梨新品种冀玫的选育

王亚茹,王 晋,王永博,李 晓,李 勇*,王红宝*,王迎涛,杨越昆,安 硕

(河北省农林科学院石家庄果树研究所,石家庄 050061)

摘 要:冀玫是由黄冠×中矮一号杂交选育的中晚熟梨新品种。果实长圆形,果面呈绿黄色,阳面着红晕,果面光滑,蜡质丰富,果肉白色,肉质松脆,风味酸甜,略有玫瑰香味;平均单果质量259.9 g,最大单果质量378 g,果形指数1.04;每个果实含种子6~10 粒。果实可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)为13.10%,可溶性糖含量为9.26%,可滴定酸含量为0.11%,维生素C含量为4.42 mg·100 g-1,果肉硬度为6.32 kg·cm-2,品质优。果实生育期为150 d,在石家庄(东经114°29′、北纬38°03′)9月初成熟;每个花序为5~8朵花,树体紧凑,树姿半开张,枝条生长量小,树冠小,适宜宽行密植的省力化栽培模式。果实货架期为10~15 d,冷藏条件下可达4个月。适应性强,栽培范围广,定植后2~3年即可开花结果,丰产性强。

关键词:梨;新品种;冀玫;中晚熟;红皮

梨是重要的经济果树之一,果实富含有机酸和矿物质等多种营养成分,具有很高的营养价值和药用价值。除鲜食外,还可制作成果汁、罐头、梨膏等加工食品[1-3]。中国是梨属植物的重要产地,栽培历史悠久、分布范围广泛,拥有丰富的梨种质资源,在世界梨生产中占据主导地位,其栽培面积、产量均居世界第一[4]。然而,随着我国农村劳动力短缺和劳动力成本逐年攀升,管理省时省工的宽行密植栽培模式发展迅速。树型紧凑、矮化,适合密植和省力化栽培管理的新品种成为新的育种方向之一。自2006 年起,以优质、风味浓郁、果面红晕、树型矮小紧凑为重点育种目标。笔者以黄冠与中矮1号为亲本进行杂交,成功获得了杂交后代,经过多年对杂交后代的评价和筛选,选育出杂交优系08-22-67-5。该优系果实品质优良,风味独特带有玫瑰香味,树型紧凑,丰产性强,经多年田间调查未发现黑星病和黑斑病。经过多年多点区域试验,对其植物学特征、生物学性状及果实品质进行观察评价,结果表明该品种性状稳定一致。2025年1月通过河北省林木品种审定委员会审定,正式定名为冀玫(冀S-SV-PB-035-2024)(图1)。

图1 梨新品种冀玫
Fig. 1 A new pear cultivar Jimei

1 选育过程

冀玫是以黄冠为母本中矮一号为父本杂交选育而成的新品种,原代号08-22-67-5。2006 年进行杂交,2007年播种并获得456株杂交苗,2008年将杂交苗以“簇状”栽培模式(每个定植穴5株)定植于河北省农林科学院石家庄果树研究所实生选种圃。待该批实生苗陆续开始结果后,依据育种目标,对每株实生苗的单果质量、形状、色泽、肉质、风味、果心大小、石细胞含量和可溶性固形物含量等指标进行鉴定。经过多年观察,发现08-22-67-5 实生苗表现出果面光洁美观、阳面着红晕、风味浓郁、树型紧凑、节间短等特性,因此将其纳入初选优系。2016 年,在河北省农林科学院石家庄果树研究所、河北省邢台市威县、邯郸市魏县建立了3 个区试园,其株行距分别为3 m×5 m、2 m×4 m 和1 m×4 m,黄冠作为对照品种,本项目所有试验与调查均在3 个区试园进行。经过连续多年对果实综合经济性状、始果年龄、丰产性、连续结果能力、抗病性等特性进行鉴定评价,结果表明,该品系遗传性状表现稳定,鉴定其为优质、中晚熟、树型紧凑的红皮梨新品种。

2 主要性状

2.1 植物学特征

冀玫树姿半开张,树形圆锥形;主干及多年生枝灰褐色,树皮光滑,1 年生枝灰褐色,皮孔小且密,节间长3.12 cm;叶芽斜生,幼叶淡绿色,成熟叶片深绿色,叶片椭圆形,长10.0 cm、宽5.30 cm,叶片抱合生长,叶基楔形,叶尖急尖,叶缘锐锯齿,有刺芒;花蕾浅粉红色,花瓣椭圆形、分离,每朵花为5~7 枚花瓣,花冠白色,花药紫红色,每个花序为5~8朵花。

2.2 果实经济性状

冀玫果实长圆形,果面呈绿黄色,成熟时果实向阳面着红晕25%~45%,果皮薄,蜡质丰富,果点不明显,果肉白色,肉质细、松脆,汁液多,风味酸甜适口、略具玫瑰香味,果心小。平均单果质量259.9 g,平均果实纵径8.29 cm、横径7.95 cm,果形指数1.04。石细胞及残渣少,可溶性固形物含量13.10%,可溶性糖含量9.26%,可滴定酸含量0.11%,维生素含量为4.42 mg·100 g-1,果肉硬度为6.32 kg·cm-2(表1)。常温下可贮藏10 d 以上,低温条件下其贮藏期可延长至12 月,果面不失水、不皱缩,仍保持原有外观品质、口感及风味。

表1 冀玫与对照品种果实主要性状比较
Table 1 Comparison of main characters between Jimei and the control cultivar

品种Cultivar果实形状Fruit shape果面盖色Cover color风味Flavor香气Aroma冀玫Jimei长圆形Long globose平均单果质量Average single fruit mass/g 259.9±7.30 w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solids content/%13.10±0.23 w(可溶性糖)Soluble sugar content/%9.26 ± 0.18 w(可滴定酸)Titratable acid content/%0.11 ± 0.00 w(维生素C)VitaminC content/(mg·100 g-1)4.42± 0.16硬度Flesh firmness/(kg·cm-2)6.32±0.11 25%~45%红色25%-45% Red黄冠Huang guan圆形Globose 296.8±7.13 12.30±0.17 8.42 ± 0.24 0.17 ± 0.01 2.31 ± 0.17 4.50± 0.15无None酸甜Soursweet酸甜Soursweet玫瑰香Rose fragrance清香Delicate fragrance

2.3 主要物候期

在石家庄地区,冀玫通常于3 月中旬芽萌动,4月初进入初花期,4月上旬盛花,4月上中旬落花,花期为7~9 d(其物候期比黄冠早1~2 d)。冀玫果实成熟期为9 月初,较黄冠果实成熟期(8 月中旬)晚15~20 d。新梢4 月中旬开始生长,6 月中下旬停止生长,落叶期为11月初。

2.4 生长结果习性

冀玫树势中庸,树姿半开张。萌芽率(52.70 %)与成枝力(剪口下可抽生15 cm 以上枝条3.07 个)中等。始果年龄早,正常管理条件下,冀玫定植2~3年即可结果,无大小年现象,具良好的丰产稳产性能。4 年生树产量可达562.7 kg·666.7 m-2,7 年生树产量可达2648 kg·666.7 m-2,密植栽培下早期产量更高。以长果枝结果为主,果台副梢连续结果能力较弱。自然授粉条件下平均每花序坐果4.33 个,具良好的丰产性能(表2)。

表2 冀玫与对照品种生长结果习性比较
Table 2 Comparison of growth and fruiting habits between Jimei and the control cultivar

品种Cultivar冀玫Jimei黄冠Huangguan萌芽率Germination rate/%52.70±4.71 71.43 ±3.30成枝力Branching ability 3.07±0.21 3.23±0.31果枝比例Branch rate/%长果枝Long branch 66.04±4.94 16.80±1.13中果枝Middle branch 11.52±2.21 10.80±0.87短果枝Short branch 17.46±2.37 68.90±4.26腋花芽Axillary flower bud 4.98±1.17 3.50±0.53自然坐果率Natural fruit setting rate/%54.13±4.91 43.75±3.94

3 栽培技术要点

冀玫树体紧凑,树姿半开张。枝条生长量小,树冠小,适宜宽行密植的省力化栽培模式,株行距以(0.75~2.5)m×(3~4)m 为宜。授粉品种可选择雪花梨、黄冠、库尔勒香梨、冀锦等。梨树栽植后,主要通过刻芽、拉枝、抹除萌蘖等技术开张树姿,并培养20个左右的单轴延伸结果枝组。通过2~3年的幼树整形,逐步转入正式结果期。在结果初期,还需注意培养树形,继续完成整形任务。而整个结果期修剪的重点是调节生长与结果的平衡,以保持树体健壮生长。

通过疏花疏果调节负载量以确保果实品质。疏果在花后40 d 左右进行,疏除畸形果、病虫果,每个花序留单果,尽量选留低序位果实(2~3 序位),幼果空间距离以25 cm 左右为宜。套袋应以单层白蜡袋为宜,为促进果实着色,可于采收前10~15 d摘袋,摘袋应避开中午阳光强烈的时间,以免果实发生日灼。

施肥以秋施基肥为主,肥料种类以堆肥、圈肥、鸡粪、羊粪、牛粪等为主,施用量以不低于“斤果斤肥”为标准。亦可施用作物秸秆等,但需同时施入少许N肥,以利于秸秆腐熟。盛果期树的施肥:花后株施1.0 kg 速效N 肥,7 月上旬追施1 次P、K 复合肥。水分管理遵循前期保证、后期控制的原则。

冀玫的生长量和叶片均较小,故采收后应重视叶片的保护工作,防止因病虫害导致树体早期落叶及秋季“返花”现象的发生。采收后需喷布一次杀菌剂,如遇秋雨连绵年份,则需间隔10~15 d 连续用药2~3 次。重点防治梨小食心虫、梨木虱、黄粉虫等病虫害,重视综合防治,在做好农业防治的基础上,选用矿物源、植物源、微生物农药及高效低毒的化学药剂,如石硫合剂、波尔多液、大生、吡虫啉、阿维菌素、螺虫乙酯等。

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Breeding report of a new pear cultivar Jimei

WANG Yaru, WANG Jin, WANG Yongbo, LI Xiao, LI Yong*, WANG Hongbao*, WANG Yingtao,YANG Yuekun, AN Shuo

(Shijiazhuang Institute of Fruit Tree, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, Hebei, China)

Abstract:Jimei is a new mid-late ripening pear cultivar with excellent appearance and compact tree structure. The seeding was derived from a cross between Huangguan and Zhongai No. 1 in 2006 at the experimental field. It was initially selected in 2010 for its bright color and good quality, including a rich flavor, a smooth peel, a reddish blush on the sun-exposed side and a compact tree structure. After five years of consistent observations, it was finally selected as a preliminary elite strain in 2015. After regional adaptability testing at three sites (including Shijiazhuang, Handan, and Xingtai) from 2016 to 2023, this strain demonstrated stable genetic traits and excellent cultivation performance. It was finally selected in 2023. Trees of Jimei have a compact tree structure with a semi-spreading posture and a small canopy. The annual branches are also gray-brown, with small and dense lenticels, and internodes length of 3.12 cm. It has a moderate budbreak ratio and strong branching ability. The leaf shape is elliptic and acuminate, 10.0 cm long, 5.30 cm wide, and sharply serrated. The diameter of flower crown is 2.3 cm,and the corolla is white with 5-7 petals, 1.38 cm long, and 0.87 cm wide. Most flowers have 5 to 7 petals, with light pink buds and purple-red anthers. Each cluster contains 5 to 8 flowers. The fruits are large and the average fruit mass is 260 g. It has an average longitudinal diameter of 8.29 cm and a transverse diameter of 7.95 cm, and fruit shape index is 1.04. The fruits are long globose with light yellowgreen background and more than 25%-45% surface area covered with red color when mature. The fruit has a soluble solids content of 13.1%, a soluble sugar content of 9.26%, a titratable acid content of 0.11%, and a vitamin C content of 4.42 mg·100 g-1. Flesh hardness is 6.32 kg·cm-2. The flesh is white,fine, and crispy. It has suitable acid and sweet flavor. Quality is excellent. The tree begins to bear fruit early, usually within 2 to 3 years after planting under normal management conditions. It primarily produces long fruit branches. Under natural pollination conditions, the average number of fruit set per cluster is 4.33. The fruit development period is 150 d and it matures in early September in Shijiazhuang area. The fruit has very long storage life, cold storage life is 4 months and shelf life is over 10 days. After storage the fruit aroma is quite strong. Suitable cultivation area is in Shijiazhuang, Xingtai, Handan and other pear producing areas with similar ecological conditions in China. The tree is dwarf, and it is suitable for close planting. The density of planting would be (0.75-2.50) m×(3.0-4.0) m. Xuehua, Yali and Huangguan pears are the most suitable pollination trees for it, and the configuration of the pollinizer is(4-5)∶1. Single-layer white waxed paper bags are recommended for bagging. Fertilization should primarily focus on applying base fertilizer in autumn, with high-quality organic fertilizer combined with an appropriate amount of compound fertilizer applied after fruit harvest. Water management should follow the principle of ensuring adequate supply in the early stages and controlling it in the later stages.

Key words:Pear; New cultivar; Jinmei; Mid-late ripening; Red peel

中图分类号:S661.2

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2026)01-0211-04

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20250271

收稿日期:2025-05-27

接受日期:2025-07-25

基金项目:梨苹果现代种业科技创新团队(21326308D);国家现代农业产业技术体系项目(CARS-28-28);河北省现代农业产业技术体系(HBCT2021210201)

作者简介:王亚茹,女,研究员,硕士,研究方向为梨育种及果树生理。Tel:0311-87659930,E-mail:82308805@qq.com

*通信作者 Author for correspondence. Tel:0311-87659930,E-mail:liyuzhongsjz@163.com;Tel:0311-87659930,E-mail:1252146220@qq.com