梨新品种新茌的选育

王义菊,李庆余,于 强,李元军,牟红梅,姜福东*

(山东省烟台市农业科学研究院,山东烟台 265500)

摘 要:新茌是莱阳茌梨实生选育的新品种。果实卵圆形,果皮黄绿色,表面粗糙,果点明显,最大特点是可自然脱萼;果肉白色,肉质细脆,石细胞小而少,汁液丰富,脆甜可口,风味浓郁;平均单果质量385.6 g,最大单果质量540.0 g,果形指数1.14;可食率为74%,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)13.7%,果肉去皮硬度7.7 kg·cm-2,品质上等。每果实含种子7~10粒;果实发育期约155 d,在烟台地区9月中旬成熟,比莱阳茌梨提前10~15 d;果实耐贮性好,普通冷库可贮藏5~7个月。成枝力中等,以短果枝结果为主,连续结果能力强;抗旱性中等,抗病性强,适宜在山东省内土质疏松、透气性好的壤砂土种植。第3年开花结果,丰产性强,5年生树的产量为3475 kg·666.7 m-2,7年生树的产量为3690 kg·666.7 m-2

关键词:梨;新品种;新茌梨;自然脱萼

莱阳茌梨又名慈梨,原产于山东莱阳五龙河畔,栽培历史悠久,是中国名特优水果、中国国家地理标志产品。梨果实萼片脱落或宿存是衡量梨果外观品质的指标之一,并影响果实内在品质。莱阳茌梨幼果期萼端突出,需在谢花后约10 d,在人工疏果的同时进行掐花萼处理。研究认为,掐花萼可以刺激莱阳茌梨果实生长并使其果肉石细胞数量减少,增加果实可食用部分比例,提高果实可溶性固形物含量,降低果实酸度,改善其食用品质[1-2],但掐花萼增加了人工成本。

新茌梨为莱阳茌梨实生选育的新品种,具有自然脱萼的特性。现将其选育过程、生物学特性等予以介绍,并与莱阳茌梨进行比较。

1 选育过程

2009年,在烟台市牟平区观水镇生金泊村偶然发现一棵莱阳茌梨实生树,已结果多年(图1)。2011年,采集接穗高接于6年生中梨1号上进行性状观察,高接树于2012年结果。2012年,进一步嫁接到杜梨上进行苗木扩繁,并于2013年建园。2014年,进行品种验收,命名为新茌。2016年,新植园结果。此后连续3年对新植园与高接树结果性状进行比较,果实主要性状如平均单果质量、自然脱萼率、可溶性固形物含量等表现稳定。2020年,申请植物新品种权,2023年9月获批植物新品种权,品种权号为CNA20201003780。

图1 自然脱萼型梨新品种新茌
Fig. 1 A new natural calyx shedding pear Xinchi

2 主要性状

根据曹玉芬等[3]编著的《梨种质资源描述规范和数据标准》,以及研究人员对梨果实性状的评价标准[4-5],对新茌梨的植物学特征、果实经济性状、生长结果习性、物候期等进行了调查。

2.1 植物学特征

枝干黑褐色,表面光滑。1年生枝橙褐色,平均枝长37.7 cm,枝粗0.49 cm,节间长3.46 cm,皮光洁,皮孔大,白色,长圆形,小而稀,无针刺。叶芽尖,离生。幼叶褐红色,叶片卵圆形,大而长,叶长17.09 cm,叶宽9.67 cm,叶柄长3.42 cm,叶柄粗0.13 cm,老叶绿色,叶缘锐锯齿、具刺芒,叶端急尖,叶基圆形。花的形态特征与莱阳茌梨相同[6]。每花序为3~6朵花,花蕾浅粉色,花瓣5枚,圆形,邻生,花柱基部无茸毛,柱头高于花药,花药淡紫红色(图2)。

图2 新茌梨花序
Fig. 2 Flowers of Xinchi pear

2.2 果实经济性状

果实卵圆形,平均单果质量385.6 g,最大单果质量540.0 g,果实纵径11.16 cm,果实横径9.76 cm,果形指数1.14,高于人工剪萼莱阳茌梨。梗洼深,萼洼深,萼片自然脱落率达96%,远高于宿萼莱阳茌梨(9.5%)。果柄长4.5 cm,粗0.3 cm。果皮中厚,黄绿色,果点较大。果肉白色,肉质细脆,石细胞小而少,汁液丰富,果肉去皮硬度7.7 kg·cm-2。可溶性固形物含量13.7%,可食率74%,均与人工剪萼莱阳茌梨相当。新茌梨风味浓郁,品质上等。果实耐贮性与莱阳茌梨相同[7],冷库条件下可贮藏5~7个月(图3,表1)。

表1 新茌梨与莱阳茌梨果实性状比较Table 1 Comparison of the fruit traits between Xinchi pear and Laiyang Chili

品种Cultivar新茌梨 Xinchi pear脱萼率Calyx shedding rate/%96.0果形指数Fruit shape index 1.14平均单果质量Average single fruit mass/g 385.6 w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solids content/%13.7可食率Edible rate/%74硬度Fruit firmness/(kg·cm-2)7.7宿萼莱阳茌梨Laiyang Chili with calys莱阳茌梨(人工剪萼)Laiyang Chili with manual calyx removal成熟期Ripening stage 9月中旬Mid-september 9月底Late september 9月底Late september 9.51.16352.411.86510.4 100.01.01353.213.2739.2

图3 新茌梨果实
Fig. 3 Fruit of Xinchi pear

2.3 生长结果习性

新茌梨树势强健,树姿半开张。成枝力强,以短果枝结果为主,其中短果枝比率为88.5%,中果枝比率为8.4%,长果枝比率为3.1%。新茌梨栽植园区为壤砂土,水肥条件较好。栽植后第3年开花结果,第5年进入盛果期。5年生、6年生、7年生树每666.7 m2产量分别为3475 kg、3620 kg和3690 kg,连续结果能力强。

2.4 物候期

在烟台地区,新茌梨于3月下旬叶芽萌动,4月下旬展叶,6月下旬春梢停止生长,11月上旬进入落叶期。3月底花芽萌动,4月中旬进入盛花期,9月中旬果实成熟,比莱阳茌梨提早10~15 d(表2)。

表2 2017—2019年新茌梨物候期
Table 2 Phenological phases of Xinchi pear and Laiyang Chili (2017—2019)

发育时期Growth period萌芽期Sprouting period花序分离期Inflorescence separation period初花期First flowering period盛花期Full flowering period终花期Final flowering period成熟期Maturation period落叶期Leaf fall period 2017年 In 2017新茌梨Xinchi pear 3月26日Mar. 26 4月1日Apr. 1 4月10日Apr. 10 4月13日Apr. 13 4月20日Apr. 20 9月16日Sep. 16 11月10日Nov. 10莱阳茌梨Laiyang Chili 3月26日Mar. 26 4月1日Apr. 1 4月10日Apr. 10 4月14日Apr. 14 4月21日Apr. 21 9月29日Sep. 29 11月10日Nov. 10 2018年 In 2018新茌梨Xinchi pear 3月27日Mar. 27 4月1日Apr. 1 4月10日Apr. 10 4月12日Apr. 12 4月20日Apr. 20 9月18日Sep. 18 11月10日Nov. 10莱阳茌梨Laiyang Chili 3月26日Mar. 26 3月31日Mar. 31 4月11日Apr. 11 4月12日Apr. 12 4月21日Apr. 21 10月1日Oct. 1 11月10日Nov. 10 2019年 In 2019新茌梨Xinchi pear 3月25日Mar. 25 3月30日Mar. 30 4月8日Apr. 8 4月11日Apr. 11 4月18日Apr. 18 9月16日Sep. 16 11月9日Nov. 9莱阳茌梨Laiyang Chili 3月26日Mar. 26 3月31日Mar. 31 4月9日Apr. 9 4月12日Apr. 12 4月20日Apr. 20 10月1日Oct. 1 11月8日Nov. 8

3 栽培技术要点

3.1 建园

新茌梨建园以选择土层深厚、排水良好、有机质含量≥1.5%、地下水位1 m以下的壤砂土为宜,土壤pH值范围为6.0~6.5,含盐量不超过0.3%。园地选择按NY/T 2628—2014中3.5执行。建园选用壮苗,株行距为(3~4) m×(4~5) m。

3.2 花果管理

新茌梨需要异花授粉,宜选择花期一致、亲和性好、花粉量大、果实具有一定经济价值的品种作授粉树,如翠玉、苏翠1号等。主栽品种与授粉品种栽植比例为4∶1~6∶1。

3.3 整形修剪

新茌梨可采用主干疏层形树形。主干高度为70~80 cm,具有明显的主干,主枝分层排列于主干上。第一层有3个主枝,第二层有2个主枝,第三层有1个主枝,全树共有6个主枝,相邻两层主枝不重叠。

3.4 肥水管理

施肥以有机肥为主,化肥为辅。成龄树需加强肥水管理,保持壮树稳产。有条件的果园可采用喷灌或滴灌技术,确保排水沟设施齐全,以便雨季及时排水。

3.5 病虫害防治

新茌梨的主要病害有梨黑星病、锈病、轮纹病、黑斑病和炭疽病等,主要虫害有梨木虱、梨黄粉虫、梨二叉蚜、康氏粉蚧、绿盲蝽和梨小食心虫等。在防治中禁止使用剧毒、高毒、高残留的农药,提倡使用生物农药和低毒、低残留的农药。

4 应用前景

新茌梨为莱阳茌梨实生选育的新品种,平均单果质量大于莱阳茌梨,成熟期比莱阳茌梨提前10~15 d,果实品质与莱阳茌梨相当,最大特点是可自然脱萼,大大节约了人工剪萼的时间及劳动力成本,应用前景广阔。

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Breeding of a new pear cultivar Xinchi

WANG Yiju, LI Qingyu, YU Qiang, LI Yuanjun, MU Hongmei, JIANG Fudong*

(Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yantai 265500, Shandong, China)

Abstract:The Xinchi pear originated from a chance discovery of a seedling tree of Laiyang Chili in Shengjinbo Village, Guanshui Town, Muping District, Yantai City, in 2009. In 2011, scions were grafted onto 6-year-old Zhongli 1 pear trees for observation. In 2012, they were grafted onto Pyrus betulaefolia rootstocks for propagation, and an orchard was established in 2013. The variety was certified and named Xinchi in 2014, with the new orchard commencing fruit production in 2016. Comparisons were made between the new orchard and top-grafted trees during 2017—2019, confirming stable fruit traits such as average single fruit mass, natural calyx shedding rate, and soluble solid content. A new plant variety right was granted (CNA20201003780) in September 2023. The branches of Xinchi pear are dark brown and have a smooth surface. The one-year-old branches are orange-brown. The bark is clean, with large, white, oblong lenticels that are small and sparse, and there are no thorns. The cultivar exhibits separate leaf and flower buds, and the leaf buds are pointed. Young leaves are reddish-brown, ovate, large,and long. The petioles are 3.42 cm long and 0.13 cm thick. Mature leaves are green, with sharp serrated margins and awned teeth, an abruptly pointed leaf apex, and a rounded leaf base. The Xinchi pear has an ovoid shape, with an average single fruit mass of 385.6 g (maximum 540.0 g), similar to Laiyang Chili. Its skin is yellow-green with a rough texture and prominent lenticels. The stem cavity is deep, and the calyx cavity is also deep, with a natural calyx shedding rate of up to 96%, far exceeding that of natural Laiyang Chili (9.5%), which significantly reduces labor and time costs for manual calyx removal.The flesh is white, fine, and crisp, with small and sparse stone cells, abundant juice, and has flesh recovery of 74%. At maturity, the peeled flesh has a hardness around 7.7 kg·cm-2, and the soluble solids content exceeds 13.7%. It has a rich flavor and superior quality. Xinchi pear trees are vigorous with a semispreading growth habit. They exhibit moderate branching ability, primarily bearing fruit on short branches, and have a high capacity for continuous fruiting. The fruit development period of the Xinchi pear is 155 days, ripening in mid-September in Yantai area, which is 10-15 days earlier than the Laiyang Chili. The Xinchi pear has moderate drought resistance and strong disease resistance. The fruit has excellent storage performance, can be stored for 5 to 7 months in ordinary cold storage. They thrive best in sandy loam soil with good fertility and irrigation in Shandong. For orchard establishment, vigorous seedlings are selected. The recommended planting spacing is (3-4) m × (4-5) m. Recommended pollinizers include Cuiyu and Sucui 1. The preferred tree form is central leader with spaced-out layers. Organic fertilizers should be applied as a priority. The main diseases of Xinchi pear are pear scab, pear rust, pear ring rot, and pear black spot. Major pests include pear psylla, pear aphids, Comstock mealybug, and pear fruit borers. The use of highly toxic and high-residue pesticides is prohibited in pest control, with preference given to biological and low-toxicity, low-residue pesticides.

Key words:Pear; New cultivar; Xinchi pear; Natural calyx shedding

中图分类号:S661.2

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2025)12-3033-04

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20250227

收稿日期:2025-05-07

接受日期:2025-06-17

基金项目:国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-28-38)

作者简介:王义菊,女,农艺师,博士,现从事果树育种与栽培技术研究工作。E-mail:wyjsth@126.com

*通信作者Author for correspondence. E-mail:jiangfudong0505@163.com