27个油梨品种果实品质分析与综合评价

王安娜1,2,秦 健2#,汤秀华3,赵志刚2,陈 茜3,代建菊4,王文林3,董 涛2*

1华南师范大学生命科学学院·广东省植物发育生物工程重点实验室,广州 510631; 2广东省农业科学院果树研究所·农业农村部南亚热带果树生物学与遗传资源利用重点实验室·广东省果树科学与技术研究重点实验室,广州 510640;3广西南亚热带农业科学研究所,广西龙州 532415; 4云南农业科学院热区生态研究所,云南元谋 651300)

摘 要:【目的】为探究不同油梨品种果实品质差异,对广西南亚热带农业科学研究所油梨资源圃保存的27 个油梨品种品质性状进行综合评价,建立油梨果实品质综合评价体系。【方法】以27个油梨品种为试验材料,分别测定果实干物质含量、可溶性固形物含量、生物活性物质含量以及脂肪酸组成等品质指标,运用主成分分析、隶属函数分析和聚类分析方法来综合评价果实品质。【结果】不同油梨品种的13 项果实品质指标均存在显著差异,变异范围为3.73%~160.07%。Hass 的干物质、总脂肪酸、饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸含量,桂龙4 号的可溶性固形物含量,Lisa 的总酚含量,桂龙3号的总黄酮含量,腾龙的DPPH自由基清除能力,桂研3号的ABTS自由基清除能力,Lamb Hass的不饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸含量最高。通过主成分分析对27个油梨品种的主要果实品质指标进行简化,从13项指标中共提取了4 个主成分,累计贡献率为80.553%。【结论】综合主成分分析、隶属函数分析和聚类分析对13 项果实品质指标(干物质含量、可溶性固形物含量、总酚含量、总黄酮含量、DPPH自由基清除能力、ABTS自由基清除能力、总脂肪酸含量、饱和脂肪酸含量、单不饱和脂肪酸含量、多不饱和脂肪酸含量、不饱和脂肪酸含量、M/S 值和P/S 值)进行综合评价,筛选出Hass、Fuerte和Lamb Hass为果实品质最优的3个品种,可为优良油梨品种筛选及开发利用提供参考依据。

关键词:油梨;果实品质;主成分分析;隶属函数分析;聚类分析

油梨(Persea americana Mill.),又名牛油果、鳄梨、樟梨等,为樟科(Lauraceae)鳄梨属(Persea)多年生常绿果树,原产于中南美洲的热带、亚热带地区[1]。油梨果肉质地细腻,富含以不饱和脂肪酸为主的油脂、黄酮和酚类等营养元素,具有预防动脉硬化、脑中风和糖尿病等保健功能[2-4]。因其营养和经济价值高,近年来油梨产业在国际市场上发展迅速。根据联合国粮食及农业组织公布的数据,2022年油梨的全球种植面积和产量分别达到88.4 万hm2和897.8 万t。近年来,油梨产业在中国云南、广东、广西和四川等省份迅速发展,种植面积和产量已达到1.4 万hm2和13.6 万t[5]。由于中国油梨产业起步较晚,优良商业品种的缺乏制约了中国油梨产业的健康发展[6]

当前,中国除了引进一些Hass、Fuerte 和Reed等国外优异资源外,也自主育成了桂垦大2号、桂垦大3 号和桂研10 号等品种[7]。前人研究发现,不同油梨品种果实的脂肪酸组成、干物质含量、可溶性固形物含量以及生物活性物质含量等品质指标存在明显差异[8-11]。然而,对于中国自主选育品种与引进品种在果实品质方面的比较研究较少,制约了优异种质资源的筛选及开发利用。果实综合品质由多个品质指标组成,仅凭单项指标进行评价过于片面,且采用单一评价方法难以反映真实情况[12]。当前,主成分分析、聚类分析、隶属函数分析等方法广泛应用于不同品种果实性状的综合评价[13-16],但在油梨果实品质综合评价上应用较少,如何准确评价油梨果实品质是亟待解决的产业问题。因此,采集11 个国外引进品种和16 个国内自主选育品种,对油梨果肉的干物质含量、可溶性固形物含量、生物活性物质含量以及脂肪酸组成等品质指标进行检测,利用多种综合评价方法全面分析不同品种的果实品质,以期为油梨优良品种的筛选与利用提供理论依据。

1 材料和方法

1.1 材料

27 个油梨品种均来源于广西南亚热带农业科学研究所油梨资源圃,其果实表型如图1 所示。选取5 年以上树龄的成年树,每个品种选取3 株树,在每株树树冠中部的东西南北方向各取1 个成熟的健康果实,共12 个果实。为确保所有品种的果实营养品质具有可比性,以种子与果肉间的缝隙、果实大小与往年相近以及往年采收时间作为基础的参考指标,确定不同油梨品种采收的时间。部分新鲜果肉用于测定干物质含量和可溶性固形物含量,另取中果皮的鲜果肉研磨后放到液氮中速冻,-80 ℃冰箱保存,用于其他品质指标的测定。

图1 27 个油梨品种的果实表型
Fig. 1 Fruit phenotypes of 27 avocado varieties

37 种混合脂肪酸甲酯标准品:上海安谱实验科技有限公司;十一碳酸甘油三酯:北京坛墨质检科技有限公司。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 干物质含量测定 称取研磨的新鲜果肉10 g,置于鼓风干燥箱中80 ℃烘干至恒质量,按照公式(1)计算:

1.2.2 可溶性固形物含量测定 称取研磨的新鲜果肉10 g,取汁液,用PAL-1便携式数显折射仪测定。

1.2.3 总酚和总黄酮含量测定 油梨果肉总酚和总黄酮含量测定参照葛宇等[17]的方法。

1.2.4 抗氧化活性测定 DPPH 和ABTS 自由基清除率使用试剂盒(Comin,苏州,中国)测定。

1.2.5 脂肪酸组分及含量测定 脂肪酸组分及含量测定参照国标GB5009.168—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中脂肪酸的测定》[18]。标准品包括37种混合脂肪酸甲酯标准品,内标为十一碳酸甘油三酯。脂肪酸组分含量按照公式(2)计算:

式中Xi为试样中脂肪酸甲酯i含量;Fi为脂肪酸甲酯i 的响应因子;Ai为试样中脂肪酸甲酯i 的峰面积;AC11为试样中加入的内标物十一碳酸甲酯峰面积;ρC11为十一碳酸甘油三酯浓度(mg·mL-1);VC11为试样中加入十一碳酸甘油三酯体积(mL);1.006 7为十一碳酸甘油三酯转化成十一碳酸甲酯的转换系数;m为试样的质量(g)。

总脂肪酸、饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸分别表示为TFA、SFA、MUFA、PUFA 和UFA。PUFA/SFA(P/S)值为多不饱和脂肪酸含量与饱和脂肪酸含量比值,而MUFA/SFA(M/S)值为单不饱和脂肪酸含量与饱和脂肪酸含量比值。

1.3 数据分析

试验结果以平均值±标准差表示,使用Excel 2020 软件进行数据处理,使用SPSS 23.0 软件进行方差分析、多重比较(Duncan)、主成分分析及聚类分析。隶属函数分析评价是通过对各指标进行隶属函数值计算,以各指标隶属函数值的平均值作为评价标准,隶属函数平均值越大,油梨果实的综合品质越好。各指标隶属函数值按照公式(3)计算:

式中,Xj为测定的指标值,XmaxXmix分别为该指标所测定的最大值和最小值。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同油梨品种的果实品质比较分析

2.1.1 干物质含量和可溶性固形物含量比较分析由表1 可知,果实干物质含量和可溶性固形物含量在27个油梨品种间存在一定的变异,变异系数分别为23.21%和21.26%,均超过了20%,属高度变异。方差分析和多重比较结果表明,果实干物质含量和可溶性固形物含量在不同油梨品种间存在显著差异(图2)。不同油梨品种间干物质含量变化范围为12.98%~31.31%,均值为20.02%,其中13 个品种的干物质含量超过平均值,含量最高的品种为Hass。可溶性固形物含量变化范围为6.10%~12.40%,均值为8.67%,其中12 个品种的可溶性固形物含量超过平均值,桂龙4 号和南亚D 的可溶性固形物含量显著高于其他品种。

表1 不同油梨品种果肉干物质含量、可溶性固形物含量、生物活性物质含量以及抗氧化能力的差异分布情况
Table 1 Differential distribution of dry matter content, soluble solids content, bioactive substances content, and antioxidant ability in pulp of different avocado varieties

指标Index w(干物质)Dry matter content/%w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solids content/%w(总酚)Total phenolic content/(g·kg-1)w(总黄酮)Total flavonoid content/(g·kg-1)DPPH自由基清除能力DPPH free radical scavenging capacity/%ABTS自由基清除能力ABTS free radical scavenging capacity/%最大值Maximal value 31.31最小值Minimal value 12.98均值Mean value 20.02标准差Standard deviation 4.65变异系数Coefficient of variation/%23.21 12.40 6.43 6.10 0.86 8.67 3.56 1.84 1.52 21.26 42.69 6.37 0.69 2.22 1.30 58.70 62.41 2.36 31.34 17.99 57.42 93.49 78.51 88.96 3.32 3.73

图2 不同油梨品种果肉干物质含量和可溶性固形物含量比较
Fig. 2 Comparison of content of dry matter and soluble solids in pulp of different avocado varieties

2.1.2 生物活性物质含量和抗氧化能力比较分析对27 个油梨品种的生物活性物质含量和抗氧化能力的测定结果(表1)分析表明,总酚含量、总黄酮含量和DPPH 自由基清除能力的变异系数分别为42.69%、58.70%和57.42%,均超过了20%,属高度变异;而ABTS 自由基清除能力的变异系数仅为3.73%,属低度变异。由图3 和图4 可知,不同油梨品种果实的生物活性物质含量和抗氧化能力存在显著差异。不同油梨品种的总酚含量和总黄酮含量变化范围分别为0.86~6.43 g·kg-1和0.69~6.37 g·kg-1,而DPPH 自由基清除能力和ABTS 自由基清除能力分别介于2.36%~62.41%和78.51%~93.49%之间。总酚含量和总黄酮含量高的品种分别为Lisa 和桂龙3号,而DPPH 自由基清除能力和ABTS 自由基清除能力分别在腾龙和桂研3号中表现最好。

图3 不同油梨品种果肉总酚含量和黄酮含量比较
Fig. 3 Comparison of contents of total phenol and total flavonoid in pulp of different avocado varieties

图4 不同油梨品种果肉DPPH 和ABTS 自由基清除能力比较
Fig. 4 Comparison of free radical scavenging capacities DPPH and ABTS in pulp of different avocado varieties

图4 (续) Fig. 4 (Continued)

2.1.3 脂肪酸组成及含量比较分析 由图5 可知,油梨的脂肪酸由肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、珠光脂酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、花生酸、α-亚麻酸和二十碳一烯酸组成。其中珠光脂酸仅在8 个品种(Booth8、Choquette、Fuerte、Lisa、桂垦大2 号、桂龙3号、桂龙4 号和桂龙8 号)中检测出。由表2 可以看出,油梨果实的脂肪酸各组分平均含量由高到低的顺序为油酸(37.93 g·kg-1)>棕榈酸(29.86 g·kg-1)>亚油酸(19.24 g·kg-1)>棕榈油酸(9.83 g·kg-1)>α-亚麻酸(1.54 g·kg-1)>硬脂酸(1.22 g·kg-1)>二十碳一烯酸(0.15 g·kg-1)>花生酸(0.11 g·kg-1)=肉豆蔻酸(0.11 g·kg-1)>珠光脂酸(0.01 g·kg-1)。脂肪酸各组分的变异系数范围为9.82%~160.07%,其中,珠光脂酸的变异系数最高,其次是α-亚麻酸。

表2 不同油梨品种果肉脂肪酸组成的差异分布情况
Table 2 Differential distribution of fatty acid composition in pulp of different avocado varieties

指标Index w(肉豆蔻酸) Myristic acid content/(g·kg-1)w(棕榈酸) Palmitic acid content/(g·kg-1)w(棕榈油酸) Palmitoleic acid content/(g·kg-1)w(珠光脂酸) Heptadecanoic acid content/(g·kg-1)w(硬脂酸) Octadecanoic acid content/(g·kg-1)w(油酸) Oleic acid content/(g·kg-1)w(亚油酸) Linoleic acid content/(g·kg-1)w(花生酸) Arachic acid content/(g·kg-1)w(α-亚麻酸) α-Linolenic acid content/(g·kg-1)w(二十碳一烯酸) Eicosenoic acid content/(g·kg-1)w(总脂肪酸) TFA content/(g·kg-1)w(饱和脂肪酸) SFA content/(g·kg-1)w(单不饱和脂肪酸) MUFA content/(g·kg-1)w(多不饱和脂肪酸) PUFA content/(g·kg-1)w(不饱和脂肪酸) UFA content/(g·kg-1)P/S值 P/S value M/S值 M/S value最大值Maximal value 0.18 34.18 13.86 0.04 1.93 51.54 24.85 0.17 3.40 0.24 184.35 54.64 102.09 36.98 135.21 0.95 2.44最小值Minimal value 0.07 22.61 5.55 0 0.75 29.51 13.69 0.05 0.61 0.07 24.87 7.96 10.44 6.48 16.91 0.40 1.17均值Mean value 0.11 29.86 9.83 0.01 1.22 37.93 19.24 0.11 1.54 0.15 93.62 28.91 46.06 18.65 64.72 0.67 1.56标准差Standard deviation 0.03 2.93 2.41 0.02 0.29 5.26 2.99 0.03 0.69 0.04 41.19 11.51 23.92 7.20 30.41 0.13 0.30变异系数Coefficient of variation/%29.81 9.82 24.48 160.07 23.48 13.87 15.51 26.80 44.43 25.37 44.00 39.81 51.93 38.61 47.00 19.35 19.25

图5 不同油梨品种果肉脂肪酸组分比较
Fig. 5 Comparison of fatty acid composition in pulp of different avocado varieties

油梨果实的SFA包括肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、珠光脂酸、硬脂酸和花生酸,UFA包括MUFA(棕榈油酸、油酸和二十碳一烯酸)和PUFA(亚油酸和α-亚麻酸)。由表2可知,TFA、SFA、MUFA、PUFA和UFA的含量在27个油梨品种间均存在一定程度的变异,变异系数范围为38.61%~51.93%。方差分析和多重比较结果表明,TFA、SFA、MUFA、PUFA 和UFA 的含量在不同品种间均存在显著差异,其中Hass的TFA、SFA和PUFA 含量最高,而MUFA 和UFA 含量以Lamb Hass最高。

进一步分析SFA、MUFA、PUFA 和UFA 在脂肪酸中的占比,发现油梨果实脂肪酸以UFA 为主,其中MUFA 占比更高(表3)。SFA、MUFA、PUFA 和UFA 的占比在不同品种间存在显著差异,其中MUFA 和UFA 占比最高的品种为Lamb Hass,SFA 占比最高的品种为桂研3号,而PUFA占比最高的品种则为南亚D。M/S、P/S 值代表油梨可食部分的营养价值以及不饱和程度。不同油梨品种的MUFA/SFA(M/S)和PUFA/SFA(P/S)值存在显著差异。其中,M/S和P/S值分别在Lamb Hass和紫金品种中最高。

表3 不同油梨品种果肉脂肪酸组成的差异分布情况
Table 3 Comparison of fatty acid composition in pulp of different avocado varieties

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2.2 综合评价

2.2.1 主成分分析 对13 个油梨品种果实营养指标进行主成分分析,根据特征值>1 和方差累计贡献率>75%的原则提取4 个主成分,其贡献率分别为46.619%、12.825%、11.259%和9.850%,累计贡献率达80.553%(表4)。其中,第1 主成分上载荷量较大的因子是总脂肪酸、饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸含量;第2主成分上载荷量较大的因子是可溶性固形物含量、M/S值;第3 主成分上载荷量较大的因子是DPPH 自由基清除能力和P/S值,第4主成分上载荷量较大的因子是总黄酮含量和ABTS自由基清除能力。

表4 PCA 载荷矩阵
Table 4 PCA loadings matrix

指标Index干物质含量 Dry matter content可溶性固形物含量 Soluble solids Content总酚含量 Total phenolic content总黄酮含量 Total flavonoid content DPPH自由基清除能力DPPH free radical scavenging capacity ABTS自由基清除能力ABTS free radical scavenging capacity总脂肪酸含量 TFA content饱和脂肪酸含量 SFA content单不饱和脂肪酸含量 MUFA content多不饱和脂肪酸含量 PUFA content不饱和脂肪酸含量 UFA content M/S值 M/S value P/S值 P/S value特征值 Eigenvalue贡献率 Contribution rate/%主成分1 Principal component 1 0.136 0.015 0.038-0.070-0.066主成分2 Principal component 2 0.155 0.470-0.044-0.065-0.284主成分3 Principal component 3 0.004-0.070-0.490 0.117 0.428主成分4 Principal component 4-0.059-0.083-0.099 0.610-0.133 0.019 0.070-0.069 0.616 0.168 0.187 0.154 0.151 0.157-0.124 0.030 6.060 46.619-0.067-0.134-0.085 0.113-0.04 0.479 0.056 1.667 12.825-0.001-0.149 0.090-0.067 0.055 0.221 0.440 1.464 11.259-0.006-0.004-0.011 0.007-0.007 0.061-0.029 1.281 9.850

根据4 个主成分的载荷矩阵计算出每个主成分的得分,再以每个主成分的贡献率为权重对主成分得分进行加和,求得主成分综合得分Y(表5)。综合得分反映各品种品质的优劣,对Y值进行降序排列,排名前3的品种依次为Lamb Hass、Hass和Fuerte。

表5 不同油梨品种果实主成分得分及综合得分
Table 5 Principal component and comprehensive score of different avocado varieties

品种 Variety Lamb Hass Hass Fuerte桂龙15号Guilong No.15南亚D Nanya D桂研3号Guiyan No.3桂垦大2号Guikenda No.2 Lisa Bernecker桂龙4号Guilong No.4 Choquette桂龙3号Guilong No. 3 Reed桂研4号Guiyan No.4腾龙Tenglong Booth 8秋红Qiuhong桂研8号Guiyan No.8桂龙12号Guilong No.12 Loretta桂龙1号Guilong No.1南亚A Nanya A紫金Zijin桂龙8号Guilong No.8 Wilson seedless桂研10号Guiyan No.10 Miguel F1 1.721 2.049 1.660 1.094 0.039 1.002 1.010 0.601 0.484 0.030-0.042-0.358-0.243 0.333 0.240 0.035-0.524-0.046-0.284-0.901-0.736-1.007-1.349-0.227-1.908-1.109-1.561 F2 0.676 0.111-0.141 0.931 2.365-1.478-0.729 1.135 0.961 1.529-0.583-0.819 0.287-1.075-2.032-0.261-0.685 0.039-0.082 0.197 0.338 0.102 1.469-1.098 0.196-1.111-0.245 F3 1.782 0.483 1.513-0.024-0.100-0.002-0.423-1.848-1.108-1.447 0.624 0.540 1.261-1.663 0.247-1.143 0.564 0.270-1.227 1.013 0.014 1.046 0.740-1.368 0.323-0.498 0.429 F4 0.325 0.391-0.174-0.401 0.346 0.550-0.148-0.015-0.083 0.687 1.069 2.317-1.068 0.407-0.446-0.712 0.307-2.769-0.011-0.045 0.071-0.010-0.192-0.139 2.180-0.692-1.745 Y 排名 Rank 1.122 1.063 0.909 0.587 0.344 0.331 0.315 0.216 0.216 0.115 0.081 0.017-0.040-0.130-0.165-0.216-0.238-0.259-0.282-0.285-0.291-0.340-0.376-0.414-0.613-0.784-0.883 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

2.2.2 隶属函数分析 基于13 项油梨果实的品质指标,采用隶属函数分析法对27个油梨品种的果实品质进行综合评价,结果见表6。27 个油梨品种的平均隶属函数值范围为0.23~0.76。其中,平均隶属函数值≥0.60的仅有3个品种,分别为Hass、Fuerte和Lamb Hass;0.40≤平均隶属函数值<0.60 的油梨品种共有10个,而14个油梨品种的平均隶属函数值小于0.40。

表6 不同油梨品种果实的平均隶属函值
Table 6 Average membership function value of different avocado varieties

品种Variety Hass Fuerte Lamb Hass桂龙15号Guilong No. 15 Lisa桂龙4号Guilong No. 4桂龙3号Guilong No. 3桂垦大2号Guikenda No. 2南亚D Nanya D腾龙Tenglong Reed桂研3号Guiyan No. 3 Bernecker桂龙1号Guilong No. 1平均隶属函数值Mean membership function value 0.76 0.71 0.65 0.54 0.53 0.48 0.48 0.47 0.47 0.45 0.44 0.43 0.43 0.39排名Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 10 10 11品种Variety Choquette桂研8号Guiyan No. 8桂龙12号Guilong No. 12桂研4号Guiyan No. 4秋红Qiuhong Booth 8桂龙8号Guilong No. 8紫金Zijin南亚A Nanya A Loretta Wilson seedless桂研10号Guiyan No. 10 Miguel平均隶属函数值Mean membership function value 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.38 0.36 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.27 0.23排名Rank 12 12 12 13 14 15 16 16 17 18 19 20 21

2.2.3 聚类分析 基于27 个油梨品种的13 项果实品质指标进行聚类分析,聚类方法采用Ward 法,聚类区间为平方欧氏距离,结果见图6。在欧式距离3.0 处可以将27 个油梨品种分为5 个类群。类群1聚集了Hass、Fuerte 和Lamb Hass;类群2 聚集了桂垦大2 号、桂龙15 号和桂研3 号;类群3 聚集了9 个品种,包括Lisa、桂研4号、Bernecker、桂龙8号、桂龙12号、Booth 8、桂龙4号、南亚D 和Choquette;类群4聚集了桂龙3 号、桂研8 号、Reed、秋红和腾龙;类群5 聚集了Loretta、南亚A、桂龙1 号、Miguel、桂研10号、Wilson seedless 和紫金。其中,类群1 的脂肪酸含量和干物质含量最高,其余品质指标也较优,果实综合品质表现优良。

图6 27 个油梨品种的系统聚类分析
Fig. 6 Hierarchical cluster analysis of 27 avocado varieties

3 讨 论

果实品质评价是筛选优异种质资源的主要依据之一,而优异的种质资源是种质创新的重要基础[19]。果实综合品质是多个品质性状共同作用的结果,遗传因素是造成不同种质资源果实品质差异的关键因素[20]。本研究结果表明,23 个品质指标在不同油梨品种间存在显著差异(P<0.05),且变异系数在3.73%~160.07%,说明油梨果实品质指标间均存在丰富的变异。

由于不同种质资源的果实品质差异大,如何科学评价果实品质对筛选优异种质资源至关重要[21]。对于果实品质综合评价而言,由于每个品质指标无明显主次之分,仅依赖单一或少数几个指标进行评价不太合理,且不同评价方法各有优缺点。因此,将多种评价方法相结合,进行全面评价更为科学、可靠[22-23]。贺鹏等[24]运用因子分析和聚类分析对澳洲坚果的41 个果实品质指标进行综合评价。李文静等[25]利用主成分分析、感官评价和聚类分析相结合的方法,构建了海棠果实品质综合评价体系,全面评价了14 种海棠果实品质。笔者利用主成分分析法将13 个油梨果实品质指标进行简化,提取了4 个主成分,累计贡献率达80.553%。基于因子分析法对不同品种的果实品质进行综合评价,筛选了Lamb Hass、Hass 和Fuerte 为品质优良的品种。同时,采用隶属函数法综合评价27 个油梨品种的果实品质,其结果与主成分分析的结果基本一致,Hass、Fuerte 和Lamb Hass 为最优的3 个品种。另外,基于13 个油梨果实品质指标,聚类分析将27个油梨品种在欧式距离为3.0 时划分为5 个类群,Hass、Fuerte 和Lamb Hass 为类群1。结合主成分综合得分以及隶属函数得分可知,类群1 的果实品质最优。上述结果与陈海红等[7]和张雪芹等[26]的研究结果一致,在中国生产的油梨品种中,以Hass品质最优。然而,Hass在中国的生理落果现象比较严重,严重影响了产量。因此,建议种植户在油梨生产中选择Fuerte 和Lamb Hass。

综上所述,Hass、Fuerte 和Lamb Hass 为果实品质表现最优的品种,可作为优良种质创新选育的材料。然而,此次对油梨品种的评价仅限于果实品质,实际生产还需考虑丰产性、抗逆性和耐贮性等农艺性状以及不同生态适应性等因素,以便于推广应用。

4 结 论

27 个油梨品种的果实品质指标之间存在显著差异,利用主成分分析、模糊数学隶属函数以及聚类分析相结合的方法对其进行综合评价,筛选出Hass、Fuerte 和Lamb Hass 为果实品质最优的品种。饱和脂肪酸含量、M/S 值、DPPH 自由基清除能力和总黄酮含量为油梨果实品质评价的核心指标。本研究结果可为油梨新品种选育及深入开发利用提供理论依据。

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Fruit quality analysis and comprehensive evaluation of 27 avocado variet‐ies

WANG Anna1,2, QIN Jian2#, TANG Xiuhua3, ZHAO Zhigang2, CHEN Xi3, DAI Jianjü4, WANG Wenlin3,DONG Tao2*

(1School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou 510631, Guangdong, China; 2Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Science and Technology Research on Fruit Tree, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China; 3Guangxi South Subtropical Agricultural Science Research Institute, Longzhou 532415, Guangxi, China; 4Institute of Tropical Eco-agricultural, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmou 651300, Yunnan, China)

Abstract:【Objective】 The flesh of the avocado is fine in texture and rich in unsaturated fatty acids, flavonoids, phenols and other nutrients, which have health care functions such as preventing arteriosclerosis, stroke and diabetes. Principal component analysis, membership function analysis and clustering analysis were used to comprehensively evaluate the quality traits of 27 avocado varieties preserved in the avocado germplasm resource nursery of Guangxi South Subtropical Agricultural Science Research Institute, to establish a fruit evaluation system, and to determine the difference in fruit quality among the different avocado varieties. 【Methods】 A comparative analysis of fruit quality indexes, such as the dry matter content, soluble solid content, bioactive substance content and fatty acid composition, were carried out among 27 avocado varieties. Principal component analysis, membership function analysis,and clustering analysis were used to evaluate the fruit quality of different avocado varieties comprehensively. 【Results】 Significant differences were observed in 13 fruit quality indexes among 27 avocado varieties, with coefficients of variation ranging from 3.73% to 160.07%. Hass was rich in the contents of dry matter, total fatty acid, saturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid. The highest soluble solids content, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were found in Guilong No. 4, Lisa and Guilong No. 3, respectively. Lamb Hass had the highest contents of unsaturated fatty acid and monounsaturated fatty acid, while the DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of Tenglong and ABTS free radical scavenging capacity of Guiyan No. 3 were the highest compare to other varieties. All samples were clustered based on 13 fruit quality traits, and the 27 avocado varieties were divided into 5 categories.The cluster 1 included Hass, Fuerte and Lamb Hass. The cluster 2 included Guikenda No. 2, Guilong No. 15 and Guiyan No. 3. The cluster 3 included Lisa, Guiyan No. 4, Bernecker, Guilong No. 8,Guilong No. 12, Booth 8, Guilong No. 4, Nanya D and Choquette. The cluster 4 included Guilong No.3, Guiyan No. 8, Reed, Qiuhong and Tenglong. The cluster 5 included Loretta, Nanya A, Guilong No. 1,Miguel, Guiyan No. 10, Wilson seedless and Zijin. The 13 quality indexes of avocado fruits were simplified and extracted, and the components with eigenvalues greater than 1 were extracted, and a total of four principal components were extracted, with a cumulative contribution rate of 80.553%, and the contribution rate of the 1st principal component amounted to 46.619%, and the content of total fatty acids,saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids positively affected the 1st principal component, which mainly reflected the nutritive qualities of the fruits. The contribution of the 2nd principal component was 12.825%, which was mainly represented by soluble solids content and M/S value. The contribution of the 3rd principal component was 11.259%.The main representatives were DPPH free radical scavenging capacity and P/S value. The contribution of the 4th principal component was 9.850%, which showed a significant positive correlation with total flavonoid content and ABTS free radical scavenging capacity. Through comprehensive analysis of 27 avocado varieties, a comprehensive evaluation system for avocado quality was established. The results showed that Lamb Hass, Hass and Fuerte scored the highest in the comprehensive quality evaluation of avocados. The contents of fatty acids and dry matter were the highest in Lamb Hass, Hass and Fuerte,and other quality indexes were also better, indicating that the overall quality of the fruit was better than other varieties. The content of saturated fatty acid, M/S value, DPPH free radical scavenging capacity and total flavonoid content were the core indexes for evaluating the quality of avocado fruits. 【Conclusion】 Comprehensive evaluation of 13 fruit quality indicators (dry matter content, soluble solids content, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, DPPH free radical scavenging capacity, ABTS free radical scavenging capacity, total fatty acid content, saturated fatty acid content, monounsaturated fatty acid content, polyunsaturated fatty acid content, unsaturated fatty acid content, M/S value, and P/S value) was conducted using principal component analysis, membership function analysis, and cluster analysis. Three varieties including Hass, Fuerte and Lamb Hass were selected as the top 3 excellent avocado varieties. In conclusion, through the comprehensive analysis of the core quality indicators of 27 avocado varieties, an evaluation system for avocado resources was established, which provided scientific basis and data support for the quality evaluation and product development of avocados, with certain theoretical and practical significance. This can provide a reference basis for screening the excellent avocado varieties, and their development and utilization.

Key words:Avocado; Fruit quality; Principal component analysis; Subordinate function analysis; Clustering analysis

中图分类号:S667.9

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2026)01-0065-13

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20250202

收稿日期:2025-04-23

接受日期:2025-06-27

基金项目:国家现代农业产业技术体系广西创新团队建设(nycytxgxcxtd-2024-17-12);广东省农业科学院人才引进项目“优秀博士”(R2022YJ-YB3027);新兴县稔村镇优质特色水果产业科技支撑(KTP20240967);广西农业科学院稳定资助科研团队项目(桂农2021YT159);广西农业科学院基本科研业务专项(桂农科2023YM20);2023年高水平广东省农业科技示范市建设资金市院合作项目(2320060002376)

作者简介:王安娜,女,硕士,主要从事果树栽培生理与品质调控研究。E-mail:wang52242023@163.com。#为共同第一作者。

*通信作者 Author for correspondence. E-mail:3858533@163.com;E-mail:taod2004@163.com