蓝莓新品种岭雾的选育

李雨彤1,康雅雯1#,王一帆1,张文基1,王 丹1,詹培赫1,秦公伟1,王贺新1,温立柱1,2*,徐国辉2*

1大连大学生命健康学院,辽宁大连 116622;2大连大学现代农业研究院,辽宁大连 116622)

摘 要:岭雾是由爱国者(Patriot)蓝莓自然杂交实生苗选育而来的北高丛蓝莓新品种。该蓝莓品种呈现紧凑型果穗,浆果扁圆形,果实被覆致密均匀的灰白色蜡质层,整体呈浅蓝色(101-A)。果蒂痕小而干,质地坚实,硬度中等(2.7 kg·cm-2)。平均果实纵径约14 mm,横径18.3 mm,最大单果质量为4.03 g,平均单果质量2.99 g。糖酸比方面,可溶性固形物含量(w)9.73%,酸度高。在自然生长条件下,果实成熟期始于7月上旬,属于中晚熟品种。其果肉质地细腻多汁,具有独特芳香风味,产量高,适宜作为鲜食品种。

关键词:蓝莓;新品种;岭雾

蓝莓是杜鹃花科(Ericaceae)越橘亚科(Vaccinioideae)越橘属(Vaccinium L.)的小浆果果树,也称为蓝浆果[1]。其果实富含氨基酸、维生素、花青苷色素,并且含有铁、硒、锰等微量元素,具有增强人体免疫力、抗氧化、抗炎、护肝等功能[2]。目前,蓝莓已经成为全球范围内广泛种植和消费的水果之一。

据徐国辉等报道[3],20世纪初,美国农业部的F.V.Coville 博士首次成功实现了矮丛蓝莓与高丛蓝莓的种间杂交,标志着全球蓝莓育种工作的开端。在中国,早期蓝莓育种研究主要依赖从国外引进品种,但这些品种往往面临地域适应性不强、产量低、品质差、不耐贮存等问题,难以满足市场需求,制约产业发展[4-5]。因此,培育适应性强,品质优良的蓝莓新品种显得尤为重要。

1 选育过程

2010年夏季,在大连森茂现代农业有限公司所属的种质资源圃内,对爱国者蓝莓进行种子采集。经第2年春季播种,成功获得230株实生植株。2012年春季,该批植株被移栽至大连普世蓝农业科技有限公司。2015 年7 月初进行果实性状总体评估,最终筛选出性状优异的子代,命名为SМN-300。经品尝测定,该品种果实大,形状为扁圆形且颜色为浅蓝色,表面覆有厚实均匀的果粉;口感甜润、汁多细腻,风味独特且带有芳香气味;其硬度适中,产量高,非常适合作为鲜食品种。

在2017年和2018年7月,对该蓝莓优良品系及其组培繁殖后代开展了系统化鉴定,对多项性状进行综合评估,检测结果表明,该品种在植株形态结构、花期物候特征、结实率及果实品质等关键农艺性状呈现高度遗传一致性。经国家林业和草原局审查,于2020年7月核准授予植物新品种保护权(证书编号:20200089),命名为岭雾(图1)。

图1 蓝莓新品种岭雾
Fig.1 A new blueberry cultivar Lingwu

2 主要性状

2.1 植物学特征

岭雾是北高丛蓝莓新品种,其植株形态为直立型且树势中等;该品种叶片形状为长椭圆形,平均叶面积14.92 cm2,叶形指数1.80,颜色呈现深绿色,且叶片边缘平滑无锯齿,为全缘状;新生结果枝平均长度11 cm,单枝结果数8个。

2.2 果实主要性状

该品种具有紧密排列的果穗,果实形状为扁圆形,表面覆盖着一层均匀且厚度适中的果粉,颜色为浅蓝色(101-A)。其果蒂痕小而干燥,耐贮存,果实硬度中等(2.7 kg·cm-2),平均单果大小为1.4 cm ×1.83 cm,最大单果质量为4.03 g,平均单果质量为2.99 g。可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)为9.73%,酸含量高(0.36%)。在自然生长环境中,该蓝莓品种自每年7月上旬起逐渐成熟,属于中晚熟品种。此外,该品种果实芳香且甜,口感细腻,汁水丰沛,同时具备高产特性,宜作为鲜食蓝莓品种(表1)。

表1 岭雾与爱国者的果实性状比较
Table 1 Comparison of fruit characteristics between Lingwu and Patriot

品种Cultivar岭雾Lingwu爱国者Patriot果实颜色Fruit color浅蓝色Light blue浅蓝色Light blue果实形状Fruit shape扁圆形Oblate扁圆形Oblate风味Flavor甜Sweet甜Sweet成熟期Мaturation period 7月上旬Early July 7月上旬Early July平均单果质量Average single fruit mass/g 2.99果实硬度Frui hardness/(kg·cm-2)2.70 w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solid content/%9.73 w(酸)Acid content/%0.36 2.07 3.01 15.11 0.40

2.3 物候期

在辽宁大连地区的露地栽培条件下,该品种的生长周期具有明显的时间特征。通常4月份进入萌芽期,5月进入开花期,6月果实颜色开始发生变化,进入转色期。在自然条件下,该品种的成熟期通常在7 月上旬左右。根据成熟时间,该品种属于中晚熟类型。

3 分子鉴定

采用自主研发的SSR213 分子标记核心引物对母本品种爱国者蓝莓及其子代岭雾等13 个蓝莓品种进行遗传特征分析(图2)。F 端引物序列为:GGGGCTCCCCACGTCTC。R 端引物序列为:TCCTTGTTAGCCGGGGC。在PCR 扩增后使用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测分析,结果显示,该引物能准确鉴别岭雾及所有参试品种的遗传特征。被鉴定的15 个蓝莓品种分别为岭雾、大粒蓝金、早蓝、维口、蓝丰、爱国者、丹尼斯蓝、塞拉、艾克塔、红利、布莱登、杜珀林、库帕、云雀、聪明豆。

图2 引物SSR213 对15 个蓝莓品种的电泳结果
Fig.2 Electrophoresis results of primer SSR213 on 15 blueberry cultivars

4 栽培技术要点

4.1 适宜种植范围

该品种适宜在长江以北或地势较高的地区栽培,理想的生长环境为质地疏松、土层深厚、营养丰富且排水性佳的湿润土壤,但必须防止水分过多导致根部受损。最适合该品种生长的土壤类型是壤土或壤砂土,其pH值应控制在4.0~5.5范围内,并且土壤中的有机物含量≥3.0%。

4.2 建园定植

应选取高度超过40 cm、主茎基部直径不小于0.4 cm 的2 年或3 年生钵苗或裸根苗定植,该品种需600~1200 h以上的低温处理。定植的土壤需经过深耕和平整,翻耕深度建议控制在20~30 cm范围内。

4.3 水肥管理

为了优化土壤的物理化学特性,促进植株生长,建议在整个种植区域铺设一层由秸秆、稻草、木屑及松针组成的覆盖物,厚度应至少10 cm。这样做有助于保持土壤湿度、提升土壤中有机质的比例。此外,在树木周围铺设黑色地膜可以有效地抑制杂草生长。在安装滴灌系统时,应确保管道位于地膜之下以保证灌溉效率。在进行苗木种植之前,应当施用适量已经充分腐熟的有机肥。

4.4 病虫害防治

蓝莓在生长过程中遇到的主要病害包括缺素症及茎腐病等;缺铁时,新叶叶脉间失绿,严重时叶脉黄化;缺镁时,成熟期老叶叶缘和叶脉间褪绿。此类现象多由土壤酸碱度偏高导致铁、镁等元素被固定,根系无法吸收及水分不足阻碍营养元素运输。通过调节土壤pH 值并适当增加灌溉量可以有效缓解这一状况。

针对缺素症的情况,建议在植株根系周围均匀撒布约3 L的草炭加上100 g硫黄粉,之后用腐叶土等介质覆盖,并充分浇水。而蓝莓茎部腐烂问题往往发生在湿度较高的条件下,且主要影响个别植株的特定枝条;为此,在春季萌芽之前进行适当的修剪是必要的。蓝莓在生长过程中易遭受蛴螬等地下害虫、刺蛾类食叶害虫及鸟类啄食等多重危害,因此采用有机栽培模式时应优先采用物理防治措施,减少化学农药依赖;一旦发现害虫侵扰,应及时采用物理捕捉方法或者利用白僵菌这类生物农药来进行控制;面对鸟类造成的损害,安装防鸟网是最有效的防御措施。

4.5 整形修剪

完成定植后需立即进行定干操作,应将定干高度维持在0.2~0.3 m之间。随着植株逐渐成长,需培育出8~10 条主要枝干,形成多主干、自然分布且呈丛生灌木状的树形结构,并要注重冬季与夏季的修剪管理。夏季应在果实收获之后采取短截和疏剪相结合的修剪技术。冬季则建议在白露节气前后开展修剪工作,主要目的是促进花芽分化。

4.6 防寒措施

得益于胶东半岛三面环海的地理特征与中原地区相对温和的冬春气候条件,北高丛蓝莓在该地区栽培时展现出显著的生态适应性特征。其生理抗寒机制能充分应对当地冬季温度波动,因此无需额外实施越冬防护措施。但在辽东半岛地区,则需采用诸如土壤覆盖、应用镀铝反光材料包裹或是在黑色塑料袋中填充稻草等方法以抵御寒冷气候的影响。

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Breeding report of a new blueberry cultivar Lingwu

LIYutong1, KANG Yawen1#, WANG Yifan1, ZHANG Wenji1, WANG Dan1, ZHAN Peihe1, QIN Gongwei1,WANG Hexin1,WEN Lizhu1,2*,XU Guohui2*

(1School of Life and Health,Dalian University,Dalian 116622,Liaoning,China;2Institute of Modern Agriculture,Dalian University,Dalian 116622,Liaoning,China)

Abstract:Lingwu is a novel northern highbush blueberry cultivar derived from Patriot seedlings.In the autumn of 2011, our team collected 230 seedlings, which were subsequently planted in the spring of 2012. By the first half of July 2015, the fruits had ripened, and a superior progeny, designated as Senmao 300, was carefully selected. Upon thorough test and evaluation, this cultivar was found to bear large, oblate, light blue berries in thick and uniformly textured clusters. The fruit are characterized by sweetness, delicate texture, juiciness, and pleasant, fragrant flavor. They also exhibit medium hardness and good productivity,making them an exceptional choice for fresh consumption.From July 2017 to July 2018, a comprehensive assessment of the traits of this cultivar and its asexually propagated progeny was conducted. The results demonstrated that the cultivars overall characteristics, including plant morphology, flowering and fruiting traits, fruit yield and quality, were consistent and stable. On July 29,2020, this cultivar was registered as Lingwu and granted a New Cultivar Right Certificate by Chinas State Forestry and Grassland Administration(SFA).This cultivar features an upright tree body with vigorous growth. The leaf blade is elongated and oval-shaped, with an average leaf area of 14.92 cm², a leaf shape index of 1.80,and a dark green color with an entire margin.The average length of a new fruiting shoot is 11 cm, with each shoot bearing an average of 8 fruit. The fruit are oblate and densely packed on a thick and uniformly textured inflorescence that is light blue (101-A). The calyx scar is small and shriveled, and the fruit firmness is of a moderate level (2.7). The fruit have average dimensions of 1.4 cm×1.83 cm,with a maximum weight of 4.03 g and an average weight of 2.99 g per fruit.The fruit contains 9.73%soluble solids(°Brix)and has relatively high acidity levels.Fruit ripening begins in early July, making this variety particularly suitable for cultivation in regions north of the Yangtze River or high-altitude zones.For optimal growth,deep,loose soils with high fertility and good drainage are required.The soil should hold moisture without waterlogging tendencies.Preferred soil textures include loam or sandy loam with an acidic pH(4.0-5.5)and an organic matter content exceeding 3.0%.Cultivation needs 600-1200 cumulative chilling hours. Prior to planting, thorough tillage to a depth of 20-30 cm, land leveling, and soil conditioning should be carried out to meet the specified physical and chemical properties. 2- or 3-year-old potted seedlings or bare-root seedlings that are at least 40 cm tall and have a main stem base diameter above 0.4 cm,are used for garden establishment.For soil and fertilizer management, soil mulching with straw, wood debris, and pine needles is applied.The thickness of the mulch should exceed 10 cm, which helps in moisturizing, increasing the soils organic matter content, and improving soils physical and chemical properties. Мulching with black sheet effectively controls weed growth.Before planting,well-fermented organic fertilizer is applied to the seedlings.

Key words:Blueberry;New cultivar;Lingwu

中图分类号:S663.2

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2025)09-2212-04

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20250097

收稿日期:2025-03-03

接受日期:2025-03-26

基金项目:辽宁省“揭榜挂帅”科技计划重点项目(2022020655-JH1/109);大连市科技创新基金项目(2023JJ12SN035);大连大学学科交叉融合项目(DLUXK-2023-YB-004)

作者简介:李雨彤,在读硕士研究生,从事蓝莓遗传与育种研究。E-mail:2662802290@qq.com。#为共同第一作者。

*通信作者Author for correspondence. E-mail:wlizhu@163.com;E-mail:xugh520@163.com