早熟硬质黄肉油桃新品种中油19号的选育

卜璐璐1,曹 珂1,牛 良1,潘 磊1,2,崔国朝1,孙世航1,2,段文宜1,2,王志强1,曾文芳1,2*

1中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所·国家桃、葡萄改良中心,郑州 450009; 2中国农业科学院中原研究中心,河南新乡 453500)

摘 要:中油19号为黄肉油桃品种,由中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所选育而成,在郑州地区于6月上中旬成熟。平均单果质量210 g,果形端正,果面着色艳丽,果肉硬,黏核,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)11.7%~15.9%,品质优良。花瓣粉色,5枚,花粉多,自花结实。该品种适合在各桃主产区栽培,适应性较强。

关键词:油桃;新品种;中油19号;黄肉;硬质

油桃(Prunus persica var. nectarines)是蔷薇科桃属的重要变种[1-2],其果实外观亮丽、商品价值高、食用方便且富含多种营养成分[3]、能带来可观的经济收益,优势十分明显。然而,当前油桃品种仍存在风味偏淡、成熟期遇雨易裂果、果肉质地较软、货架期短等问题,为油桃品种选育工作带来了巨大挑战[4]

油桃原产于中国。自20世纪70年代以来,中国引进了一些欧美油桃栽培品种(如ER2等[5]),但这些品种大多是与国内消费者口味偏好不相符的甜酸型品种。为此,国内育种专家利用引进品种与本土栽培品种进行杂交育种,成功培育出多个栽培适应性好、综合性状优良的油桃品种,包括早熟品种中油桃4号[6]、中油桃5号[7],中熟品种中油20号[8],以及晚熟品种中油桃8号[9]。这些品种的推广显著改变了早期油桃果实偏酸、果个小、易裂果的市场印象,获得了消费者的广泛认可[10]

目前,油桃在中国桃产业中的占比逐年提升,种植面积已占桃总面积的20%以上[11]。然而,早熟耐贮运油桃品种的选育仍相对滞后。针对这一问题,笔者团队重点开展耐贮运、货架期长的油桃新品种选育工作,尤其注重选育果面干净、无毛、外观亮丽、果个大且品质优良的油桃品种,以进一步满足市场需求。

中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所选育的中油19号油桃品种,具有早熟、果肉硬质、黄肉等显著特点。其果实圆形,果面着色鲜艳,耐贮藏且不易裂果,同时表现出良好的自花结实能力和丰产性。中油19号于2024年通过中华人民共和国农业农村部非主要农作物品种登记(GPD桃(2024)410043)。区域试验结果表明,中油19号在河南省新乡市、山东省蒙阴县、安徽省砀山县、陕西省西安市等地均表现出较好的栽培适应性。

1 选育过程

油桃品种的改良、培育工作于1999年开始。选用北1-9作为母本、早熟白肉油桃中油桃5号作为父本进行杂交育种,成功选育出编号为99-43-58的优良单株。观察结果显示:该单株果实成熟期集中于6月中下旬,果肉白色且肉质极硬,单果质量约210 g,但存在果面着色不好的现象。为进一步改良99-43-58单株的性状,笔者研究团队于2005年配置了新的杂交组合,以早熟、硬质、白肉且着色优良的中油桃14号为母本,99-43-58为父本,在母本花蕾期进行人工去雄和定向授粉,田间管理采用标准化栽培技术。

中油桃14号×99-43-58组合在当年获得45个杂交果种子,6月15日完成果实采收工作。通过对杂交果实进行胚挽救和低温处理,最终培育出16株杂种实生苗。翌年4月中旬,当杂种实生苗高度约1 m、粗度0.6 cm以上时,定植到桃育种圃,株距为1.5 m,行距为3.0 m。整形方式为主干形,田间管理同常规栽培管理。

该杂交组合中编号为05-1-139的单株,于2009年开花结果。花型为蔷薇型,花粉活力高。果实于6月上中旬成熟,果实圆形,果皮色泽鲜艳,品质优异,耐贮运,极丰产。在2009年—2011年连续3年进行观测,其主要经济性状表现稳定。2011年,通过接穗高接方法进行复选;2013年,待各高接株系表型一致时,随即开展多点区域试验。该品种于2024年通过中华人民共和国农业农村部非主要农作物品种登记,登记号:GPD桃(2024)410043,正式定名为中油19号(图1~图2)。

图1 油桃新品种中油19号系谱
Fig. 1 Pedigree of new oil peach cultivar Zhongyou 19 Hao

图2 中油19号的花及果实
Fig. 2 The flowers and fruits of Zhongyou 19 Hao

2 主要特性

2.1 植物学特征

中油19号树体表现为强生长势,冠层呈半开张型结构,萌芽力与分枝能力均属中等水平。新生枝梢具有典型绿色表皮特征,向阳面可见红色色素沉积,节间平均长度达3.0 cm。叶片为椭圆披针形,叶片平均长度18.8 cm,平均宽度4.6 cm,叶片横截面呈水平状,叶片色泽呈黄绿至浅黄绿变化,叶基角接近直角,叶缘具钝圆锯齿。叶柄蜜腺肾形,有2~4个;花器官特征表现为:花型为蔷薇型;花瓣粉色、5枚,萼筒内壁橙黄色;花粉多,产量高。

2.2 果实经济性状

中油19号平均单果质量为210 g,最大为240 g。果实圆形,果顶圆平、无果尖。果实底部呈浅黄色,果面着色面积在80%以上,深红色,果实两半部对称;梗洼深度适中,果面无茸毛。果实品质方面:果肉黄色,肉质极硬。果实成熟期无皮下及近核花青苷显现,肉质细腻,纤维含量低,可溶性固形物含量(w)为11.7%~15.9%(表1)。果核卵圆形,褐色程度中等,表面具有核纹点及沟状,黏核,未出现裂核及裂果现象。

表1 中油19号与对照品种主要经济性状对比(2022年,原阳县)
Table 1 The main economical charavters of Zhongyou 19 Hao and the control cuitivars (2022,Yuanyang county)

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2.3 生长结果习性

该品种营养生长势强,幼树阶段年抽梢频率为2~3次。其中,二次枝当年即具备结果能力。花芽分化起始位点在第2~4节位,复花芽占比68.9%(单花芽占比10.1%)。

幼树阶段以长果枝为主要结果枝条。盛果期后,树势趋于缓和,短、中、长果枝均实现稳定坐果,坐果率可达61.8%。结果枝以粗度0.5~0.8 cm的中果枝为主,并严格进行疏果。若栽培管理条件好,栽植第2年开始结果,第3年每666.7 m2产量可达1500 kg,第4年进入丰产阶段,每666.7 m2产量在2000 kg以上。

2.4 物候期(郑州地区)

中油19号芽体于2月底萌动,开花期在3月中下旬,花期持续7~10 d。果实成熟期在6月上中旬,果实发育时间约70 d。落叶期在11月中旬,年生育期约240 d。

3 栽培技术要点

3.1 建园

桃树不耐涝,建园时选择阳光充足、地势平坦、排水良好的土地,如壤砂土。桃树生长不喜过酸或过碱的土壤,土壤pH值在6.0~7.5之间最佳。种植方向选择南北行、东西向,地势低洼地块建议起垄栽培。株行距(1.5~2.0) m×4.0 m,根据地势、土壤肥力、整形方式适当调整。在砧木选择上,建议以山桃(北方地区)和毛桃(南方地区)为主。

3.2 整形修剪

一年生嫁接苗春季定植后,及时定干。定干高度在嫁接口以上40~50 cm处,选留饱满芽短截。萌芽后,当枝条伸长至50 cm左右时,根据树形选留生长强旺的新梢以培养主枝。采用Y字形整形,主枝上下间距约10 cm,夹角60°左右,并设立辅助支架。其余枝条为制造养分、供应树体快速生长,应保留10 cm左右进行中度短截。结果初期,夏季修剪尤为重要,其主要目的是抑制营养生长,促进生殖生长;盛果期,树冠已基本成型,应加强修剪力度,回缩结果枝,以更新结果枝组,改善树体内部通风透光条件;结果后期,为延缓树体衰老,可适当疏除徒长枝和多余分枝。

3.3 花果管理

中油19号坐果率高,应根据坐果量及目标产量,及时进行疏花、疏果,保持树体的合理负载。疏果一般在花后2周和4~6周,疏果对象为小果、病虫果、畸形果、多余果、朝天果等。根据产量确定留果量,一般每隔10~15 cm留1个果。每666.7 m2产量控制在2000 kg左右。为促进花芽分化和果实发育,当新梢生长至5~10 cm时,应进行摘心或喷施多效唑等其他植物生长调节剂,控制枝条旺长。为促进果实膨大或防止裂果现象发生,可在开花前后喷施一定量的磷酸二氢钾溶液。

3.4 肥水管理

中油19号以秋施基肥为主,主要为长效有机肥。基肥施用时间在9月—10月,宜早不宜晚。进入盛果期后,在树体萌芽前根据树势、结果情况,追施适量的氮肥;硬核期追施适量的氮磷钾复合肥;果实膨大期为防止裂果、增加果核硬度,可追施适量的钾肥或钾氮复合肥。根据土壤墒情适时浇水,萌芽前浇水以保证树体萌芽和开花;硬核期宜浅浇水,满足树体对水分需求;采收前10 d不宜浇水;每年11月中下旬,树体落叶后应浇封冻水,以确保桃树安全越冬。

3.5 病虫害防控

中油19号成熟期早,果实于6月上中旬成熟,该阶段成熟的桃果实病虫害发生率较低。桃园清园、消毒的措施主要为:冬季彻底清除桃园内的病枝、病叶等;萌芽期全园消毒,可喷施5°Bé石硫合剂等杀菌剂。在树体生长期和果实发育期,主要的病虫害有红蜘蛛、桃蚜、细菌性穿孔病等。在田间管理过程中,根据病虫害发生规律及时做好病虫害防控工作。

4 应用前景

中油19号为早熟、黄肉油桃品种。该品种果实圆形,果面着色艳丽,耐贮运,不易裂果,产量高。在河南省新乡市、山东省蒙阴县、安徽省砀山县、陕西省西安市等地的区域试验结果表明,该品种在各桃主产区栽培适应性强,果实经济性状稳定,综合品质优良,具有良好的推广应用前景。

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Breeding report of a new early-maturing yellow firm-fleshed nectarine cultivar Zhongyou 19 Hao

BU Lulu1, CAO Ke1, NIU Liang1, PAN Lei1,2, CUI Guochao1, SUN Shihang1,2, DUAN Wenyi1,2, WANG Zhiqiang1, ZENG Wenfang1,2*
(1Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences/National Peach & Grape Improvement Center, Zheng‐zhou 450009, Henan, China;2Zhongyuan Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Xinxiang 453500, Henan, China)

Abstract:Nectarine (Prunus persica var. nectarina) is an important variety of peach in the Rosaceae family. After the 1970s, China introduced some nectarine cultivars from Europe and America, which did not meet the taste preferences of domestic consumers. Through strategic hybridization and selection protocols, Chinese pomologists have recently developed multiple high-quality nectarine varieties with strong adaptability and sweet flavor, including early maturing varieties Zhongyoutao 4 Hao and Zhongyoutao 5 Hao, medium maturing variety Zhongyou 20 Hao, and late maturing variety Zhongyoutao 8 Hao. However, the breeding of early maturing and storage tolerant varieties still relatively lags behind.Zhongyou 19 Hao is a newly released early maturing, yellow firm-fleshed nectarine bred by Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, CAAS. In 1999, Bei1-9 was used as a female parent and Zhongyoutao 5 Hao, a early mature and white-fleshed nectarine as a pollen donater. Among the offsprings, 99-43-58 was selected for its maturation stage in mid to late June, but the fruit surface had insufficient coloring of fruit surface. In 2005, a cross was made using Zhongyoutao 14 Hao, a early repening, white and firmfleshed with well colored surface nectarine variety, as female parent and 99-43-58 as male parent. A total of 45 hybrid seedlings were obtained that year, resulting in 16 hybrid seedlings. Seedlings were planted in spring 2006. The individual plant numbered 05-1-139 bloomed and bore fruit in 2009. Its main economic traits of the mother tree were stable in three consecutive years of observation. In 2011,the scions were collected from it for top grafting test. There was no significant difference in performance among the top grafting trees. In 2024, it was officially registered as Zhongyou 19 Hao under the non-major crop variety registration system of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, with registration number GPD Tao (2024) 410043. The main characteristics were as follows:the annual new shoots are green, the sunny side of the shoot is red, and the average internode length is 3.0 cm. The leaf length is 18.8 cm, and the width is 4.6 cm. The petiole is kidney shaped with 2-4 nectaries. The flower has five petals, with pink corolla, orange yellow inner wall of calyx tube, abundant pollens. The average fruit weight is 210 g and the maximum weight is 240 g. The fruit surface has a light yellow base color, and more than 80% dark red coloration. The flesh is yellow and extremely firm. When mature, there is no anthocyanin under the skin or near the nucleus of the fruit. The flesh is fine and sweet with little fiber. The soluble solids content ranges from 11.7% to 15.9%. The fruit nucleus is of medium size, oval in shape, with a moderate degree of brown color. The surface of the nucleus is slightly grooved, without cracked or sticky nuclei. No cracking phenomenon was found. In Zhengzhou area, the sprouting time of Zhongyou19 Hao is in the end of February and the flowering time is in the mid to late March. The fruit matures in mid June, and the fruit development period is about 70 days. The leaves fall is in mid November, and the annual growth period is about 240 days. It exhibits superior edaphic adaptation to northern China's continental climate zone, yet requires proper water management in commercial orchards to prevent water stress and soil saturation.

Key words:Nectarine; New cultivar; Zhongyou 19 Hao; Yellow flesh; Stone hard

中图分类号:S661.2

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2025)12-3037-05

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20250217

收稿日期:2025-04-30

接受日期:2025-09-02

基金项目:中国农业科学院科技创新工程项目(CAAS-ASTIP-2025-ZFRI)

作者简介:卜璐璐,女,研究实习员,硕士,主要从事桃遗传育种及栽培生理研究。E-mail:1756365341@qq.com

*通信作者Author for correspondence. E-mail:zengwenfang@caas.cn