早熟黄肉猕猴桃新品种金猕4号的选育

崔 阳1，崔世华1，贺浩浩2，张 浩1，刘占德1*，刘艳飞1*

（1西北农林科技大学园艺学院，陕西杨凌 712100； 2眉县果业技术推广服务中心，陕西眉县 722300）

摘 要：金猕4号是由桂海4号自然授粉后实生选育出的早熟黄肉中华系猕猴桃新品种。果实椭圆形，果体饱满，平均单果质量86.35 g，果形指数为1.64，果皮绿褐色，果肉金黄色。软熟果实可溶性固形物含量（w，后同）22.41%，总糖含量15.20%，总酸含量0.93%，维生素C含量1390 mg·kg-1。常温下可存放30 d以上，在（1.0±0.5）℃贮藏条件下可存放90～120 d。在陕西关中地区，盛花期为4月下旬，果实成熟期为9月中旬，果实生长发育期为140～145 d；萌芽率83.23%，成枝率59.11%，结果枝率83.47%，以短果枝结果为主（67.14%）。树势健壮，具有较强的耐热、耐寒能力。适宜陕西秦岭北麓和汉丹江流域低海拔区域及同类型气候区栽植，盛产期产量27.90 t·hm-2。

关键词：中华猕猴桃；新品种；金猕4号；早熟；黄肉

近年来，金艳、Zespri® SunGold、农大金猕等中华系黄肉猕猴桃品种，因具有果肉色泽艳丽、富含类胡萝卜素等特征，备受消费者喜爱，逐渐发展成为国内外猕猴桃产业主栽品种[1-4]。陕西作为中国猕猴桃产业规模最大、效益最好的产区，其主栽品种仍是绿肉美味猕猴桃，黄肉中华猕猴桃品种相对缺乏。因此，优质高产黄肉猕猴桃品种的选育与推广种植，可为陕西地区猕猴桃品种结构优化、红黄绿早中晚错季上市奠定良好基础。

1 选育过程

金猕4号是由桂海4号自然授粉后实生选育的新品种。2005年，收集桂海4号自然授粉的果实，用其种子进行播种，2006年获得实生后代群体。2007—2011年，对后代群体生长势进行评价，筛选出树体长势具有显著优势特点的优系材料21个。2012—2016年，对挂果的21个优系材料进行连续4年的观察评价，初选出早熟、黄肉、优质、高产的中华猕猴桃优良株系1个。2017—2022年，采集接穗在陕西眉县、岐山、杨凌地区进行大树高接，以中华系农大金猕为对照[3]，进行品种比较试验。多年的比较试验结果表明，该优系遗传性状稳定、特异性状表现显著。2024年获得陕西省农业农村厅颁发的果树品种登记证书[登记编号：陕登猕猴桃（2024）004] ，命名为金猕4号。

2 主要特征特性

2.1 倍性鉴定

以已知倍性的海沃德（六倍体）、黑金（四倍体）、农大金猕（二倍体）为对照，对金猕4号进行倍性鉴定。检测结果表明，金猕4号为稳定的二倍体植株（图1）。

图1 倍性检测结果
Fig. 1 The result of ploidy tested

2.2 植物学特征

1年生枝光滑，表面无毛或少附有短茸毛；皮孔白色、短梭形、较大；叶片阔倒卵圆形、半革质；叶缘波状、浅绿色；花柄长48.74 mm，花冠直径49.25 mm，多为二歧聚伞花序；花萼5～7片，绿色；花瓣6～7片，米白色；花药黄色，花丝淡绿色；花柱姿态斜生或水平，30～38枚，白色（表1）。

表1 金猕4号和农大金猕的植物学性状特性比较
Table 1 Comparison of botanical characteristics of Jinmi 4 and Nongda Jinmi

品种Cultivar金猕4号Jinmi 4 1年生枝 Annual branch表皮粗糙度Rugosity of epidermis光滑Smooth皮孔长度Length of branch hole skin/mm 2.43±0.03皮孔宽度Width of branch hole skin/mm 1.37±0.01皮孔形状Shape of branch hole skin短梭形Short fusiform皮孔颜色Color of branch hole skin白色White农大金猕Nongda Jinmi花期Full blooming 4月18—25日Apr. 18th to Apr. 25th 4月19—24日Apr. 19th to Apr. 24th果实成熟期Maturity period 9月13—15日Sept. 13th to Sept. 15th 9月13—16日Sept. 13th to Sept. 16th光滑Smooth 2.59±0.021.36±0.01短梭形Short fusiform黄（褐）色Yellow (brown)品种Cultivar金猕4号Jinmi 4农大金猕Nongda Jinmi叶长Leaf length/cm 10.47±0.12叶宽Leaf width/cm 14.22±0.15物候期Phenological periods萌芽期Germination period 3月15—18日Mar. 15th to Mar. 18th 3月16—18日Mar. 16th to Mar. 18th叶 Leaf叶形Leaf shape阔倒卵圆形Broad obovate阔倒卵圆形Broad obovate花 Flower花序Inflorescence二歧聚伞Dichasium二歧聚伞Dichasium果实 Fruit果形Fruit shape index椭圆形Oval圆柱形Cylindrical叶柄长Petiole length/cm 6.92±0.12叶厚Leaf thickness/mm 0.65±0.01 10.06±0.1113.53±0.226.31±0.100.61±0.01叶缘Edge of foliage波状Undate波状Undate叶色Leaf color浅绿Light green绿色Green叶质Leaf texture半革质Semi-leathery革质Leathery品种Cultivar金猕4号Jinmi 4农大金猕Nongda Jinmi花瓣Petal 6～7，米白色6-7, Off white 6～8，米黄色6-8, Off-white花萼Sepal 5～7，绿色5-7, Green 7～9，绿色7-9, Green花柱Style 30～38，白色30-38, White 26～46，白色26-46, White花丝颜色Thrum color淡绿Light green淡绿Light green花药Anther 44～51，黄色44-51, Yellow 45～68，黄色45-68, Yellow花冠直径Flower diameter/mm 49.25±0.18花柄长Flower stalk/mm 48.74±0.35 40.17±0.1038.18±0.11品种Cultivar金猕4号Jinmi 4农大金猕Nongda Jinmi纵径Longitudinal diameter/mm 76.10±0.13横径Horizontal diameter/mm 43.91±0.07单果质量Single fruit mass/g 86.35±1.57 w（可溶性固形物）Soluble solids content/%22.41±0.21 w（总糖）Total sugar content/%15.20±0.49 w（总酸）Total acid content/%0.93±0.01 w（维生素C）Vitamin C content/（mg·kg-1）1 390 ±4.68 58.63±0.2152.67±0.1066.47±0.8920.66±0.1714.80±0.610.99±0.021940 ± 7.82

2.3 果实经济性状

果实椭圆形（图2），果体饱满，纵径76.10 mm，横径43.91 mm，果形指数为1.64。果个较大，均匀一致，平均单果质量86.35 g。果皮绿褐色，果肉金黄色。软熟果实可溶性固形物含量（w，后同）22.41%，总糖含量15.20%，总酸含量0.93%，维生素C含量1390 mg kg-1。果实耐贮藏，常温下可存放30 d以上，在（1.0±0.5）℃贮藏条件下可存放90～120 d。

图2 猕猴桃新品种金猕4号
Fig. 2 A new kiwifruit cultivar Jinmi 4

2.4 生长结果习性与物候期

树势较强，枝条健壮，萌芽率83.23%，成枝率59.11%，结果枝率83.47%，坐果率98.65%，以短果枝结果为主（67.14%）。陕西关中地区，3月中旬萌芽，4月下旬开花，9月中旬果实成熟，果实生长发育期为140～145 d。盛产期产量27.90 t·hm-2。

2.5 DNA指纹图谱鉴定

利用6对SSR分子标记引物，对金猕4号与已报道的黄肉猕猴桃品种农大金猕、黑金、金艳、华优等进行鉴定，并构建分子身份证和DNA指纹图谱（表2，图3）。结果表明，与已报道的品种相比较，金猕4号在DNA水平上均存在显著差异。

表2 基于SSR分子标记的分子身份证
Table 2 Molecular ID cards based on SSR molecular markers

品种 Cultivar华优 Huayou黑金 Heijin金艳 Jinyan农大金猕 Nongda Jinmi金猕4号 Jinmi 4 SSR-P1 00000010111 00100000110 01110000111 00000010000 00000010110 SSR-P2 0000011011 1010010011 0000000011 0010010101 0000000001 SSR-P3 010011111100 010011010100 110111100100 000000000000 010111111000 SSR-P4 000010100010101 000001000110101 000001000001101 000001010000111 001001011111111 SSR-P5 00000001 00101111 00000001 00000001 00111111 SSR-P6 01111111100 01101100100 11111111100 10000000000 01100111100

图3 基于SSR分子标记的DNA指纹图谱
Fig. 3 DNA finger printings based on SSR molecular markers

3 栽培技术要点

适宜陕西秦岭北麓和汉丹江流域低海拔区域及同类型气候区栽植。建园、雄株配置、整形修剪、花果管理及土肥水管理等可参考农大金猕和黑金[3，5]。

参考文献References：

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[2] LIU Y F，ZHOU B，QI Y W，CHEN X，LIU C H，LIU Z D，REN X L. Expression differences of pigment structural genes and transcription factors explain flesh coloration in three contrasting kiwifruit cultivars[J] . Frontiers in Plant Science，2017，8：1507.

[3] 姚春潮，李建军，郁俊谊，刘占德. 黄肉猕猴桃新品种‘农大金猕’[J] . 园艺学报，2017，44(9)：1825-1826.YAO Chunchao，LI Jianjun，YU Junyi，LIU Zhande. A new yellow flesh kiwifruit cultivar ‘Nongda Jinmi’[J] . Acta Horticulturae Sinica，2017，44(9)：1825-1826.

[4] 陈言，罗双，韩倩容，张雅娟，戢小梅，刘杰，米绪凯，程运江，邓秀新，蔡礼鸿，曾云流. 早熟抗病黄肉猕猴桃新品种‘金塘三号’[J] . 园艺学报，2024，51(增刊1)：49-50.CHEN Yan，LUO Shuang，HAN Qianrong，ZHANG Yajuan，JI Xiaomei，LIU Jie，MI Xukai，CHENG Yunjiang，DENG Xiuxin，CAI Lihong，ZENG Yunliu. A new early-maturing and diseaseresistant yellow-fleshed kiwifruit cultivar ‘Jintang 3’[J] . Acta Horticulturae Sinica，2024，51(Suppl. 1)：49-50.

[5] 刘艳飞，何昕，贺浩浩，刘占德. 早熟黄肉中华猕猴桃新品种‘黑金’[J] . 园艺学报，2024，51(11)：2725-2726.LIU Yanfei，HE Xin，HE Haohao，LIU Zhande. A new early-ripening yellow flesh Actinidia chinensis cultivar ‘Heijin’[J] . Acta Horticulturae Sinica，2024，51(11)：2725-2726.

Breeding report of a new early-ripening yellow- fleshed kiwifruit cultivar Jinmi No. 4

CUI Yang1, CUI Shihua1, HE Haohao2, ZHANG Hao1, LIU Zhande1*, LIU Yanfei1*

(1College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; 2Meixian Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center, Mei County 722300, Shaanxi, China)

Abstract：In recent years, yellow-fleshed kiwifruit cultivars have become increasingly popular among consumers both domestically and internationally due to their bright fruit color and high content of carotenoids. Shaanxi Province, as the largest and most profitable kiwifruit production area in China, still mainly cultivates green-fleshed cultivars (Actinidia deliciosa), with a relative lack of yellow-fleshed kiwifruit (A. chinensis) varieties, especially early-ripening ones. In 2005, the seeds from open pollinated Guihai No. 4 fruits were collected and sowed. Therefore a population of seedlings was obtained in 2006. After many years of observation and evaluation of the characteristics of the trees and fruits of the seedling offsprings Jinmi No. 4 was found to have some significant advantageous traits：early maturity,yellow flesh, high quality and high yield. After regional adaptability testing at three sites over five years from 2017 to 2022, it was finally selected and registered in 2024. The one-year-old branches is smoothy with no hairs or only a few short pubescence on the its surface. The leaves are broad obovate and semileathery, with wavy margins and a light green color. And its flower inflorescence is a dichasial cyme,the pedicel length and the corolla diameter are 48.74 mm and 49.25 mm, respectively. The fruit is elliptical in shape, with plump fruit body, the longitudinal diameter. The transverse diameter and the fruit shape index are approximately 76.10 mm, 43.91 mm and 1.64, respectively. The average weight of fruit is 86.35 g. The skin is greenish-brown and flesh color is golden yellow. The contents of soluble solids, total sugar, titratable acidity and vitamin C in ripening fruit are 22.41%, 15.20%, 0.93% and 1390 mg·kg-1,respectively. In Guanzhong District of Shaanxi Province, the peak flowering period is in late April, and the fruit is ripe in mid September, with a fruit development period of 140 to 145 days; and the bud break rate, branch formation rate and the fruit-bearing branch rate are, respectively, 83.23%, 59.11%and 83.47%, with short fruit-bearing branches being the main contributors (67.14%). It has a vigorous growth habit and stronger heat and cold tolerance. The fruits could be stored for more than 30 days at room temperature, and 90 to 120 days in cold storage (1.0 ± 0.5) °C. It is a diploid plant. It showed significant differences at the DNA level compared with the reported cultivars (like Nongda Jinmi, Heijin,Jinyan and Huayou). Suitable cultivation area would be the low-altitude areas of the northern foot of the Qinling Mountains and the Hanjiang and Danjiang River basins in Shaanxi, as well as in similar climatic zones; it has an average yield of 27.90 t·hm-2 in the full fruit stage. Cultivation techniques including establishment of orchards, the selection of male plants, shaping and pruning, flower and fruit management, as well as soil, fertilizer, and water management can refer to the practices used for Nongda Jinmi and Heijin. The breeding and promotion of Jinmi No. 4 could provide a new insight for optimizing the kiwifruit variety structure and for the staggered marketing of red, yellow, and green kiwifruit varieties in early, mid, and late seasons, in Shaanxi Province.

Key words：Actinidia chinensis; New cultivate; Jinmi No. 4; Early-ripening; Yellow flesh

中图分类号：S663.4

文献标志码：A

文章编号：1009-9980(2025)12-3042-04

DOI：10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20250296

收稿日期：2025-05-29

接受日期：2025-06-16

基金项目：国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项（CARS-26）；陕西省重点研发计划项目（2024NC-YBXM-022）

作者简介：崔阳，女，在读硕士研究生，研究方向为果树种质资源评价与创新利用。E-mail：591677813@qq.com

*通信作者Author for correspondence. E-mail：lyfkiwi@nwafu.edu.cn；E-mail：dezhanliu@nwafu.edu.cn