极晚熟优质鲜食冬枣新品种冀星2号的选育

吴颖欣,张旺林,周 镇*,王贽祥

(沧州市农林科学院,河北沧州 061001)

摘 要:冀星2号是从黄骅冬枣中选育出的芽变优良极晚熟冬枣新品种。果实长圆形,果皮较薄、暗红色,果肉黄白色,肉质酥脆,汁液多、风味甜;平均单果质量30.81 g,平均果形指数1.10,整齐度0.77。完熟期枣果可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)29.04%,果实去皮硬度6.08 kg·cm-2,维生素C含量(可食部分)353 mg·100 g-1,可食率97.60%,品质优。果实发育期为112~117 d,在河北省沧州市地区10月中旬完全成熟,较黄骅冬枣晚熟7~10 d;花量少,枣吊着生花序5~10个,每序着生1~3朵,坐果率高;成枝力弱,结果枝组节间较短;枣吊木质化程度高。抗盐碱、耐瘠薄。适宜在河北省沧州市及相似气候类型区栽培。大树高接当年结果,高接换头3 a(年)进入丰产期,具有丰产、稳产特性。

关键词:冬枣;新品种;冀星2号;极晚熟

冬枣(Ziziphus jujuba Mill. ‘Dongzao’)是中国著名的鲜食枣品种,果肉细脆,含有丰富的维生素A、维生素E和钾、钠、铁、铜等多种营养元素。维生素C含量是苹果的70倍,营养价值为“百果之冠”,被誉为“百果王”“活维生素丸”,深受广大消费者喜爱,已成为中国高端特色水果类型之一[1-2]。目前,冬枣产业已成为推动乡村振兴、带动农民增收致富的重要产业[3]。沧州市是中国主要的冬枣产区,但存在冬枣品质下降和成熟期过于集中等问题,成为当地冬枣产业发展的瓶颈。沧州市农林科学院以优质和错季成熟作为选育方向,选育出冬枣新品种冀星2号。该品种品质优良并较黄骅冬枣晚熟7~10 d,将鲜食冬枣市场供应期延长了1~2周,有效延长了冬枣产业链条,实现了冬枣品种多样化及经济效益最大化。该品种2025年通过河北省林草品种审定委员会审定,正式命名为冀星2号,编号为:冀S-SVZJ-023-2024。

1 选育过程

1.1 亲本来源

冀星2号为黄骅冬枣的芽变品种。

1.2 优树初选

2015年,在黄骅岭庄一冬枣园内,发现初选株。其中一枣枝上的枣果颜色、形状与其他枣果明显不同,果实暗红色,长圆形,果个大,果皮薄,果实酥脆,汁液多,风味甜,成熟晚,暂将其定名为冀星2号。2016年对冀星2号的枣果颜色、形状、大小,枣头性状,皮孔大小、密度,枣吊性状,叶片颜色、形状、厚度,花量等形态学特征及成熟期进行观察。结果表明,该品种性状稳定,并与黄骅冬枣进行比较,差异显著。

1.3 区域试验

2017年,采集接穗,在黄骅岭庄枣园内进行高接试验并观察,结果表明,性状非常稳定。2018—2020年在黄骅岭庄、沧县孙崇坞、沧州市北郊原沧州市林科所建立了高接试验园,进行区域性栽培试验,对在不同生态条件下的植物学特征及生物学特性进行了系统调查研究。试验采用单株重复,设置30次重复,以黄骅冬枣作为对照。

1.4 分子鉴定

2021—2024年,继续对果实品质及稳定性等性状进行系统调查研究,将调查数据汇总整理,并采用SSR标记进行品种间的DNA多态性比较鉴定。鉴定结果为冀星2号与对照品种黄骅冬枣样本DNA在引物BFU0249中存在差异谱带,表明冀星2号与对照样本DNA存在差异(图1)。

图1 部分引物扩增结果
Fig. 1 Amplification results of partial primers

2 主要性状

2.1 植物学特征

冀星2号树势中庸,成枝力弱,枝叶较稀疏。1年生枣头红褐色,表皮光滑;多年生枝棕褐色,结果枝组节间较短;皮孔小,近圆形,微凸,较疏;叶片长卵圆形,深绿色,光泽亮,较厚,平均厚度0.65 mm,叶缘锯齿较浅,叶脉鱼骨状;1年生枣头针刺短小,平均长度0.3 cm;2年生及多年生针刺退化(表1)。

表1 枝、叶特征调查
Table 1 Investigation of branch and leaf characteristics

枝叶Leaves品种Variety 皮孔Lenticel形状Shape叶脉Vein叶缘Leaf margin冀星2号Jixing 2 Branch成枝力Branchforming ability弱Weak厚度Thickness/mm 0.65鱼骨状Fish -黄骅冬枣Huanghua winter jujube强0.59 Strong微凸,密度较疏Slightly convex Relatively sparse density微凸,密度较密Slightly convex Relatively dense结果枝Fruit-bearing branch节间较短The internodes are relatively short节间较长The internodes are relatively long长卵圆形Oblongovate长卵圆形Oblongovate色泽Color and luster深绿色,光泽较亮Dark green Relatively bright luster绿色,光泽较暗Green Relatively dull luster bone-like鱼骨状Fish -bone - like锯齿较浅The serrations are relatively shallow锯齿较深The serrations are relatively deep

枣吊木质化程度高;3~5年生枣股,每股抽生枣吊2~4个;枣吊长19~48 cm,平均长度26 cm;着叶10~22枚,平均14枚(表2)。

表2 枣吊特征调查
Table 2 Investigation of jujube fruiting shoot characteristics

品种Variety木质化程度Degree of lignification冀星2号 Jixing 2黄骅冬枣Huanghua winter jujube枣股抽生枣吊数The number of jujube shoots sprouted from jujube stocks 2~4 2~6长度Length/cm最长The longest 48 25最短The shortest 19 10平均Average 26 19着生叶数The number of attached leaves最多The most 22 18最少The least 10 13平均Average 14 15着生花序The number of attached inflorescences 5~10 8~10高High低Low

枣花为二歧聚伞花序,初开时蜜盘黄色,成熟期花蕾为五角形,角棱圆,浅绿色,花蕾直径5.0~5.8 mm;花量少,坐果率高,枣吊着生花序5~10个,每序着生1~3朵;5月底至6月初始花;花为夜开型(表3)。

表3 枣花特征调查
Table 3 Investigation of jujube flower characteristics

品种Variety冀星2号Jixing 2黄骅冬枣Huanghua winter jujube花序形状Inflorescence shape聚伞状Cymose聚伞状Cymose花序花数Number of flowers in inflorescence 1~3 3~10花蕾Bud五角形Pentagonal五角形Pentagonal花开时间Flowering time夜开型Nocturnal flowering type夜开型Nocturnal flowering type

2.2 果实经济性状

果实暗红色;长圆形,平均果形指数1.10(图2);果个大,平均单果质量30.81 g,最大单果质量57.00 g,整齐度0.77,可食率97.60%;果皮较薄,果实酥脆,汁液多,风味甜;可溶性糖含量(w,后同)25.60%,可滴定酸含量1.47 g·kg-1,维生素C含量(可食部分)353 mg·100 g-1;白熟期可溶性固形物含量11.06%,脆熟期可溶性固形物含量21.98%,完熟期可溶性固形物含量29.04%;白熟期果实去皮硬度8.31 kg·cm-2,脆熟期果实去皮硬度7.19 kg·cm-2,完熟期果实去皮硬度6.08 kg·cm-2;果核纺锤形(图3),平均单核质量0.57 g(表4)。

表4 冀星2号与黄骅冬枣果实性状比较
Table 4 Comparison of fruit traits between Jixing 2 and Huanghua winter jujube

品种Variety颜色Color果形Fruit shape果皮Peel w(维生素C)The content of vitamin C/(mg·100 g-1)可食率Edible rate/%整齐度Uniformity冀星2号Jixing 2长圆形Oblong果形指数Fruit shape index 1.10平均单果质量Average single fruit mass/g 30.81 w(可溶性糖)The content of soluble sugar/%25.60 w(可滴定酸)The content of titratable acid/(g·kg-1)1.47353 w(完熟期可溶性固形物)Soluble solids content at full maturity stage/%29.04完熟期去皮硬度Peel hardness at full maturity stage/(kg·cm-²)6.0897.60.77黄骅冬枣Huanghua winter jujube暗红Dark red鲜红Bright red近圆形Subrounded 0.9517.82较薄Relatively thin薄Thin 20.701.5835221.529.0796.30.74

图2 冀星2号结果状
Fig. 2 Fruiting status of Jixing 2

图3 冀星2号果实纵切剖面
Fig. 3 longitudinal section of Jixing 2

冀星2号果皮较薄,成熟期如遇阴雨天气,易裂果。

2.3 生长结果特性

冀星2号树势中庸,成枝力弱,枝叶较稀疏。大树高接当年见果,高接换头3 a(年)进入丰产期;高接7 a平均每株产量15~20 kg,每666.7 m2平均产量1 550.3 kg,连续结果能力强。

2.4 物候期

冀星2号在河北沧州地区,4月下旬萌芽,5月底至6月初始花,9月下旬(白熟期)至10月中旬(完熟期)可陆续采收,果实发育期112~117 d,较黄骅冬枣晚熟7~10 d。

2.5 主要用途

冀星2号果实主要用于鲜食。

3 栽培技术要点

冀星2号成枝力弱,当年新梢少,在冬季和夏季修剪时,注意培养结果枝组。该品种花量少,坐果率高。在始花期进行开甲处理后,无需疏花疏果,不喷施或仅喷施1次赤霉素。果皮较薄,脆熟期如遇连雨天,需追加喷施防裂药物1次。适宜在河北省沧州市及相似气候类型区栽培。

3.1 栽植密度

采用南北行向栽植,设施栽培适宜的株行距为1 m×2 m,大田栽培适宜的株行距为(2~3)m×(4~5)m。

3.2 建园

适宜在平原地区建园,砂土、壤砂土和壤土均可。繁殖方式选择嫁接繁殖。嫁接后注意及时绑扶固定,防止风折及飞鸟危害。

3.3 整形修剪

适宜树形为开心形、小冠疏层形,无需配置授粉树。幼树整形阶段,采用短截培养骨干枝,增加枝叶量,促进早期丰产。修剪以夏剪为主,冬剪为辅。夏剪主要采用抹芽、摘心、疏枝以及撑、拉、吊、拿枝等修剪方法,调控树体营养生长,开张枝条角度,促进其产生分枝,增加结果部位;冬剪主要通过短截等方法稳定树形,通风透光,培养结果枝组,保持合理的枣股数量。

3.4 适时开甲

保花保果采用适时开甲措施。开甲时期为始花期。开甲当天在伤口处涂抹一次果树伤口愈合保护剂,20 d后再涂抹一次[4]。枣树花期如出现连续高温天气,可喷施枣树保花坐果剂。

3.5 土肥水管理

冀星2号在生长前期和中期养分消耗巨大,应重点在萌芽期和果实发育前期进行施肥和灌水。如遇伏旱天气,应及时灌水。在幼果期,应及时结合病虫害防治进行叶面喷肥,确保树体枝条生长和花芽分化的正常进行,提高花芽质量。

3.6 病虫害防控

在生长季节,主要防治红蜘蛛、绿盲蝽象、枣尺蠖、桃小食心虫、红缘天牛、皮暗斑螟等害虫。化学防治要使用低毒、高效、低残留的农药,并且严格控制用药间隔期[5]

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Breeding report of Jixing 2, a new high-quality and fresh-eating jujube variety with extremely late maturity

WU Yingxin, ZHANG Wanglin, ZHOU Zhen*, WANG Zhixiang

(Cangzhou Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Cangzhou 061001, Hebei, China)

Abstract:Jixing 2 is a new excellent extremely late-maturing winter jujube cultivar selected from bud mutations of Huanghua Winter Jujube. The initial selected plant was discovered in 2015, with the color and shape of jujube fruits on one branch significantly different from those on other branches; morphological observation was conducted on the mutated branch and compared with Huanghua Winter Jujube,showing stable mutation characteristics. From 2017 to 2024, through 8-year regional trials at 3 locations including Huanghua, Cang County, and Canal District of Cangzhou City, it was finally successfully bred in 2025. This cultivar has moderate tree vigor, weak branching ability, and relatively sparse branches and leaves; one-year-old Zaotou (extension shoot) are reddish-brown, perennial branches are tan, and fruiting branch groups have short internodes; lignified jujube shoots have a high degree of lignification;3- to 5-year-old Zaogu (fruiting spurs) produce 2-4 lignified Zaodiao (fruit-bearing shoot) per spur,with lignified fruit-bearing shoots being 19-48 cm long (26 cm on average) and bearing 10-22 leaves(14 leaves on average); leaves are long ovate, dark green, shiny, thick, with shallow serrations on the leaf margins; flowers are dichasial cymes, with yellow nectar discs at initial bloom, mature flower buds are pentagonal, with round edges and light green color, and flower bud diameters are 5.0-5.8 mm; flower quantity is small, fruit setting rate is high, lignified fruit-bearing shoots bear 5-10 inflorescences, with each inflorescence bearing 1-3 flowers; flowering begins from late May to early June; flowers belong to the night-blooming type. Fruits are oblong, with thin dark red peel, smooth fruit surface, yellowishwhite flesh, crisp texture, abundant juice, and sweet flavor; average single fruit weight is 30.81 g, maximum single fruit weight is 57.00 g, average fruit shape index is 1.10, and uniformity is 0.77. At full maturity, the soluble solid content of jujube fruits is 29.04%, total sugar (calculated as sucrose) is 25.60%,total acidity (calculated as malic acid) is 1.47 g·kg-1, crude fiber is 0.9%, riboflavin is 1.08 mg·kg-1, β-carotene is 46.80 μg·100 g-1, iron (calculated as Fe) is 3.21 mg·kg-1, zinc (calculated as Zn) is 2.84 mg·kg-1,fruit peel-removed hardness is 6.08 kg·cm-2, vitamin C content (edible part) is 353.00 mg·100 g-1, edible rate is 97.60%, and the quality is excellent. The fruit development period lasts 112-117 days, and it completely matures in mid-October in Cangzhou area, Hebei Province (longitude 115°42′-117°50′, and latitude 37°29′-38°57′), 7-10 days later than Huanghua Winter Jujube. This cultivar is resistant to salt and alkali and tolerant to infertile soil. The shelf life of the fruits is 3-5 days at room temperature and can be extended to 30-90 days under cold storage condition. The variety is suitable for cultivation in Cangzhou City, Hebei Province, and similar climate type areas, adult trees can bear fruits in the same year when top-grafted, enter the high-yield period 3 years after top-grafting, and have high and stable yields. It is suitable for planting in plain and mountainous areas with sandy loam, sandy soil, and loam,mainly propagated by grafting, with a plant spacing of (2-3) meters × (4-5) meters, tree shapes may adopt open heart system or small crown sparse layer system, and no pollination trees are needed.

Key words:Winter jujube; New variety; Jixing 2; Extremely late-maturing

中图分类号:S665.1

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2025)12-3052-05

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20250280

收稿日期:2025-05-28

接受日期:2025-07-11

基金项目:河北省中央财政林䓍科技推广示范项目(冀TG[2024] 010)

作者简介:吴颖欣,女,正高级工程师,学士,研究方向为枣树栽培及新品种选育。E-mail:wuyingxin00@163.com

*通信作者Author for correspondence. E-mail:3565078@163.com