks/(Gisela 6 rootstock) was selected as the test material. Using the same concentration of Pro-Ca (≈166.67 mg·L-1)to spray at the initial stage of new shoot emergence and new shoot rapid growth respectively.The inhibitory effects on shoot growth were evaluated by comparing the growth and elongation of new shoots with those of controls.And for the year with better inhibitory effects, the relevant physiological indicators were measured, including carbohydrate content, photosynthetic pigments content, SPAD, endogenous hormones content, and leaf microstructure of the new shoots. Combined with cluster analysis and correlation analysis, the influence of Pro-Ca on the physiological indicators of the new shoots' leaves was determined.【Results】The results revealed that when Pro-Ca was applied at the initial stage of new shoot emergence,it exerted scarcely any inhibitory effect on the growth of vegetative shoots in the summer, while when the Pro-Ca was applied at the initial stage of rapid new shoot growth, the growth of vegetative shoots in the summer was significantly inhibited. From June to October, the total growth length of new shoots in the treatment group and the control group was 25.94 cm and 29.19 cm respectively,indicating that the treatment group had a 11.12%decrease compared to the control group.The total growth length of internodes in the treatment group and the control group was 4.55 mm and 5.17 mm respectively showing that the treatment group had a 12.00%decrease compared to the control group.After treatment with Pro-Ca, the contents of soluble protein and starch in the new shoot leaves were increased rapidly. By the beginning of August, these two indexes contents were higher than those of the control. The rate of increase in glucose, fructose and sucrose contents in the new shoot leaves of the treatment group was slower than that of the control group, and the values were significantly lower.From July to October, through a series of dynamic changes, by early November, the glucose, fructose and sucrose contents in the leaves of the treatment group were all higher than those of the control group.Among them, the contents of glucose and fructose had significant differences between the two groups.The contents of IAA,ZR,GA3 and GA4 in the new shoot leaves had a significant decrease within the first month of the treatment,while the content of ABA increased.From August to September,the contents of all five endogenous hormones showed the same trend among the groups.By November,the treatment group exhibited lower levels of IAA, ZR, GA3, and GA4 compared to the control group, but contained higher concentrations of ABA. Meanwhile, the SPAD value, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b content were all increased in the treatment group.The analysis of the leaf anatomical structure indicated the thickness of the leaves also increased.Compared with the control group,the leaf tissue structure exhibited higher compactness, but the PT/ST ratio decreased. Cluster analysis indicated that the period from 0 days to 60 days was the optimal time for the Pro-Ca effect to be exerted. Cluster analysis revealed that the period from 0 to 60 days represented the optimal time window for the Pro-Ca effect to be exerted. The correlation analysis indicated that there was a highly significant or significant correlation between the growth elongation of new shoots and the indicators of carbohydrates,chlorophyll,and endogenous hormones. Among them, more than four related indicators belonged to endogenous hormone catogory.In particular,GA3 had a correlation with six other indicators,of which three of these indicators had highly significant correlations.Notably,Pro-Ca had a significantly impact on the hormones within the new shoot leaves than on carbohydrates and photosynthetic pigments.【Conclusion】The treatment with Pro-Ca caused a series of changes in physiological indicators such as carbohydrates,endogenous hormones,photosynthetic pigments content within the leaves of new shoots with the most pronounced effects observed on endogenous hormones.Pro-Ca primarily influences plant growth by modulating endogenous hormone levels, thereby achieving a growth-inhibiting effect. In southern China or similar habitats, a single spray of 125-250 mg·L-1 of Pro-Ca at the initial stage of new shoot rapid growth can inhibit the summer vegetative shoots growth of Brooks sweet cherry. If a more effective shoot suppression effect is desired, a second spray can be applied during the period when the effect weakens. This study will provide a theoretical basis for establishing scientific and effective technical measures for regulating the nutritional growth of sweet cherry in south region and similar habitat areas.

Key words:Sweet cherry;Prohexadione calcium(Pro-Ca);Vegetative shoot growth;Physiology

中图分类号:S662.5

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2026)04-0849-14

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20250438

收稿日期:2025-07-31

接受日期:2025-09-18

基金项目:浙江省公益研究计划项目(LGN21C150005);杭州市农业科学院科技创新与示范推广基金(2025HNCT-06);浙江省自然科学基金青年基金项目(LQN25C150006)

作者简介:张琛,女,高级农艺师,研究方向为甜樱桃栽培与生理研究。Tel:0571-87313244,E-mail:tt.hang@163.com

*通信作者 Author for correspondence.Tel:0571-87313244,E-mail:buffalo126@126.com