早中熟梨新品种新世玉的选育

刘 娜1,李英丽1,于春亮2,刘明亮2,张广华1,张晓杰1,王晓明1,张玉星1*,彭建营1*

1河北农业大学园艺学院·河北省梨技术创新中心,河北保定 071000;2河北威县省级农业科技园区管委会,河北威县 054700)

摘 要:新世玉是由玉露香×新世纪杂交选育而成的早中熟梨新品种。果实圆形或卵圆形,底色绿黄色,着色淡红,果面平滑,果点小而密,果肉白色,酥脆多汁,酸甜适度,有香气。平均单果质量250.67 g,最大单果质量257.82 g,果形指数0.99。可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)14.10%,可滴定酸含量0.15%,可溶性糖含量10.60%,糖酸比70.67,果实硬度4.77 kg·cm-2,维生素C 含量33.00 mg·kg-1,品质上等。果实发育期125 d,在冀中南地区果实8 月上旬成熟。每个花序7~11朵花,萌芽率59.77%;成枝力中等。对土壤和环境条件适应性强;田间观察未发现黑星病、炭疽叶枯病、灰斑病等病害发生。冷藏条件下(-1~0 ℃),果实可贮存至翌年3月,肉质依然酥脆。河北省、山东省、河南省、山西省等梨主产区均可栽培。

关键词:梨;新品种;新世玉;早中熟

中国是世界第一产梨大国,除西洋梨外,其他栽培种均原产于中国[1]。目前,我国生产上前10 个主栽品种均原产于中国[2]。梨的栽培以北方为主,产量占全国生产总量的70%左右。然而,北方梨产区普遍存在品种结构不合理的现象,突出表现为晚熟品种多(酥梨、鸭梨、雪花梨和香梨等产量占梨生产总量的70%左右),早中熟品种少,而市场上早中熟品种售价高、销路好。因此,梨产业的发展亟须加快早中熟新品种的选育和推广。

1 选育经过

新世玉是以玉露香[3]为母本、新世纪[4]为父本杂交选育的梨早中熟品种。2012 年春季开展杂交试验,获得杂交种子2285 粒;2013 年获得杂种实生苗1371 株;2014 年春季将这些实生苗定植于河北省梨技术创新中心威县试验站基地;2016 年实生苗开花结果,初选出优良单株13-10-101。经高接扩繁和连续3 年的观测,13-10-101 被复选为优系。2019 年,在河北省邢台市威县、保定市易县、唐山市玉田县等地开展区域试验和品种比较试验,并对其物候期、植物学特征、生物学特性、果实经济性状、植株抗性、丰产性及配套栽培技术等进行系统调查。结果表明,其果实成熟期一致,综合品质优良,且产量稳定。与母本玉露香相比,新世玉的果形端正,果面平滑,着色均匀,成熟期提早30 d;与父本新世纪相比,其果实更酥脆,风味更浓郁,可溶性固形物含量高出近1个百分点。经连续3 年的观测,该品种果实成熟期较早,果面平滑,果肉酥脆,风味浓郁,酸甜适度,可溶性固形物含量高,性状遗传稳定,综合品质优良。2023 年通过河北省林木品种审定委员会认定并获林木良种证书(编号:冀R-SV-PB-001-2024),定名为新世玉(图1)。

图1 梨新品种新世玉
Fig. 1 A new early-mid ripening pear cultivar Xinshiyu

2 主要性状

2.1 植物学特征

新世玉树势中庸,树姿开张;萌芽率为59.77%,成枝力中等(平均3.6 个枝);1 年生枝黄褐色,嫩枝表面无茸毛;幼叶淡红色,叶片圆形,长10.74 cm,宽8.43 cm,叶柄长6.05 cm,叶形指数为1.28,叶尖长尾尖,叶基圆形,叶缘锐锯齿,无裂刻,有刺芒;叶芽离生,顶端尖;花芽长7.58 mm;花蕾白色,每个花序为7~11 朵花,花瓣圆形,数量5 枚,雌蕊5 枚,雄蕊16~25 枚,柱头与花药等高;花冠直径3.40 cm,果实具5心室;种子黄褐色,卵圆形,千粒质量108.40 g。

2.2 果实主要性状

果实圆形或卵圆形,纵径7.47 cm,横径7.57 cm,果形指数0.99;果实底色绿黄色,盖色淡红,果点小而密,果面平滑,果形整齐,无棱沟(图1)。果梗长3.32 cm、粗2.49 mm;梗洼浅、狭,萼片宿存、直立,萼洼浅、狭、平滑。单果质量250.67 g,最大257.82 g。果心小、中位,横径2.87 cm。果肉白色,酥脆多汁,酸甜适度,风味浓郁,有香气。果实硬度4.77 kg·cm-2,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)14.10%,可滴定酸含量0.15%,可溶性糖含量10.60%,维生素C 含量33.0 mg·kg-1;耐贮性强,品质上等(表1)。

表1 新世玉与对照品种雪青主要性状比较
Table 1 Main Traits of Xinshiyu and Xueqing

地点Location年份Year品种Cultivar威县Weixian 2021年In 2021 1年生枝长One-year-old shoot length/cm 20.74萌芽率Budbreak percentage/%59.10新世玉Xinshiyu雪青Xueqing新世玉Xinshiyu雪青Xueqing新世玉Xinshiyu雪青Xueqing新世玉Xinshiyu雪青Xueqing新世玉Xinshiyu雪青Xueqing新世玉Xinshiyu雪青Xueqing成枝力Branching potential/shoots 3.32单果质量Average fruit mass/g 249.91果实硬度Fruit firmness/(kg·cm-2)4.83 w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solids content/%14.15 w(可滴定酸)Titratable acidi content/%0.15 35.82 69.53 3.41 265.62 5.35 11.91 0.14 2022年In 2022 20.33 58.71 3.52 245.41 4.75 14.22 0.15 36.41 69.22 3.63 260.12 5.05 11.81 0.14 2023年In 2023 21.21 60.20 3.52 240.92 4.67 14.08 0.15 36.52 69.73 3.63 255.41 5.33 12.11 0.14易县Yixian 2021年In 2021 22.63 59.31 3.64 257.82 4.78 14.12 0.15 40.12 69.52 3.42 273.31 5.09 12.24 0.14 2022年In 2022 25.34 58.81 3.82 256.72 4.76 13.91 0.15 46.01 68.32 3.51 272.10 5.38 12.12 0.14 2023年In 2023 23.54 62.50 3.70 253.21 4.81 14.09 0.15 42.22 69.81 3.54 268.42 5.25 12.01 0.14

2.3 生长结果习性

新世玉树势中庸,萌芽率与成枝力中等(萌芽率59.77%,成枝力平均3.6个枝);1年生枝长度22.30 cm(表1)。以短果枝结果为主,长中短果枝结果比率分别为22.63%、19.47%、57.90%,丰产性强,盛果期产量约为45 000 kg·hm-2。花粉萌发率56.50%,自然坐果率17.65%,建园时需配置授粉树。

2.4 物候期

在冀中南地区,叶芽萌动期为3 月中下旬,展叶期为4 月上旬,落叶期为10 月下旬至11 月上旬。花芽萌动期为3 月中旬,盛花期为4 月上旬,果实成熟期为8 月上旬,果实发育期为125 d(表2)。

表2 物候期
Table 2 Phenological phase

品种Cultivar新世玉Xinshiyu玉露香Yuluxiang雪青Xueqing叶芽萌动期Leaf bud burst date 3月24日Mar. 24 3月23日Mar. 23 3月24日Mar. 24展叶期Leaf unfolding date 4月8日Apr. 8 4月6日Apr. 6 4月7日Apr. 7花芽萌动期Flower bud burst date 3月18日Mar. 18 3月17日Mar. 17 3月18日Mar. 18初花期First flowering date 4月3日Apr. 3 4月2日Apr. 2 4月3日Apr. 3盛花期Full bloom date 4月8日Apr. 8 4月7日Apr. 7 4月7日Apr. 7终花期Final bloom date 4月12日Apr. 12 4月11日Apr. 11 4月12日Apr.12果实成熟期Fruit ripening date 8月5日Aug. 5 8月29日Aug. 29 8月15日Aug. 15落叶期Leaf fall date 11月2日Nov. 2 11月1日Nov. 1 11月2日Nov. 2

2.5 抗逆性及抗病性

对土壤和环境条件适应性强;经田间观察未发现黑星病、炭疽叶枯病、灰斑病等病害发生。

3 栽培技术要点

3.1 园址选择

新世玉抗逆性强,适应范围广,在沙地、山地和丘陵地均可栽培,对土质要求不严,以土层深厚、排水良好、较肥沃的壤砂土为宜。建园时应注意避开易发生晚霜危害的地方。

3.2 授粉树配置

建园时授粉品种可选用黄冠、雪青、秋月、鸭梨等生产中常用的主栽品种。

3.3 整形修剪

新世玉宜采用圆柱形或纺锤形树形,株行距为(1.00~2.00)m×(4.00~4.50)m。树高在3.0~3.5 m,中心干上均衡分布10~15 个主枝,单轴延伸,不留侧枝。主枝基角70°左右,粗度为中心干的1/3,采用轻简化修剪技术。

3.4 花果管理

疏花时去中心花、留边花;去上位花、留下垂花,保证果形端正。落花后15 d疏果,每个花序留单果,果实间距25~30 cm。

3.5 土肥水管理

土壤管理宜采用生草法或生草覆盖法。施肥以有机肥为主,于9月下旬至10月上旬施入;追肥宜在萌芽前1周、落花后2周及果实采收前4周分3次施入[5]。合理控制负载量,将产量稳定在45 000 kg·hm-2,做到丰产稳产,提高优质果率。灌水方式以滴灌、低喷灌为宜。

3.6 病虫害防治

重点加强对腐烂病、梨木虱、梨小食心虫和蚜虫的防治,以绿色防控为主。于萌芽前喷布1 次5°Bé石硫合剂,之后应根据果园病虫害发生具体情况实施防治。

3.7 适宜区域

新世玉在我国河北省、山东省、河南省、山西省等梨主产区均可栽培。

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Breeding report of a new early-mid ripening pear cultivar Xinshiyu

LIU Na1, LI Yingli1, YU Chunliang2, LIU Mingliang2, ZHANG Guanghua1, ZHANG Xiaojie1, WANG Xiaoming1, ZHANG Yuxing1*, PENG Jianying1*

(1College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University/Pear Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Baoding 071000, Hebei,China; 2Management Committee of Hebei Weixian Provincial Agricultural Science and Technology Park, Weixian 054700, Hebei, China)

Abstract:Xinshiyu is an early-mid ripening pear cultivar (Pyrus bretschneideri×pyrifolia ‘Xinshiyu’)bred from a cross between Yuluxiang and Shinseiki. The crossing was made in 2012. 1371 hybrid seedlings were raised in 2013. It was initially selected in 2016 for its bright colors and early ripening time.The regional adaptation test and cultivar compasion trial were conducted at multiple locations in Hebei Province, including Weixian (Xingtai), Yixian (Baoding), and Yutian (Tangshan), following top-grafting propagation. It was finally selected in 2023. The tree exhibited moderate growth, an open tree gesture,and moderate branching ability. Young branches were glabrous yellowish-brown in color. The leaves were orbiculate. The leaf shape index was 1.28. The leaf apex was long-caudate, the leaf base was round, the leaf margin was sharply serrated with awned teeth, non-lobed. The flower was white, with petals orbicular. The fruit is mainly round or oval in shape, and had a green-yellow ground color and a light red overcolor. The flesh was white, crispy, and juicy, with a balanced sweet-sour flavor and a pleasant aroma. The average fruit weight was 250.67 g, the maximum fruit weight was 257.82 g. The fruit shape index was 0.99. The content of soluble solid was 14.10%, the soluble sugar content was 10.60%,the content of soluble acid was 0.15%, the sugar-acid ratio was 70.67, the hardness was 4.77 kg·cm-2,and the content of Vitamin C was 33.00 mg·kg-1. The quality was excellent. The fruit development period was 125 d and the fruit matured in early August in the southern-central region of Hebei Province; It exhibits high phenotypic plasticity to diverse soil and environmental conditions. The field trials confirmed the absence of scab (Venturia nashicola), anthracnose leaf blight (Glomerella cingulata), and gray spot (Stemphylium vesicarium) under ordinary orchard management. The fruit had a long storagelife, the cold storage (-1-0 ℃) life was 7 months. The suitable cultivation areas should be major pearproducing areas in China. The variety had high yield potential. The suitable pollinizers should be Huangguan, Xueqing, Qiuyue and Yali. The Spacing would be (1.00-2.00) m × (4.00-4.50) m. The simplified light pruning protocol would be recommended. During blossom thinning, the outer florets and pendent-positioned flowers should be kept to ensure fruit shape uniformity.

Key words:Pear; New cultivar; Xinshiyu; Early-mid ripening

中图分类号:S661.2

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2026)02-0457-04

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20250366

收稿日期:2025-06-30

接受日期:2025-07-09

基金项目:河北省重点研发计划-现代种业科技专项(20326337D,21326308D)

作者简介:刘娜,女,副教授,博士,主要从事梨抗病及育种研究。E-mail:lnln82@163.com

*通信作者Author for correspondence. E-mail:jonsonzhyx@163.com;E-mail:pjy@hebau.edu.cn