国家葡萄桃种质资源圃(郑州)的葡萄种质资源收集保存与创新利用进展

樊秀彩,张 颖,李 民,孙 磊,许 睿,刘崇怀*

(中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所,郑州 450009)

摘 要:中国是世界上野生葡萄资源最丰富的起源中心之一,包含了东亚起源中心的所有野生葡萄种类,抗性类型极其丰富,为葡萄育种和产业发展提供了重要的保障。中国是葡萄生产大国,也是世界葡萄消费大国,葡萄在我国占据重要地位。国家葡萄桃种质资源圃(郑州)是我国葡萄种质资源最主要的保存单位,也是目前世界上保存葡萄种质资源最丰富的圃地之一。截至2024年12月,收集保存葡萄种质资源2140份,利用筛选的优异种质构建了3万多株群体,选育出了郑艳无核、红艳无核、中葡金香等多个葡萄新品种。共享利用的种质主要用于基础研究、育种、生产和科普教育等方面,有效地支撑了我国葡萄科研、育种和产业。本文介绍了国家葡萄桃种质资源圃(郑州)的发展历程,回顾和总结了近20年来葡萄种质资源收集保存现状,以及创新利用所取得的进展,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望,以期为我国葡萄种质资源的有效利用和产业发展提供参考。

关键词:葡萄;种质资源;收集;保存;创新利用

葡萄是葡萄科(Vitaceae Juss.)葡萄属(Vitis L.)的多年生木质藤本植物,已经确定的有70 多个种,主要分布在北半球的三个起源中心——欧亚、北美和东亚。欧亚种(主要的栽培种)和它的3个野生亚种起源于里海和黑海之间及其南部地区,其余的野生种几乎全部来源于中国和美国。中国是世界上野生葡萄资源最丰富的起源中心之一,包含了东亚起源中心的所有野生葡萄种类,抗性类型极其丰富[1]。中国是葡萄生产大国,也是世界葡萄消费大国。自2011 年起,中国鲜食葡萄产量一直位居世界首位。据国家统计局数据,2022 年我国葡萄栽培面积为70.5万hm2,年产量1 537.8万t。

我国一直重视种质资源的收集保存工作,新中国成立以来,共组织开展了多次大规模、专业的农作物资源(包括果树)考察,其中规模最大和影响最深远的是1956—1957 年、1979—1983 年和2016—2020 年的3 次全国农作物资源普查[2-3]。我国葡萄资源的收集保存工作始于20 世纪50 年代的栽培品种资源普查,至1989 年通过验收时,国家果树种质郑州葡萄桃圃保存葡萄种质资源533份[4],2019 年成为国家园艺种质资源库分库。2022年国家葡萄桃种质资源圃(郑州)(简称郑州葡萄圃)(图1)成为第一批72 个国家级农作物、农业微生物种质资源库(圃)之一[5]。本文总结了近20 年来葡萄种质资源收集保存现状,以及创新利用所取得的进展,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望,以期为我国葡萄种质资源的有效利用和产业发展提供参考。

图1 国家葡萄种质资源圃(郑州)
Fig.1 The National Grape Germplasm Repository(Zhengzhou)

1 葡萄种质资源的保存现状

1.1 葡萄种质资源收集保存的总体情况

1979 年,在重庆召开的全国果树科技规划会议制定的国家级果树种质资源圃的规划和分工中,确定郑州葡萄圃的建设和保存任务。1989 年6 月,农业部科技司组织专家对郑州葡萄圃进行了检查验收,郑州葡萄圃通过了验收。2022 年国家葡萄桃种质资源圃(郑州)成为第一批国家级农作物、农业微生物种质资源库(圃)之一[5]。截至2024 年12 月,郑州葡萄圃保存葡萄种质47个种2140份,其中已编目的葡萄种质30 个种1491 份(国内资源596 份,从国外引进资源895 份)。国外资源中鲜食品种主要引自日本、美国、苏联和罗马尼亚等国家,酿酒品种主要引自法国、德国和罗马尼亚等国家,砧木品种主要引自美国、意大利和法国等国家。与2001 年相比,新增编目种质631 份,新增12 个种。先后对河南焦作的神农山和云台山、信阳浉河区黑龙潭山区、义马市山区、新安县青要山、南阳市南召县西部山区、洛宁西底乡山区、陕西西安市户县秦岭山区、湖南省洪江市山区、湖北浠水县、贵州贵阳、西藏林芝、浙江临安、云南昆明、玉溪和大理等地的野生葡萄种质资源进行了较为深入细致的考察和收集工作,共收集到野生资源538个单株,新增加12个种,进一步丰富了资源圃保存的野生葡萄资源种类和数量。

1.2 保存的特色资源

在已编目入圃保存的1491 份葡萄种质资源中,特色资源541份,占圃资源保存总量的36.3%。保存的特色资源包括如下五种类型。第一,原产我国抗性丰富的野生葡萄资源,如抗寒性极强、大粒、果实可酿酒的山葡萄,耐湿、高抗白腐病的刺葡萄,抗湿热、耐贫瘠的毛葡萄,抗寒、抗病、果实可酿酒的桑叶葡萄等。第二,地方特色资源,有果形奇特如束腰形的瓶儿、弯形的驴奶、扁圆形的红达拉依,或具有特殊品质如呈李子香味的李子香、浓郁玫瑰香味的伊犁香葡萄,或具有特殊抗性如对葡萄黑痘病、炭疽病高抗的塘尾葡萄等特异资源,目前约有50%的地方品种在生产上已绝种。如获中国国家地理标志产品的宣化牛奶葡萄距今已有1300 多年的栽培历史,素有“刀切牛奶不流汁”的美誉。2013 年,“宣化城市传统葡萄园”被联合国粮农组织授予全球重要农业文化遗产保护试点,成为全球首个以“城市农业文化遗产”命名的传统农业系统。第三,单一或多个性状表现突出,且遗传稳定被育种家多次利用的资源,如大果粒、高糖、高酸、抗性强等资源。如莎巴珍珠,是极早熟的葡萄品种之一,国内外葡萄育种工作者利用莎巴珍珠作为亲本材料,已选育出60多个葡萄品种,有的作为主栽品种,有的又进一步作为育种材料应用于育种,培育出葡萄园皇后、碧香无核、黎明无核等著名品种。第四,品质、产量、抗性等综合性状优良可在生产上直接利用的资源,如巨峰、红地球、夏黑、阳光玫瑰等在产业中大面积推广应用的品种。第五,叶片或果实中富含药用功能性成分的资源,如葛藟葡萄根茎和果实供药用,可治关节酸痛;蘡薁葡萄可全株供药用,能祛风湿、消肿止痛。

2 保存资源的创新利用

2000 年以来,郑州葡萄圃累计向南京农业大学、西北农林科技大学、中国农业大学、中国科学院植物研究所、上海交通大学等大学及科研院所,以及河南、河北、新疆、湖北、云南等省、市、县农技推广部门、合作社、种植企业等356 个单位提供资源利用16 349 份次,主要用于基础研究、新品种选育、生产和科普教育等方面,有效地支撑了我国葡萄科研、育种和产业的发展。

2.1 支撑基础研究

共享利用的种质广泛应用在我国葡萄基础研究的各个领域,主要包括遗传多样性分析和品种鉴定、重要农艺性状鉴定评价、抗性鉴定评价、基因型鉴定、分子标记和基因挖掘、深度学习网络模型构建等方面。

2.1.1 遗传多样性分析和品种鉴定 刘崇怀等[6]对260 个鲜食品种和153 个酿酒品种的浆果成熟期进行了评价,在郑州地区葡萄果实发育期48~144 d,呈正态分布,表现了丰富的多样性。刘崇怀等[7]对37个无核品种的性状调查结果进行聚类分析,可将供试品种划分为3个品种群和5个亚群,利用不同品种群间的品种进行杂交有望提高无核葡萄育种效率。王姣等[8]对河南省境内桑叶葡萄的形态变异水平、遗传变异水平进行了研究,结果表明,形态变异较丰富,SSR分析表明桑叶葡萄遗传多样性水平较高,大部分遗传变异存在于居群内。樊秀彩等[9]对62个莎巴珍珠衍生品种的遗传多样性进行了分析,为早熟葡萄品种的培育提供参考。Fan 等[10]利用SRAP 标记对126 份野生桑叶葡萄种质的遗传多样性进行了研究,五个居群可分为三组,聚类结果与种群的来源基本一致。Fan 等[11]利用SSR 和SRAP 标记对48 份野生刺葡萄种质的遗传多样性进行了研究,SSR 标记结果与野生资源的地理分布有关,而SRAP 标记结果与传统的形态分类结果相似。程大伟等[12]对中国野生葡萄的主要农艺性状进行了评价,结果表明,中国野生葡萄的主要物候期、新梢、叶片、果实大小、颜色、香型和花器官等表现出丰富多样性。樊秀彩等[13]利用SSR 标记对山葡萄和河岸葡萄种间杂交后代进行鉴别,结果证明SSR 标记可以有效地对葡萄属种间杂交后代进行真实性鉴定。李贝贝等[14]对314个品种进行了DNA指纹数据库构建和遗传多样性分析,结果表明,选用8 对SSR 引物即可完全区分开290个葡萄品种,最终利用8对多态性SSR引物构建了314份品种的DNA指纹数据库。李贝贝等[15]利用简化基因组测序技术对304 份种质进行测序,结果表明,欧亚种、欧美杂种及野生种葡萄彼此分开,其中姊妹系品种及具有亲子代关系的品种各自聚在一起,地方品种与国外古老品种的亲缘关系最近。傅伟红等[16]利用基于SSR 标记的人工绘制植物品种鉴别图法,成功将72 个酿酒品种进行区分,并且从图上可找到任意2 个或多个品种间进行区分与鉴定的引物以及依据的多态性条带。魏新科等[17]利用8对SSR 引物对308 个中国自育葡萄品种进行了区分,同时对这些品种进行了遗传多样性分析,308 个品种可分为9个类群。李贝贝等[18]利用38对SSR 荧光标记引物对7 个疑似同物异名品种进行鉴定,初步认定云南水晶、贵州水晶、关口葡萄为尼加拉的同物异名品种,盐井黑珍珠和茨中教堂葡萄为巴柯的同物异名品种,后期将通过DUS 测试做进一步的鉴定。杨亚蒙等[19]组装了桑叶葡萄九里沟桑4 号叶绿体基因组,通过聚类分析,发现桑叶葡萄与山葡萄具有较近的亲缘关系。吴艳迪等[20]利用毛细管电泳检测方法对E42-6×里扎马特的F2 群体进行了真伪性鉴定,F2 群体果形变异类型丰富,以椭圆形和长椭圆形为主,具有获得父本里扎马特长形果粒性状的遗传优势,果形指数呈正向增强趋势遗传。王富强等[21]从60 个品种SNP 中成功转化51 个KASP 标记,并筛选出22 个高质量KASP 标记,构建了76 个品种的SNP 指纹图谱,首次验证了KASP 技术在我国葡萄品种鉴定中的可行性。王富强等[22]以76 个品种为材料,利用筛选的30 个SSR 标记,构建了一套适用于中国的葡萄SSR 分子标记体系,同时为保证鉴定效率与国际品种鉴定接轨,以国际通用的9 个标记作为体系的核心引物,其他标记作为扩展引物。

2.1.2 重要农艺性状鉴定评价 刘崇怀等[23]对500多份种质的果枝率和结果系数进行评价,发现果枝率为45%~65%,结果系数主要集中在1.0~1.5 区段。孙磊等[24]研究了21 个中国野生葡萄株系果皮花色苷的组分,结果显示欧亚种葡萄果皮中花色苷以单糖花色苷为主,除腺枝葡萄外,中国野生葡萄果皮中的花色苷以双糖花色苷为主。严静等[25]对106个中国野生葡萄株系黄烷-3-醇含量进行评价,结果表明不同野生种葡萄果皮中黄烷-3-醇含量存在较大差异,其中刺葡萄、桦叶葡萄、桑叶葡萄、山葡萄和腺枝葡萄果皮中黄烷-3-醇含量高于对照赤霞珠。左倩倩等[26]研究表明,果刷特性在品种之间存在一定差异,欧亚种果刷与果肉粘连程度高于欧美杂种,欧亚种葡萄果刷耐拉力与果刷长度、果刷粗度均呈极显著正相关,欧美杂种葡萄果刷耐拉力与果刷粗度呈极显著正相关,欧亚种耐拉力明显大于欧美杂种。鲁雅楠等[27]调查了234 份葡萄种质的果穗形状,发现长圆锥形的品种最多,其次是短圆锥形,分枝形的品种最少;鲜食品种以长圆锥形为主,酿酒品种以短圆锥形为主。王鹏等[28]利用数显拉力计对600份种质成熟果实的耐压力进行了测定,筛选出7份果实耐压力和果柄耐拉力等级均为强的种质。王绍祖等[29]对1067 份种质的果粒整齐度进行了调查,发现鲜食品种果粒整齐度好的品种所占比例高于酿酒品种,筛选出232 个果粒整齐度高的品种。姜建福等[30]利用质地多面分析法,对290 份种质的果肉质地进行了鉴定,发现鲜食品种的果肉质地硬度高于酿酒品种和制汁品种,鲜食葡萄中欧亚种种质的果肉硬度高于欧美杂种和其他种类。牛生洋等[31]利用高效液相色谱法对312 个品种的有机酸组分和含量进行测定,结果表明葡萄中的有机酸以酒石酸为主,苹果酸和柠檬酸次之,草酸仅微量存在。张晓利等[32]利用高效液相色谱法,对301 份种质果实可溶性糖进行测定,筛选出27 份果糖含量、甜度值较高的优异种质。刘鑫铭等[33]对1008 份种质的裂果情况调查,发现北美种群和东亚种群裂果较轻,欧亚种群裂果较重,野生及砧木种质裂果轻。张长运等[34]分析了666 份种质资源的果形,欧亚种较欧美杂种果形类型更丰富,酿酒品种果实主要为圆形和椭圆形,较鲜食品种果形类型少。刘学伟等[35]通过PEN 3.5 电子鼻系统,对123 份酿酒品种进行果实香气检测,结果显示,不同葡萄品种在香气物质含量及组成之间存在较大差异,筛选出波宋尼、凯番西亚和烟73 等3个香气(氮氧化合物、醇类、烷类、硫的有机化合物)较强的特殊种质,并证实电子鼻技术可有效区分酿酒品种。Liu等[36]采用电子鼻检测方法对191份种质果实香气特征进行了分析,初步阐明了不同种质香气差异,为筛选香味明显的种质提供数据基础。

2.1.3 抗性鉴定评价 刘崇怀等[37]调查了郑州葡萄圃内种质的田间自然冻害情况,美洲种群和原产我国北部或中部地区的野生种,以及具有山葡萄血缘的种间杂种抗寒性强,部分原产我国南方的野生种和圆叶葡萄不耐冻害,欧亚种较欧美杂种不耐冻害。樊秀彩等[38]通过冻害调查,筛选出90 个抗寒性极强的品种资源,为葡萄的抗寒育种提供参考。张颖等[39]利用室内离体接种方法,对76 份种质进行了抗白腐病鉴定,结果表明中国野生葡萄的不同种对白腐病抗性存在差异,刺葡萄♂为最抗病的株系,欧亚种葡萄中不存在高抗白腐病种质。姜建福等[40]采用叶绿素荧光参数法对196 份种质耐热性进行鉴定,筛选出48 份耐热性强的种质。赵惠等[41]采用叶盘法对46 份野生株系的霜霉病抗性进行鉴定,筛选出云南-元谋2、云南-2 和木扎岭-3 等3 份高抗霜霉病株系。车顺风等[42]对706 份种质白粉病田间发病情况进行了调查,结果表明变叶葡萄、美洲种葡萄、毛葡萄和冬葡萄抗白粉病能力最强,山美杂种、山欧杂种、蘡薁和刺葡萄对葡萄白粉病抗性最弱。禹方方等[43]采用田间自然鉴定法,对997 份种质进行了炭疽病发病情况调查,发现东亚种群抗性最强,种间杂种、美洲种群次之,欧亚种群抗性最弱,种间杂种内,山欧杂种抗性最强,美洲杂种抗性较强。

2.1.4 基因型鉴定 焦健等[44]研究结果显示,中国野生葡萄不存在VvmybA1a 等位基因,不同中国野生葡萄种质在基因的外显子、内含子和启动子区域存在不同碱基的插入和缺失,以及SNP 的差异。付晓伟等[45]研究结果表明,不同类型山葡萄只有VvmybA1基因,并且基因片段序列在第3个外显子区域存在较大差异,表现出丰富的遗传多样性。孙磊等[46]研究发现欧亚种及其杂种普遍具有VvmybA1a,欧亚种、欧美杂种及法美杂种中普遍同时具有VvmybA1VvmybA2VvmybA3基因。Fan等[47]利用UPLC-MS法,对116 份栽培种质的花色苷含量进行了检测,共检测到30 种花色苷组分。在栽培品种中单糖苷的含量均高于双糖苷,并筛选出了9 份高花色苷含量品种。并通过实时荧光定量和毛细管电泳两种方法,对116 份栽培品种的MybA 基因型进行了鉴定。结合花色苷含量数据,发现除少数品种外,大部分花色苷含量高的品种都含有功能单倍体HapE2,含功能单倍体HapE2 的品种含有高花色苷含量。肖鑫等[48]对72 个酿酒品种的MYBA1 和MYBA2 基因位点的基因型和单倍型组成进行鉴定,结果显示,酿酒葡萄MYB 基因结构高度保守,共10 个等位基因形成不同的单倍型参与调控果实着色,含有着色功能基因越多则果皮颜色越深的规律。

2.1.5 分子标记和基因挖掘 马亚茹等[49]研究结果表明,分子标记Vv SD10 在F1代杂交群体及自然群体中的无核分型正确率分别为97%、94%,其无核检测率均为56%。He 等[50]对莎巴珍珠家系的40 个品种进行重测序,并基于单倍型选择和转录组分析,确定了早熟单倍型H1 编码一个错义突变的转运蛋白VvFBT,其在果实发育过程中特异性高表达,造成了葡萄的成熟期提前。高晓铭等[51]借助SSR 和SRAP 分子标记,在12 号连锁群检测到1 个抗葡萄炭疽病主效QTL 位点。沈才琦等[52]通过转录组测序分析,筛选出8 个葡萄抗炭疽病候选基因。Wu等[53]基于全基因组重测序的高密度遗传图谱对葡萄果实形状进行了QTL 定位,获得了果实形状指数的3 个显著QTL 位点,并筛选出4 个候选基因。禹方方等[54]利用室内离体接种方法,对258 份种质进行炭疽病抗性鉴定,筛选出1份高抗和43份抗病种质;并对筛选出的抗病种质刺葡萄0940 和感病种质美人指的杂交群体进行QTL 定位,获得一个与抗炭疽病相关的QTL位点,筛选出15个抗病相关基因。谭西北等[55]抗白腐病种质刺葡萄和感病种质美人指为试材,通过转录组测序,筛选出6个抗白腐病候选基因。Zhang等[56]利用QTL定位,挖掘3个与裂果相关QTL 位点,筛选出编码纤维素合成酶样蛋白H1 在内的6 个相关基因。Li 等[57]采用全基因组重测序,在3 号染色体上获得了一个抗白腐病QTL 位点,并确定PRI 为参与抗白腐病的候选基因,过表达可增强葡萄对白腐菌的抗性。张泉等[58]以88 个无核种质和120个有核种质为试材,对已发表的9个无核分子标记进行通用性验证,其中SCAR 标记SCF27-2000 和SSR 标记p1-VvAGL11 准确率高,综合表现最优。Zhang 等[59]采用基于单克隆抗体阵列的蛋白质组学方法,在有核和无核葡萄之间检测到抗原信号的差异,揭示了2587 种蛋白质的差异积累。使用mAb 抗体通过免疫沉淀建立了这些差异积累蛋白质的植物体内蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用网络,揭示了与碳代谢和糖酵解相关途径的改变。Tan 等[60]通过转录组和代谢组分析发现,类黄酮化合物及其相关基因在感病种质美人指中显著富集,该类化合物可能在植物抗白腐病中起关键作用。Luo 等[61]通过三代测序组装了刺葡萄端粒到端粒的完整(T2T)基因组,发现刺葡萄R 抗性基因比栽培种多10%以上,揭示了野生葡萄特有的NBS 基因簇和抗病基因,为挖掘抗病基因和创制抗病新种质提供了理论基础。Lin 等[62]通过质构仪对437 份种质进行果实质地鉴定评价,结合GWAS 分析,筛选到9个候选基因。通过功能验证,推测E13A 和CML35 与葡萄果实质地密切相关。Qin 等[63]研究发现红肉品种烟73 中VvMYBA1 启动子区408 bp 重复序列插入导致该基因高表达;VvMYBA1 可激活VvMYB3 表达,抑制果实花色苷过量积累。Liu 等[64]挖掘到刺葡萄抗白腐病基因VdRLK 和CRK10,这两个基因识别病原菌的效应子后,能够激活刺葡萄免疫反应,从而实现抗病性。

2.1.6 深度学习网络模型构建 潘博文等[65-66]构建了葡萄成龄叶片数据库,并基于深度学习技术分别对鲜食葡萄、砧木、野生葡萄叶片图像进行品种识别研究,采用4 个卷积神经网络(GoogleNet、ResNet-50、ResNet-101、VGG-16)模型对其进行自动识别及验证,其中ResNet-101 模型单一品种识别精确率和召回率均在90%以上,证明了深度学习技术对葡萄品种识别的可行性。

2.2 支撑育种

郑州葡萄圃向河北省农林科学院昌黎果树研究所、中国农业科学院果树研究所、河南省农业科学院园艺研究所等单位提供亲本材料郑州早红、河岸葡萄、SO4 等,进行种内、种间杂交,配置杂交组合100余个,获得杂交实生苗20 000 余株,选育出无核早红、红标无核、红艳无核等鲜食葡萄新品种20 余个(图2,图3),增加了我国自育品种的栽培面积,改善了我国葡萄品种结构。在河南、新疆、山西等省(自治区、直辖市)推广应用,累计推广面积0.667 万hm2。其中为河北省农林科学院昌黎果树研究所提供的早熟优异种质郑州早红,培育的无核早红为我国首次采用二倍体和四倍体品种杂交育成的中国首例三倍体无核葡萄新品种,对细胞遗传学及果树育种学具有重要学术价值[67]。郑州果树研究所利用筛选的耐盐碱、高抗葡萄根瘤蚜优异种质选育出极耐盐碱、高抗葡萄根瘤蚜、高抗根结线虫的多抗砧木新品种——抗砧3号和抗砧5号[68-69]。培育的早熟、大粒、无核鲜食葡萄品种郑艳无核(图4),有草莓香味,品质优,树势较强,抗病性强[70]。培育的中早熟鲜食品种红艳无核(图5),改善了我国红色、无核、中早熟鲜食葡萄品种匮乏的局面[71]

图2 早熟无核葡萄新品种中葡金香
Fig.2 A new early-maturing seedless grape cultivar Zhongpu Jinxiang

图3 中熟葡萄新品种郑葡二号
Fig.3 A new medium-maturing grape cultivar Zhengpu No.2

图4 早熟无核葡萄新品种郑艳无核
Fig.4 A new early-maturing seedless grape cultivar Zhengyan Wuhe

图5 中熟无核葡萄新品种红艳无核
Fig.5 A new medium-maturing grape cultivar Hongyan Wuhe

2.3 支撑乡村振兴与精准扶贫、科普等其他方面

筛选出的优异资源支撑乡村振兴与精准扶贫27个乡村,技术培训42场次,技术培训11 290人次,培养种植能手167 人。为国家现代葡萄产业技术体系、国家重点研发计划、国家863 专项、国家自然科学基金重点项目、国家自然科学基金项目、农业农村部公益性行业专项、科技部支撑计划项目、国际合作项目、河南省省科技攻关等百余项国家和地方科技计划,提供葡萄种质资源8000余份次。

利用葡萄资源圃提供的种质,国内多家单位建立了多个省级和地方葡萄资源圃。如广西农科院的广西野生资源圃、湖南澧县的葡萄资源圃、河北昌黎果树研究所的葡萄砧木资源圃、渭南临渭区的高新产业园区等。为上海葡萄主题公园、西安葡萄主题公园提供部分野生资源作为科普、观光利用。另外,郑州葡萄圃也是郑州市中小学科普教育基地,每年有300 余名中小学师生接受科普教育。同时,资源圃也是河南农业院校园艺专业大学生的实习基地。

3 展 望

建设功能完善、保存方式多样、保存种质丰富的葡萄种质资源圃。种植保存和离体保存相结合,保存容量在5000份以上。

3.1 收集保存

加强我国珍稀、濒危、特有葡萄属植物的收集,特别是西南地区耐湿热野生资源的收集。根据生产需求,从各主要葡萄生产国引进综合性状优异的种质资源,丰富葡萄种质资源的多样性,扩大我国葡萄遗传资源背景,为科研和生产储备物质基础。

3.2 加强葡萄种质资源鉴定评价和挖掘利用

针对生产需求,在表型性状鉴定评价基础上,增加种质的抗逆、抗病虫、功能性成分等性状精准鉴定,筛选优异种质,挖掘优异抗性基因。通过鉴定评价,发掘和筛选出一批可供生产和育种利用的优异种质。利用筛选出的优异种质,创制综合性状(产量、品质、抗性)优良的葡萄种质,增加品种类型多样性,以适应现代产业发展对育种的需求。随着表型组学、基因组学等现代技术的发展,种质资源鉴定由基本农艺性状向复杂农艺性状、由表型向基因型鉴定方向发展。

3.3 完善葡萄种质资源保存技术和共享机制

开展种质资源脱毒保存技术、离体保存技术和DNA保存技术的研究,建立种质圃、超低温库、试管苗库、DNA库等多种保存体系,确保资源的安全保存。

随着大数据、云计算等现代信息技术的发展,建立葡萄种质资源专业化大数据分析平台,加强数据分析和资源挖掘,提供个性化定制服务,实现共享服务信息化。

3.4 加强人才培养及团队建设

种质资源是一项长期性、基础性公益工作,从事种质资源工作需要保持一颗平常心,要耐得住寂寞。郑州葡萄圃现有工作人员12 人,其中研究员3人,副研究员1 人,博士3 人,硕士4 人,组成了一个老中青相结合的团队。未来笔者将继续引进优秀专业人才,打造一支有情怀、有担当的种质资源团队,确保葡萄种质资源的安全保存和利用。

参考文献References:

[1] 孔庆山.中国葡萄志[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2004:16-17.KONG Qingshan.Chinese ampelography[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2004:16-17.

[2] 刘旭,李立会,黎裕,方沩.作物种质资源研究回顾与发展趋势[J].农学学报,2018,8(1):1-6.LIU Xu,LI Lihui,LI Yu,FANG Wei.Crop germplasm resources:Advances and trends[J].Journal of Agriculture,2018,8(1):1-6.

[3] 王力荣,吴金龙.中国果树种质资源研究与新品种选育70 年[J].园艺学报,2021,48(4):749-758.WANG Lirong,WU Jinlong.Review for the research of fruit tree germplasm and breeding of new varieties in the past seven decades in China[J].Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2021,48(4):749-758.

[4] 刘崇怀,孔庆山,陈继锋.国家果树种质郑州葡萄圃资源保存及研究概况[J].葡萄栽培与酿酒,1997(3):48-50.LIU Chonghuai,KONG Qingshan,CHEN Jifeng.The preservation and research of national fruit tree germplasm resources in Zhengzhou grape garden[J].Sino-Overseas Grapevine & Wine,1997(3):48-50.

[5] 农业农村部种业管理司.关于第一批拟确定国家级农作物、农业微生物种质资源库的公示.(2022-08-10)[2022-12-08].http://www.zys.moa.gov.cn/gsgg/ 202208/t20220810_6406720.htm.Department of Seed Industry,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China.Announcement on the first batch of national crop and agricultural microbial germplasm repositories.(2022-08-10)[2022-12-08].http://www.zys.moa.gov.cn/gsgg/202208/t20220810_6406720.htm

[6] 刘崇怀,潘兴,郭景南,樊秀彩,孔庆山.葡萄品种浆果成熟期多样性及归类标准评价[J].果树学报,2004,21(6):535-539.LIU Chonghuai,PAN Xing,GUO Jingnan,FAN Xiucai,KONG Qingshan.Evaluation on the diversity of maturity time of grape cultivars and its classification[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2004,21(6):535-539.

[7] 刘崇怀,帖锋,潘兴,郭景南,樊秀彩.无核葡萄品种资源性状的聚类分析[J].果树学报,2006,23(4):531-533.LIU Chonghuai,TIE Feng,PAN Xing,GUO Jingnan,FAN Xiucai.Cluster analysis of seedless grape cultivars[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2006,23(4):531-533.

[8] 王姣,刘崇怀,樊秀彩,孙海生,董丹.河南境内桑叶葡萄种内形态和遗传多样性分析[J].果树学报,2008,25(4):496-500.WANG Jiao,LIU Chonghuai,FAN Xiucai,SUN Haisheng,DONG Dan.Study on the biodiversity of the morphology and polymorphism based on SSR markers for Vitis ficifolia native to Henan province in China[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2008,25(4):496-500.

[9] 樊秀彩,刘崇怀,孙海生,李民.葡萄品种莎巴珍珠及其衍生品种的演化和遗传多样性分析[J].植物遗传资源学报,2010,11(5):625-628.FAN Xiucai,LIU Chonghuai,SUN Haisheng,LI Min.The evolution and genetic diversity analysis of pearl of Csaba and its derived varieties[J].Journal of Plant Genetic Resources,2010,11(5):625-628.

[10] FAN X C,JIANG J F,ZHANG Y,SUN H S,JIAO J,LIU C H.Genetic diversity assessment of Vitis ficifolia Bge.populations from Henan province of China by SRAP markers[J].Biotechnology,Biotechnological Equipment,2015,29(1):15-20.

[11] FAN X C,SUN H S,ZHANG Y,JIANG J F,LI M,LIU C H.Genetic diversity of Vitis davidii accessions revealed using microsatellite and sequence-related amplified polymorphism markers[J].HortScience,2018,53(3):283-287.

[12] 程大伟,姜建福,樊秀彩,张颖,张国海,刘崇怀.中国葡萄属植物野生种多样性分析[J].植物遗传资源学报,2013,14(6):996-1012.CHENG Dawei,JIANG Jianfu,FAN Xiucai,ZHANG Ying,ZHANG Guohai,LIU Chonghuai.Diversity analysis of Chinese wild grape species[J].Journal of Plant Genetic Resources,2013,14(6):996-1012.

[13] 樊秀彩,张颖,姜建福,孙海生,焦建,刘崇怀.SSR 分子标记鉴定山葡萄和河岸葡萄种间杂种[J].西北植物学报,2012,32(11):2195-2200.FAN Xiucai,ZHANG Ying,JIANG Jianfu,SUN Haisheng,JIAO Jian,LIU Chonghuai.Identification of interspecific hybrids derived from Vitis riparia × Vitis amurensis by SSR marker[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2012,32(11):2195-2200.

[14] 李贝贝,姜建福,张颖,樊秀彩,孙海生,张国海,刘崇怀.葡萄品种DNA 指纹数据库的构建及遗传多样性分析[J].植物遗传资源学报,2018,19(2):338-350.LI Beibei,JIANG Jianfu,ZHANG Ying,FAN Xiucai,SUN Haisheng,ZHANG Guohai,LIU Chonghuai.DNA fingerprinting and genetic diversity analysis of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars based on SSR markers[J].Journal of Plant Genetic Resources,2018,19(2):338-350.

[15] 李贝贝,张恒,姜建福,张颖,樊秀彩,房经贵,刘崇怀.基于SLAF-seq 技术的葡萄种质遗传多样性分析[J].园艺学报,2019,46(11):2109-2118.LI Beibei,ZHANG Heng,JIANG Jianfu,ZHANG Ying,FAN Xiucai,FANG Jinggui,LIU Chonghuai.Analysis of genetic diversity of grape germplasms using SLAF-seq technology[J].Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2019,46(11):2109-2118.

[16] 傅伟红,魏新科,葛孟清,刘崇怀,房经贵.基于SSR 标记的MCID 法鉴定72 个酿酒葡萄品种[J].中外葡萄与葡萄酒,2019(5):1-7.FU Weihong,WEI Xinke,GE Mengqing,LIU Chonghuai,FANG Jinggui.Identification of 72 wine grape varieties by using SSR markers-based MCID method[J].Sino-Overseas Grapevine & Wine,2019(5):1-7.

[17] 魏新科,樊秀彩,王晨,刘崇怀.基于SSR 标记的MCID 法鉴定中国自主选育的葡萄品种[J].中外葡萄与葡萄酒,2019(5):12-20.WEI Xinke,FAN Xiucai,WANG Chen,LIU Chonghuai.Identification of China selected grape varieties by using SSR markersbased MCID method[J].Sino-Overseas Grapevine & Wine,2019(5):12-20.

[18] 李贝贝,张颖,樊秀彩,李民,刘崇怀,姜建福.‘巴柯’和‘尼加拉’葡萄疑似同物异名品种的SSR 及形态学分析[J].果树学报,2019,36(4):393-400.LI Beibei,ZHANG Ying,FAN Xiucai,LI Min,LIU Chonghuai,JIANG Jianfu.Analysis of suspected synonyms of ‘Baco Noir’and ‘Niagara’ by SSR markers and morphology[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2019,36(4):393-400.

[19] 杨亚蒙,焦健,樊秀彩,张颖,姜建福,李民,刘崇怀.桑叶葡萄叶绿体基因组及其特征分析[J].园艺学报,2019,46(4):635-648.YANG Yameng,JIAO Jian,FAN Xiucai,ZHANG Ying,JIANG Jianfu,LI Min,LIU Chonghuai.Complete chloroplast genome sequence and characteristics analysis of Vitis ficifolia[J].Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2019,46(4):635-648.

[20] 吴艳迪,孙锋,王勇,樊秀彩,张颖,姜建福,骆强伟,刘崇怀.E42-6×里扎马特葡萄杂交F2 代的SSR 分子鉴定及果实形状遗传倾向[J].果树学报,2021,38(4):461-470.WU Yandi,SUN Feng,WANG Yong,FAN Xiucai,ZHANG Ying,JIANG Jianfu,LUO Qiangwei,LIU Chonghuai.SSR identification of F2 progenies of E42-6 × Rizamat grape and their genetic tendency of berry shape[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2021,38(4):461-470.

[21] 王富强,张建,温常龙,樊秀彩,张颖,孙磊,刘崇怀,姜建福.基于KASP 标记的葡萄品种鉴定[J].中国农业科学,2021,54(13):2830-2846.WANG Fuqiang,ZHANG Jian,WEN Changlong,FAN Xiucai,ZHANG Ying,SUN Lei,LIU Chonghuai,JIANG Jianfu.Identification of grape cultivars based on KASP markers[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2021,54(13):2830-2846.

[22] 王富强,李贝贝,樊秀彩,张颖,刘崇怀,姜建福.葡萄品种SSR分子鉴定体系的建立及应用[J].果树学报,2020,37(9):1281-1293.WANG Fuqiang,LI Beibei,FAN Xiucai,ZHANG Ying,LIU Chonghuai,JIANG Jianfu.Establishment and application of SSR molecular identification system in grapevine[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2020,37(9):1281-1293.

[23] 刘崇怀,陈继峰,潘兴,孔庆山,张岳峰.葡萄种质资源果枝率与结果系数评价[J].葡萄栽培与酿酒,1998(3):23-24.LIU Chonghuai,CHEN Jifeng,PAN Xing,KONG Qingshan,ZHANG Yuefeng.Evaluation of branch rate and result coefficient of grape germplasm resources[J].Viticulture & Enology,1998(3):23-24.

[24] 孙磊,樊秀彩,张颖,姜建福,孙海生,刘崇怀.部分中国野生葡萄果皮花色苷组分分析[J].果树学报,2015,32(6):1143-1151.SUN Lei,FAN Xiucai,ZHANG Ying,JIANG Jianfu,SUN Haisheng,LIU Chonghuai.Analysis of anthocyanin composition in berry skin of Chinese wild grape[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2015,32(6):1143-1151.

[25] 严静,江雨,樊秀彩,姜建福,张颖,孙海生,刘崇怀.中国11种野生葡萄果皮中黄烷-3-醇类物质的组成及含量[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(5):890-902.YAN Jing,JIANG Yu,FAN Xiucai,JIANG Jianfu,ZHANG Ying,SUN Haisheng,LIU Chonghuai.Composition and concentration of flavan-3-ols in berry peel of 11 Chinese wild grape species[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2017,50(5):890-902.

[26] 左倩倩,纠松涛,王晨,房经贵,吴伟民,樊秀彩,刘崇怀.葡萄品种资源果刷性状及果粒褐化调查与分析[J].植物遗传资源学报,2018,19(6):1092-1099.ZUO Qianqian,JIU Songtao,WANG Chen,FANG Jinggui,WU Weimin,FAN Xiucai,LIU Chonghuai.Investigation and analysis of fruit brush characteristics and fruit browning in grape varieties[J].Journal of Plant Genetic Resources,2018,19(6):1092-1099.

[27] 鲁雅楠,诸葛雅贤,裴清圆,马吾丹,樊秀彩,刘崇怀,管乐,房经贵.葡萄种质资源果穗穗形调查与综合评价[J].园艺学报,2019,46(8):1593-1603.LU Yanan,ZHUGE Yaxian,PEI Qingyuan,MA Wudan,FAN Xiucai,LIU Chonghuai,GUAN Le,FANG Jinggui.Investigation and comprehensive evaluation on cluster shape of grape germplasm resources[J].Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2019,46(8):1593-1603.

[28] 王鹏,樊秀彩,张颖,孙磊,刘崇怀,姜建福.葡萄种质果实耐压力和果柄耐拉力的相关性分析[J].中外葡萄与葡萄酒,2021(5):14-20.WANG Peng,FAN Xiucai,ZHANG Ying,SUN Lei,LIU Chonghuai,JIANG Jianfu.Correlation analysis of fruit compression tolerance and pulling force of fruit stalk for grape germplasm[J].Sino-Overseas Grapevine & Wine,2021(5):14-20.

[29] 王绍祖,魏春晓,樊秀彩,张颖,姜建福,孙磊,刘崇怀.葡萄种质资源果粒整齐度调查与分析[J].果树资源学报,2021,2(1):39-43.WANG Shaozu,WEI Chunxiao,FAN Xiucai,ZHANG Ying,JIANG Jianfu,SUN Lei,LIU Chonghuai.Investigation and analysis of grape germplasm berry uniformity[J].Journal of Fruit Resources,2021,2(1):39-43.

[30] 姜建福,樊秀彩,张颖,孙磊,李民,刘勇翔,牛生洋,张振文,刘崇怀.基于TPA 法葡萄果肉质地的鉴定评价[J].中国果树,2022(3):31-36.JIANG Jianfu,FAN Xiucai,ZHANG Ying,SUN Lei,LI Min,LIU Yongxiang,NIU Shengyang,ZHANG Zhenwen,LIU Chonghuai.Analysis and comprehensive evaluation of grape berry texture based on TPA method[J].China Fruits,2022(3):31-36.

[31] 牛生洋,刘崇怀,刘强,樊秀彩,张颖,孙磊,张晓利,姜建福.葡萄种质果实有机酸组分及其含量特性[J].食品科学,2022,43(12):228-234.NIU Shengyang,LIU Chonghuai,LIU Qiang,FAN Xiucai,ZHANG Ying,SUN Lei,ZHANG Xiaoli,JIANG Jianfu.Composition and contents of organic acids in different grape germplasms[J].Food Science,2022,43(12):228-234.

[32] 张晓利,刘崇怀,刘强,樊秀彩,张颖,孙磊,牛生洋,姜建福.不同葡萄种质果实可溶性糖组分特征分析[J].中国果树,2023(4):56-62.ZHANG Xiaoli,LIU Chonghuai,LIU Qiang,FAN Xiucai,ZHANG Ying,SUN Lei,NIU Shengyang,JIANG Jianfu.Characterization of soluble sugar fractions of different grape germplasm[J].China Fruits,2023(4):56-62.

[33] 刘鑫铭,姜建福,陈婷,雷龑,刘崇怀.1008 份葡萄种质资源涝害情况下裂果调查与分析[J].中国果树,2023(3):112-115.LIU Xinming,JIANG Jianfu,CHEN Ting,LEI Yan,LIU Chonghuai.Investigation and analysis on fruit cracking of 1008 grape germplasm resources under waterlogging[J].China Fruits,2023(3):112-115.

[34] 张长运,王境杨,樊秀彩,张颖,姜建福,刘崇怀,孙磊.葡萄种质资源果实形状的鉴定评价[J].植物遗传资源学报,2024,25(11):1815-1829.ZHANG Changyun,WANG Jingyang,FAN Xiucai,ZHANG Ying,JIANG Jianfu,LIU Chonghuai,SUN Lei.Evaluating the variation of berry shapes in grape germplasm resources[J].Journal of Plant Genetic Resources,2024,25(11):1815-1829.

[35] 刘学伟,刘崇怀,樊秀彩,张颖,孙磊,黄丽亚,姜建福,牛生洋.基于电子鼻的酿酒葡萄果实香气鉴定评价[J].中外葡萄与葡萄酒,2025(1):45-53.LIU Xuewei,LIU Chonghuai,FAN Xiucai,ZHANG Ying,SUN Lei,HUANG Liya,JIANG Jianfu,NIU Shengyang.Identification and evaluation of wine grape berry aroma based on electronic nose[J].Sino-Overseas Grapevine & Wine,2025(1):45-53.

[36] LIU X W,LIU C H,FAN X C,ZHANG Y,SUN L,LIN M L,WANG J Y,NIU S Y,JIANG J F.Aroma profiling analysis of grape berries based on electronic nose detection[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2024,336:113425.

[37] 刘崇怀,陈继峰,孔庆山.葡萄种质资源抗冻害性评价[J].作物品种资源,1999(3):46-48.LIU Chonghuai,CHEN Jifeng,KONG Qingshan.Evaluation of the cold resistance of grape germplasm resources[J].China Seed Industry,1999(3):46-48.

[38] 樊秀彩,刘崇怀,张颖,姜建福,孙海生,李民.葡萄种质资源在郑州地区的田间自然冻害调查分析[J].中外葡萄与葡萄酒,2011(9):50-52.FAN Xiucai,LIU Chonghuai,ZHANG Ying,JIANG Jianfu,SUN Haisheng,LI Min.Evaluation of natural freezing damage to grape germplasm resources in Zhengzhou area[J].Sino-Overseas Grapevine & Wine,2011(9):50-52.

[39] 张颖,孙海生,樊秀彩,姜建福,刘崇怀.中国野生葡萄资源抗白腐病鉴定及抗性种质筛选[J].果树学报,2013,30(2):191-196.ZHANG Ying,SUN Haisheng,FAN Xiucai,JIANG Jianfu,LIU Chonghuai.Identification and evaluation of resistance of Vitis to grape white rot[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2013,30(2):191-196.

[40] 姜建福,马寅峰,樊秀彩,张颖,孙海生,王利军,刘崇怀.196份葡萄属(Vitis L.)种质资源耐热性评价[J].植物遗传资源学报,2017,18(1):70-79.JIANG Jianfu,MA Yinfeng,FAN Xiucai,ZHANG Ying,SUN Haisheng,WANG Lijun,LIU Chonghuai.Evaluation of 196 Vitis L.germplasm resources to heat tolerance[J].Journal of Plant Genetic Resources,2017,18(1):70-79.

[41] 赵惠,刘崇怀,姜建福,樊秀彩,张颖,房玉林.46 份野生葡萄株系对霜霉病的抗性鉴定及其相关基因的表达[J].植物保护学报,2018,45(6):1242-1250.ZHAO Hui,LIU Chonghuai,JIANG Jianfu,FAN Xiucai,ZHANG Ying,FANG Yulin.Resistance identification and expression of related genes of downy mildew in 46 wild grape strains[J].Journal of Plant Protection,2018,45(6):1242-1250.

[42] 车顺风,刘崇怀,张国海,樊秀彩,张颖,孙磊,李民,姜建福.葡萄种质资源白粉病抗性调查[J].中国果树,2021(12):89-92.CHE Shunfeng,LIU Chonghuai,ZHANG Guohai,FAN Xiucai,ZHANG Ying,SUN Lei,LI Min,JIANG Jianfu.Investigation on resistance to powdery mildew of grape germplasm resources[J].China Fruits,2021(12):89-92.

[43] 禹方方,张颖,姜建福,孙磊,刘崇怀,樊秀彩.997 份葡萄种质资源炭疽病抗性调查分析[J].中国果树,2023(9):114-116.YU Fangfang,ZHANG Ying,JIANG Jianfu,SUN Lei,LIU Chonghuai,FAN Xiucai.Investigation and analysis of anthracnose resistance in 997 grape germplasm resources[J].China Fruits,2023(9):114-116.

[44] 焦健,刘崇怀,樊秀彩,张颖,孙海生,姜建福,李民.中国野生种葡萄及种间杂种VvmybA1 基因型和表达分析[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(12):2514-2525.JIAO Jian,LIU Chonghuai,FAN Xiucai,ZHANG Ying,SUN Haisheng,JIANG Jianfu,LI Min.Expression and genotype analysis of VvmybA1 in Chinese wild grapes and interspecific hybrids[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2013,46(12):2514-2525.

[45] 付晓伟,焦健,刘崇怀,樊秀彩,姜建福,张颖.山葡萄及其杂种Myb 相关基因的基因型及VvmybA1 片段的分析[J].果树学报,2014,31(3):353-361.FU Xiaowei,JIAO Jian,LIU Chonghuai,FAN Xiucai,JIANG Jianfu,ZHANG Ying.Genotyping Myb-related genes in Vitis amurensis and its hybrids and characterizing the VvmybA1 fragment sequences[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2014,31(3):353-361.

[46] 孙磊,焦健,樊秀彩,姜建福,张颖,刘崇怀.葡萄初级核心种质资源MybA 基因型分析[J].植物遗传资源学报,2016,17(2):356-364.SUN Lei,JIAO Jian,FAN Xiucai,JIANG Jianfu,ZHANG Ying,LIU Chonghuai.Genotyping MybA genes in primary core germplasm resources of grape[J].Journal of Plant Genetic Resources,2016,17(2):356-364.

[47] FAN X C,ZHAO R Z,WANG Q Q,LIU C H,FANG J G.Anthocyanin composition and MybA-related genotype in kyoho grape and its derivatives[J].HortScience,2018,53(12):1766-1771.

[48] 肖鑫,傅伟红,葛孟清,李腾,任艳华,马小河,刘崇怀,贾海锋,房经贵.72 个酿酒葡萄品种MYB 调控基因的基因型和单倍型鉴定[J].南京农业大学学报,2022,45(1):27-36.XIAO Xin,FU Weihong,GE Mengqing,LI Teng,REN Yanhua,MA Xiaohe,LIU Chonghuai,JIA Haifeng,FANG Jinggui.Identification of genotypes and haplotypes of MYB-regulated genes in 72 wine grape varieties[J].Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University,2022,45(1):27-36.

[49] 马亚茹,冯建灿,刘崇怀,樊秀彩,孙海生,姜建福,张颖.葡萄无核性状的SSR 新分子标记开发及应用[J].中国农业科学,2018,51(13):2622-2630.MA Yaru,FENG Jiancan,LIU Chonghuai,FAN Xiucai,SUN Haisheng,JIANG Jianfu,ZHANG Ying.Development and application of SSR new molecular marker for seedless traits in grape[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2018,51(13):2622-2630.

[50] HE G Q,HUANG X X,PEI M S,JIN H Y,CHENG Y Z,WEI T L,LIU H N,YU Y H,GUO D L.Dissection of the Pearl of Csaba pedigree identifies key genomic segments related to early ripening in grape[J].Plant Physiology,2023,191(2):1153-1166.

[51] 高晓铭,刘崇怀,张国海,张颖,姜建福,孙海生,樊秀彩.葡萄抗炭疽病QTL 的初步定位分析[J].园艺学报,2016,43(12):2442-2450.GAO Xiaoming,LIU Chonghuai,ZHANG Guohai,ZHANG Ying,JIANG Jianfu,SUN Haisheng,FAN Xiucai.Preliminary analysis of grape anthracnose resistance QTL[J].Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2016,43(12):2442-2450.

[52] 沈才琦,孙磊,张颖,姜建福,刘崇怀,樊秀彩.胶孢炭疽菌侵染不同抗性葡萄叶片的转录组学分析[J].果树学报,2022,39(5):730-742.SHEN Caiqi,SUN Lei,ZHANG Ying,JIANG Jianfu,LIU Chonghuai,FAN Xiucai.Transcriptomic analysis of different resistant leaves infected by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in grape[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2022,39(5):730-742.

[53] WU Y D,WANG Y,FAN X C,ZHANG Y,JIANG J F,SUN L,LUO Q W,SUN F,LIU C H.QTL mapping for berry shape based on a high-density genetic map constructed by whole-genome resequencing in grape[J].Horticultural Plant Journal,2023,9(4):729-742.

[54] 禹方方,张颖,姜建福,孙磊,刘崇怀,樊秀彩.葡萄资源叶片抗炭疽病鉴定及抗病基因的QTL 定位[J].果树学报,2023,40(11):2325-2339.YU Fangfang,ZHANG Ying,JIANG Jianfu,SUN Lei,LIU Chonghuai,FAN Xiucai.Identification of resistance to anthracnose in leaves of grape resources and QTL localization of disease resistance genes[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2023,40(11):2325-2339.

[55] 谭西北,李鹏,孙磊,樊秀彩,刘崇怀,姜建福,张颖.基于WGCNA 的刺葡萄抗白腐病关键基因的发掘[J].果树学报,2023,40(4):653-668.TAN Xibei,LI Peng,SUN Lei,FAN Xiucai,LIU Chonghuai,JIANG Jianfu,ZHANG Ying.Discovery of key genes for White Rot resistance in Vitis davidii based on WGCNA[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2023,40(4):653-668.

[56] ZHANG C,CUI L W,LIU C H,FAN X C,FANG J G.Mining candidate genes of grape berry cracking based on high density genetic map[J].Horticultural Plant Journal,2023,9(4):743-753.

[57] LI P,TAN X B,LIU R T,RAHMAN F U,JIANG J F,SUN L,FAN X C,LIU J H,LIU C H,ZHANG Y.QTL detection and candidate gene analysis of grape white rot resistance by interspecific grape (Vitis vinifera L.× Vitis davidii Foex.) crossing[J].Horticulture Research,2023,10(5):uhad063.

[58] 张泉,刘崇怀,樊秀彩,张颖,孙磊,姜建福,郭大龙.葡萄无核性状分子标记通用性验证[J].果树学报,2024,41(7):1438-1451.ZHANG Quan,LIU Chonghuai,FAN Xiucai,ZHANG Ying,SUN Lei,JIANG Jianfu,GUO Dalong.Validation of the generality of molecular markers for seedless fruit in grape[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2024,41(7):1438-1451.

[59] ZHANG Y,WANG Y M,LIU R T,FEI Z J,FAN X C,JIANG J F,SUN L,MENG X,LIU C H.Antibody array-based proteome approach reveals proteins involved in grape seed development[J].Plant Physiology,2024,195(1):462-478.

[60] TAN X B,LI P,WANG H,GU L Y,LIU R T,JIANG J F,SUN L,FAN X C,LIU C H,ZHANG Y.Combined metabolomic transcriptomic analysis reveals the role of flavonoid pathway in white rot resistance of Vitis davidii Foex.grapes[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2024,335:113311.

[61] LUO Y Y,LIU Z Y,JIN Z X,LI P,TAN X B,CAO S,WANG X,LIU Z Q,SHI X Y,HUANG S Y,GU L Y,FAN X C,JIANG J F,SUN L,ZHOU Y F,LIU C H,XU X D,MA Z Y,ZHANG Y.Phased T2T genome assemblies facilitate the mining of disease-resistance genes in Vitis davidii[J].Horticulture Research,2025,12(2):uhae306.

[62] LIN M L,SUN L,LIU X W,FAN X C,ZHANG Y,JIANG J F,LIU C H.Genome- wide association study of grape texture based on puncture[J].International Journal of Molecular Sciences,2024,25(23):13065.

[63] QIN Y,ZHANG C Y,FAN X C,JIANG J F,ZHANG Y,LIU J H,LIU C H,SUN L.VvMYBA1 and VvMYB3 form an activator- repressor system to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in grape[J/OL].Horticultural Plant Journal,2024.DOI:org/10.1016/j.hpj.2024.03.011

[64] LIU R T,TAN X B,WANG Y M,LIN F,LI P,RAHMAN F U,SUN L,JIANG J F,FAN X C,LIU C H,ZHANG Y.The cysteine-rich receptor-like kinase CRK10 targeted by Coniella diplodiella effector CdE1 contributes to white rot resistance in grapevine[J].Journal of Experimental Botany,2024,75(10):3026-3039.

[65] 潘博文,魏冰心,苏宝峰,鞠延仑,刘崇怀,樊秀彩,张颖,孙磊,姜建福,房玉林.基于深度学习的葡萄砧木叶片识别研究[J].植物遗传资源学报,2024,25(4):668-677.PAN Bowen,WEI Bingxin,SU Baofeng,JU Yanlun,LIU Chonghuai,FAN Xiucai,ZHANG Ying,SUN Lei,JIANG Jianfu,FANG Yulin.Research on grape rootstock leaf recognition based on deep learning[J].Journal of Plant Genetic Resources,2024,25(4):668-677.

[66] PAN B W,LIU C H,SU B F,JU Y L,FAN X C,ZHANG Y,SUN L,FANG Y L,JIANG J F.Research on species identification of wild grape leaves based on deep learning[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2024,327:112821.

[67] 赵胜建,赵淑云,郭紫娟.三倍体葡萄新品种无核早红及配套栽培技术[J].河北果树,1998(3):30-31.ZHAO Shengjian,ZHAO Shuyun,GUO Zijuan.New seedless early red grape variety and its supporting cultivation technology[J].Hebei Fruits,1998(3):30-31.

[68] 樊秀彩,孙海生,李民,张颖,姜建福,刘崇怀.葡萄砧木新品种‘抗砧3 号’[J].园艺学报,2011,38(6):1207-1208.FAN Xiucai,SUN Haisheng,LI Min,ZHANG Ying,JIANG Jianfu,LIU Chonghuai.A new grape rootstock cultivar ‘Kangzhen 3’[J].Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2011,38(6):1207-1208.

[69] 樊秀彩,郭景南,孙海生,李民,潘兴,刘三军,张颖,姜建福,刘崇怀.葡萄砧木新品种抗砧5 号的选育[J].果树学报,2011,28(4):735-736.FAN Xiucai,GUO Jingnan,SUN Haisheng,LI Min,PAN Xing,LIU Sanjun,ZHANG Ying,JIANG Jianfu,LIU Chonghuai.A new grape rootstock cultivar Kangzhen No.5[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2011,28(4):735-736.

[70] 刘崇怀,樊秀彩,李民,孙海生,姜建福,张颖,顾红,刘三军,魏志峰.早熟无核葡萄新品种‘郑艳无核’[J].园艺学报,2015,42(3):595-596.LIU Chonghuai,FAN Xiucai,LI Min,SUN Haisheng,JIANG Jianfu,ZHANG Ying,GU Hong,LIU Sanjun,WEI Zhifeng.A new early-ripening seedless grape cultivar ‘Zhengyan Wuhe’[J].Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2015,42(3):595-596.

[71] SUN H S,FAN X C,LI M,ZHANG Y,JIANG J F,LIU C H.‘Brilliant Seedless’:A new medium-ripening seedless table grape[J].Vitis,2017,56(3):111-112.

Progress of collection, conservation and innovative utilization of grape re‐sources in the National Grape and Peach Germplasm Repository (Zheng‐zhou)

FAN Xiucai, ZHANG Ying, LI Min, SUN Lei, XU Rui, LIU Chonghuai*
Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, Henan, China

Abstract: Vitis L.belongs to Vitaceae family.Vitis can be divided into Subgenus Euvitis Planch and Subgenus Muscadinia Planch.Subgenus Euvitis Planch has more than 70 species whose chromosome number is 2n=38.Within the subgenus, the interspecies cross is easy, and they are mainly distributing in the temperate regions of Northern Hemisphere.They are intensively originated from three centers of West Asia, North America and East Asia: Europe-West Asia distribution center, North America distribution center and East Asia distribution center and form 3 species group according to geographic origin.Eurasian population originated from the center of Europe-West Asia only has a V.vinifear L.and 3 wild subspecies ssp.sativa D.C., ssp.silvestris Gm.and ssp.caucasica Vav..V.vinifear L.is the only cultispecies in Vitis species.The region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea is the origin of European grape.The European grape spread to Europe from this region and further spread around the world by European.By long-term introduction, domestication, breeding and clonal selection, the culti species has different characteristics and the diverse resources.At present, in the world, more than 90% production of grape are made from this species and more than 80% grape varieties are evolved from this species.It is widely cultivated in Mediterranean climate conditions around the world.There are about 30 species originated from North America Dstribution Center, which includes America, Canada and Mexico, to form South America species group.They are important disease-resistant grape germplasm resources,and play an important role in grape resistance breeding against phylloxera and downy mildew.East Asia Distribution Center includes China, Japan, Korea, Russia Far East and the northern area of Southeast Asia.It has about 40 species to form East Asia Species Group, which has extremely abundant diversity and resistant types.Each species of East Asia Species Group has a distribution in China, and all species of South America population mainly distribute in America.Therefore, China is one of the centers of origin with the most abundant wild grape resources in the world, including all the wild grape species from the East Asian origin center.The resistance types are extremely rich, providing important material support for grape breeding and industrial development.There are many cultivated varieties of grape.Long time ago, the description and recordation of grape varieties arose.With the extension of cultivation area and the escalation of varieties, more variety populations formed with different regional characteristics.Because Vitis plants have the wide origins, the activities of artificial introduction to exchange, breeding,clonal selection and so on, have made wide grape varieties and rich genotypes.Grape is one of the cultivated plants that have the most varieties.After a long time of natural selection and industrious breeding by human, it forms extremely abundant grape variety resources.Grape has been cultivated in China for over 2000 years, it was developed from west to east, and from north to south step-by-step.Nowadays,grape is cultivated all over China.China is a major producer of grapes and also a major consumer of grapes in the world, with grapes occupying an important position in our country.With the development of grape industry in China, the work of grape genetic resource and breeding is highly regarded than before.In 1978, the Chinese Agricultural Ministry planned to establish National Fruit Tree Germplasm Repositories.This plan was started in 1981 and finished in 1989.Good results are achieved in identification, evaluation and utilization of grape genetic resources to a certain extent.The National Grape and Peach Germplasm Repository (Zhengzhou) is the primary unit for preserving grape germplasm resources in China, and is currently one of the most abundant nurseries for preserving grape germplasm resources in the world.By December 2024, the National Grape and Peach Germplasm Repository (Zhengzhou) had collected and preserved 2140 grape germplasm resources.More than 30 000 hybrid offsprings were established using the selected excellent germplasm, and multiple new grape varieties such as Zhengyan Seedless, Hongyan Seedless, and Zhong Pu Jin Xiang were bred.Since 2000, the Zhengzhou Grape Germplasm Repository has cumulatively provided resources for utilization to 356 entities,including Nanjing Agricultural University, Northwest A&F University, China Agricultural University,Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, and other universities and research institutes, as well as agricultural technology extension departments, cooperatives, and planting enterprises at the provincial, municipal, and county levels in Henan, Hebei, Xinjiang, Hubei,Yunnan, and other provinces.A total of 16 349 resource utilizations have been provided, primarily for basic research, new variety breeding, production, and science popularization education, effectively supporting the development of grape scientific research, breeding, and the industry in China.This article introduces the development history of the National Grape Germplasm Resources Repository (Zhengzhou), summarizes and reviews the current status of grape germplasm resource collection and preservation in the past 20 years, as well as their innovative utilization.It also looks forward to future research directions, in order to provide a reference for the effective utilization and industrial development of grape germplasm resources in China.

Key words: Grape; Germplasm resources; Collection; Conservation; Innovative utilization

中图分类号:S663.1

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2025)11-2626-12

DOI: 10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20250098

收稿日期:2025-03-10

接受日期:2025-08-11

基金项目:农业农村部作物种质资源保护项目(2130135-34);国家园艺种质资源库(NHGRC2025-NH00-2);国家葡萄产业技术体系(CARS-29-yc-1);中国农业科学院科技创新工程专项(CAAS-ASTIP-2025-ZFRI);国家自然科学基金项目(31872057)

作者简介:樊秀彩,女,研究员,主要从事葡萄遗传资源研究。E-mail:fanxiucai@caas.cn

*通信作者Author for correspondence.Tel:0371-65330966,E-mail:liuchonghuai@caas.cn