晚熟核桃新品种大姚1号的选育

肖良俊,宁德鲁*,王高升,刘 娇,马 婷

(云南省林业和草原科学院,昆明 650201)

摘 要:大姚1号核桃(Juglans sigillata‘Dayao No.1’)是从云南深纹核桃实生群体中选育的晚熟、丰产、风味甜香、口感细腻的核桃新品种。坚果圆球形,两肩平,底部稍凸,缝合线稍凸、次紧密,种尖钝尖,种壳较光滑;三径均值3.40 cm,中果型;壳厚1.08 mm,内褶壁退化,隔膜膜质,易取仁;果粒质量12.20 g,果仁质量6.84 g,出仁率56.07%;种仁饱满,仁浅白色。坚果仁还原糖含量(w,后同)1.7%,脂肪含量为64.7%,蛋白质含量为17.1%。在大姚县4月上中旬萌芽和展叶,11月中旬落叶,全年生长期约214 d,枝条发枝率185%,成枝率100%,果枝率95%,平均坐果3~4个,3个居多,10月中旬果实成熟。表现出较好的抗寒性、避晚霜和抗病虫害能力。适宜在云南中高海拔区域种植,该品种选育填补了云南缺乏晚熟品种和适宜中高海拔种植品种的空白,具有良好的生产和推广前景。

关键词:核桃;新品种;大姚1号;晚熟

核桃(Juglans spp.)具有较高的经济、营养、生态价值[1-2],云南省核桃面积286.7万hm2,产量、产值均居全国第一,具备打造千亿元产业的巨大潜力。核桃使云南山区1500~2000 万人口受益,在脱贫攻坚和乡村振兴中发挥了巨大的作用。在竞争日趋激烈的核桃市场,云南省核桃提质增效必须立足丰富种质资源,在品种多样化、特异化及品质优异化方面下功夫,以满足社会和市场对核桃不同品种的需求[3-4]。云南省林业和草原科学院经济林研究所选育出核桃新品种大姚1 号核桃(图1),具有晚熟、口感甜、丰产、抗性强、适宜高海拔生长等优点,在未来核桃产业发展中具有较大的推广价值。

图1 核桃新品种大姚1 号
Fig.1 A new walnut cultivar Daoyao No.1

1 选育过程

依托国家林业和草原局林业生物安全及遗传资源项目“云南省核桃遗传资源调查编目”,2015年起云南省林业和草原科学院联合各州(市)林科所(推广站)开展全省16个州市94个县核桃遗传资源调查编目工作。在“中国核桃之乡”大姚县发现1 株实生核桃树,具有晚熟、风味甜香、口感细腻、丰产等特点,遂选为优株。2015—2024年在大姚县三台乡按实生良种选育程序,以云南主栽大姚三台核桃为对照,开展优良单株无性系测定、无性系区域栽培试验、无性系品种生产试验。通过多年观测和品质鉴定,大姚1 号核桃为中早实核桃,晚熟、口感甜香、丰产性、抗寒性等比较突出,适宜中高海拔种植。经分子标记分析,大姚1 号核桃植株与同在大姚县三台乡选育出的云南省主栽品种大姚三台核桃植株在分子水平上存在差异(图2)。2024 年通过云南省林木品种审定委员会认定,定名为大姚1 号深纹核桃优良无性系(良种编号:云R-SC-JS-073-2024)。

图2 大姚1 号与大姚三台核桃的20 个SSR 位点的毛细管电泳检测结果
Fig.2 Capillary electrophoresis detection results of 20 SSR loci in Dayao No.1 and Dayao Santai walnuts

图2 (续) Fig.2 (Continued)

2 主要性状

2.1 坚果经济性状

大姚1号核桃青果圆球形,平均青果质量67.00 g。随机选取10个大姚1号和大姚三台核桃进行考种。结果如表1所示,坚果圆球形,种壳光滑、两肩平、底部稍突、缝合线稍凸次紧密、种尖钝尖,坚果内褶壁退化、隔膜膜质、取仁易。坚果平均质量12.20 g、出仁率56.07%、三径均值3.40 cm、平均壳厚1.08 mm、核桃仁饱满饱胀,脂肪含量(w,后同)64.7%、蛋白质含量17.1%、还原糖含量1.7%。

表1 大姚1 号与对照品种大姚三台核桃坚果经济性状比较
Table 1 Comparison of nut economic character between Dayao No.1 and Dayao Santai walnut

品种Cultivar大姚1号Dayao No.1大姚三台Dayao Santai坚果果形Fruit shape圆球形Spherosome长椭圆形Oblong壳面Appearance光滑Smooth较光滑Smoother单果质量Single fruit mass/g 12.2壳厚度Thickness of shell/mm 1.08出仁率Kernel rate/%56.07 w(脂肪)Fat content/%64.7 w(蛋白质)Protein content/%17.1 w(还原糖)Reducing sugar ontent/%1.7 10.5 1.10 50.60缝合线Suture次紧密Subcompact紧密Tigtnessh 63.1 18.5 1.0

2.2 植物学特征

树体树势强,树姿直立,主干分层,树冠圆球形;小叶片10~13 枚,11 枚居多,呈长椭圆形,叶尖渐尖,叶缘全缘无锯齿;混合芽圆形,无芽柄,主副芽无间距,主芽芽鳞裂开明显;枝条发枝率185%,成枝率100%,果枝率95%,成熟休眠枝灰绿色,腺点突出、稀疏;雌雄异花,雄先型,雄花花序长5.0~10.0 cm,每果枝平均着花朵3~4 枚,3 枚居多,平均坐果3~4 个,3 个居多;果实圆形,果面光滑、无茸毛,呈绿色。

2.3 生物学特性

2.3.1 物候期 在大姚县连续3 a(年)对大姚1 号核桃进行物候观察,结果如表2 所示,4 月上中旬萌芽,4 月中下旬展叶,4 月中下旬雄花盛开,4 月下旬雌花盛开,10 月中旬果实成熟,比大姚三台核桃晚成熟20 d左右,11月中旬落叶。

表2 大姚1 号与对照品种大姚三台物候期观察
Table 2 Phenological observation table of Dayao No.1 and the control cultivar Dayao Santai

品种Cultivar大姚1号Dayao No.1大姚三台核桃Dayao Santai萌芽期Bud break period 4月10日Apr.10 4月1日Apr.1展叶期Leaf expansion period 4月16日Apr.16 4月8日Apr.8雄花盛开期Мale flowering period 4月25日Apr.25 4月15日Apr.15雌花盛开期Female flowering period 4月30日Apr.30 4月23日Apr.23果实成熟期Fruit maturation period 10月15日Oct.15 9月25日Sept.25落叶期Leaf fall period 11月10日Nov.10 10月30日Oct.30

2.3.2 生长结果习性与产量 大姚1号核桃树体高大,萌芽力中等,成枝率和果枝率高,以果枝顶芽和下部2~3 个侧芽结果为主。果实成熟期在10 月中旬,较对照品种大姚三台核桃晚成熟20 d左右,生长结实状况良好,大小年不明显。选用3~5 年生地径5~8 cm 铁核桃作砧木,嫁接3 a 后开始挂果。嫁接第6 年平均株产鲜果6.65 kg,第7 年平均株产鲜果7.40 kg,第8年平均株产鲜果28.81 kg。

2.3.3 适应性及抗病虫害能力 区域性及生产性试验表明大姚1 号核桃在大姚县三台乡海拔2700 m能够正常生长,表现出较好的抗寒性、避晚霜能力。经田间抗病虫害调查,天牛、木蠹蛾等蛀干(枝)性害虫对大姚1号核桃危害较轻,果实和叶片对黑斑病、炭疽病等病害均表现较好抗性。

3 栽培技术要点

在品种适宜种植范围内(海拔2400~2800 m),选择较好立地条件,按株行距8 m×10 m,大穴整地(80 cm×80 cm×80 cm),施足基肥(腐熟农家肥10~20 kg+三元复合肥0.3 kg);选用合格苗木,在休眠期种植(11月至翌年1月),做到苗正、根舒、踩实、水透、覆膜,1.5 m左右定干;或采用高枝嫁接方法进行品种改良。采用疏散分层形整形修剪方法,控制树高与长势,提早丰产;每年12至翌年1月结合施基肥(每株10~20 kg农家肥)进行土壤深耕,提倡果粮间作、种植绿肥,旱季3—4 月间土壤较干时,灌水1~2次,保持土壤湿润;追肥一年施2~3次,第1次在展叶初期至开花前(4—5月),以速效氮肥为主;第2次在幼果快速生长期(6月),速效氮肥加复合肥配合施入;第3次在坚果硬核及油脂转化期(7—8月),以磷钾复合肥为主。注重防治核桃举肢蛾为主的果实害虫,云斑天牛为主的蛀干害虫,木蠹蛾为主的枝梢害虫,金龟子、绿叶蝉为主的叶部害虫的防治,以及细菌性黑斑病防治,秋冬树干涂白。

4 综合评价

大姚1号核桃总体表现出较好的晚熟、丰产性,抗寒性、避晚霜等特性。能够在云南中高海拔区域种植,且坚果口感甜香和细腻,深受市场和消费者欢迎,在产区供不应求并带来较好的经济效益。该良种填补了云南缺乏晚熟和适宜中高海拔种植核桃良种的空白,具有良好的生产和推广前景。

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Breeding report of a new late-maturing walnut cultivar Dayao No.1

XIAO Liangjun,NING Delu*,WANG Gaosheng,LIU Jiao,МA Ting
(Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland,Kunming 650201,Yunnan,China)

Abstract:Dayao No. 1 walnut is a new variety of walnut, characterized by late maturity, high yield,sweet and fragrant flavor, and delicate texture, which was selected and bred from the seedling population of deeply-ribbed walnuts in Yunnan.It is highly popular among the markets and consumers,and is in high demand in the production areas, bringing good economic benefits.The walnut kernel is spherical in shape,with flat shoulders and a slightly convex base.The suture lines are slightly raised and moderately close together.The seed tip is bluntly pointed,and the shell is relatively smooth.The average diameter of the three axes is 3.40 cm,classifying it as a medium-sized fruit variety.The shell thickness is 1.08 mm,with a degenerated inner fold and a membranous septum,making it easy to extract the kernel.The average weight of a single nut is 12.20 g, with a kernel weight of 6.84 g, resulting in a kernel extraction rate of 56.07%.The kernel is plump and light in color.The walnut kernel contains 1.7 g of reducing sugars per 100 g,and has an oil content of 64.7%and a protein content of 17.1%.The tree has a strong growth vigor and a spherical canopy. Each compound leaf consists of 10 to 13 leaflets, with 11 leaflets being the most common. The leaflets are oblong in shape. The mixed buds are round without bud stalks.The branching rate of shoots is 185%,the branch formation rate is 100%,and the fruit-bearing branch rate is 95%.The tree has unisexual flowers with protandry(male flowers open before female flowers).The male inflorescences are 5.0 to 10.0 cm long. On average, each fruit-bearing branch has 3 to 4 female flowers,often more than 3,and the average fruit set is 3 to 4,often more than 3.The fruit is round, with a smooth surface and without no pubescence, and is green in color. In Dayao County, the tree buds and leaves come out in mid-to-late April and leaves shed in mid-November, with a growing period of about 214 days.The tree mainly bears fruit from the terminal buds and the lower 2 to 3 lateral buds of the fruit-bearing branches.The fruits mature in mid-October, about 20 days later than the control variety Dayao Santai walnut.The tree has good growth and fruiting conditions, with no significant alternate bearing. Мolecular marker analysis shows that Dayao No. 1 walnut plants differ from Dayao Santai walnut plants at the molecular level. It exhibits good cold resistance, ability to avoid late frosts,and resistance to pests and diseases.Dayao No.1 walnut can be cultivated in the mid-to-high altitude regions of Yunnan.The breeding of this variety fills the gap in Yunnan for late-maturing walnut cultivars suitable for mid-to-high altitude,and it has a promising future for production and promotion.

Key words:Walnut;New cultivar;Dayao No.1;Late-maturing

中图分类号:S664.1

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2025)09-2216-05

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20250144

收稿日期:2025-03-31

接受日期:2025-04-17

基金项目:云南省种子种业联合实验室项目(202205AR070001-19);云南省科技人才与平台计划(202405AD350007)

作者简介:肖良俊,男,副研究员,主要从事核桃和林下经济研究与推广。E-mail:xiaoliangjun@yafg.ac.cn

*通信作者Author for correspondence. E-mail:ningdelu@yafg.ac.cn