桃是世界上广受欢迎的水果之一，不仅以其鲜美的口感、丰富的营养赢得了消费者的青睐，更在果树产业中占据了举足轻重的地位。从古老的果园到现代化的种植基地，桃树的栽培历史源远流长，与人类农业文明同步发展。然而，随着社会的不断进步和消费者需求的日益多样化，传统的桃树品种已难以满足市场对高品质、抗病虫害、耐贮藏等的需求。针对这些需求中国农业科学院果树研究所与莒县桃树研究所联合攻关，旨在培育高品质、抗蚜虫油桃新品种。
1 选育过程
2013年采收中农珍珠×中农红花珍珠1号[1-2]的杂交种子，洗净果肉，沙藏越冬。种子萌发后当年定植于莒县桃树研究所桃育种圃内，南北行向定植，二主枝开心形整形，常规管理。2016年开始挂果，连续两年对其生物学和经济学性状进行观察，筛选出一个红花中熟优株，代号为2013-664。2018—2022年连续4 a（年）在山东日照、临沂等地进行比较试验和多点区试，经观察2013-664成熟期120 d左右，与母本中农珍珠[1]基本一致，果肉硬度比中农珍珠硬，耐贮性比中农珍珠强，丰产性强、品质优、果实艳丽、商品率高，受到种植户和当地消费者的欢迎。2022年定名为中农珍珠5号（图1），同年通过农业农村部非主要农作物品种登记，证书编号为GPD桃（2022）210019。
2 主要性状
2.1 植物学特征
中农珍珠5号树势中庸，树姿半开张。1年生新梢绿色，阳面紫红色，平均节间长度2.50 cm，复花芽多,花芽起始节位为第二节。花蔷薇型、红色，花瓣5片，花药橘红色。叶片长披针椭圆形，叶缘锯齿圆形，叶长11.7 cm，叶宽3.2 cm，长宽比适中，叶基角度近直角，叶尖角度中大，叶柄蜜腺肾形。
2.2 果实经济性状
中农珍珠5 号中熟，成熟期与中农珍珠一致。平均单果质量95 g，果实扁圆形，中等不对称，果皮底色淡绿，果面全红，着色均匀。果肉白，近核处红，核近圆形，离核。果肉硬度14.9 kg·cm-2，硬溶质，风味甜，可溶性固形物含量（w，后同）13%～15%，可滴定酸含量0.15%～0.18%，鲜食品质佳，在示范基地有较好表现（表1）。
表1 2020—2022 年临沂和日照中试基地中农珍珠5 号果实成熟期、品质与产量
Table 1 Harvesting date,fruit quality and yield of Zhongnong Zhenzhu 5 at experimental and demonstration base in Rizhao city and Linyi city during 2020 to 2022
年份Harvest year 2020树龄Tree age/a 2021 2022产地Production base临沂Linyi日照Rizhao临沂Linyi日照Rizhao临沂Linyi日照Rizhao 3 3 4 4 5 5成熟期Harvesting date 8月6日Aug.6 8月6日Aug.6 8月5日Aug.5 8月4日Aug.4 8月4日Aug.4 8月4日Aug.4单株产量Yield per tree/kg 17.64 16.28 18.67 19.21 17.29 18.35单果质量Average mass of single fruit/g 91.4 95.1 97.8 95.7 100.3 97.2 w（可溶性固形物）Total soluble solid content/%14.2 13.6 14.5 15.0 13.7 14.3 w（可滴定酸）Titratable acid content/%0.15 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.18 0.16
2.3 生长结果习性
中农珍珠5号早果性强，春天定植第2年即可结果，控产后第4年进入盛果期。结果起始节位为第2节。幼树期新梢生长量大，易成花，枝条半开张，以长、中结果枝结果为主。盛果期新梢生长量稍小，长、中、短结果枝均可结果，每666.7 m2 产量可达2500 kg，但产量超载后树势变弱，应将每666.7 m2产量控制在1500 kg以内。老龄树以长、中结果枝和徒长结果枝为主。
2.4 物候期
中农珍珠5号在山东日照、临沂等地开花期为3月下旬，花期3～5 d。果实发育期120 d左右，全年生育期260 d左右。
2.5 抗逆性及栽培适应性
中农珍珠5号为中熟品种，8月上旬成熟，主要虫害有卷叶蛾、潜叶蛾、梨小食心虫等，雨水较多的年份，易发生细菌性穿孔病。区域试验表明，中农珍珠5号在山东省适应性良好，可在山东地区广泛种植。
3 栽培技术要点
3.1 定植建园
应在阳光充足、排水良好的平地、丘陵或山地春季种植。采用株行距为（1.5～2.0）m×（3～4）m的Y形或（2～3）m×（4～5）m的三主枝开心形。定植沟种植，原土与秸秆、有机肥混匀后回填，浇透水，再挖小穴定植。定植后距地面50～60 cm定干，浇透水并覆地膜。
3.2 整形修剪
采用长枝修剪、单轴延伸原则，轻剪缓放，增加长、中结果枝比例。夏季疏除过密枝和徒长枝，保留短结果枝以改善通风透光条件，冬季以疏除为主，疏除病、弱及徒长枝，保留长、中结果枝。
3.3 土肥水管理
果园行间可采用自然生草模式，草长至40 cm时进行刈割覆盖。落叶前1个月施基肥40 kg·株-1，以腐熟的羊粪、兔粪为宜。硬核期适当控水，追施1～2 次以P、K、Ca 为主的硬核肥，分别占全年量的30%、40%、41%，以减少裂核和落果；采收后再追施1次P、K肥以促进成花；果实发育前期按需浇水，后期以控为主，采收前15 d不浇水。
3.4 花果管理
中农珍珠5 号自花结实力强，根据树势和坐果情况合理留果，一般结果枝基部7 cm 不留果，单侧10 cm留1个果以保证品质和树势，盛果期每666.7 m2控制产量在1500 kg以内为宜，可不套袋。
3.5 病虫害防治
中农珍珠5 号抗蚜虫，可免施蚜虫药。生长季节注意防治穿孔病、食心虫、天牛、潜叶蛾等枝叶病虫害，根据发生规律及时防治。
参考文献References：
[1] 王莹莹，刘立常，刘志伍，杨兴旺，刘万春，王孝娣.小果油桃新品种‘中农珍珠’[J].园艺学报，2022，49(增刊2)：25-26.WANG Yingying，LIU Lichang，LIU Zhiwu，YANG Xingwang，LIU Wanchun，WANG Xiaodi. A new little nectarine cultivar‘Zhongnong Zhenzhu’[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica，2022，49(Suppl.2)：25-26.
[2] 王莹莹，刘立常，刘志伍，王孝娣.早熟黄肉油桃新品种‘中农红花珍珠1 号’[J].园艺学报，2021，48(增刊2)：2781-2782.WANG Yingying，LIU Lichang，LIU Zhiwu，WANG Xiaodi. A new early-ripening yellow-fleshed nectarine cultivar‘Zhongnong Honghua Zhenzhu 1’[J].Acta Horticulturae Sinica，2021，48(Suppl.2)：2781-2782.
A new red-flowered nectarine cultivar Zhongnong Zhenzhu 5
WANG Yingying1,LIU Lichang2,LIU Zhiwu2,YANG Xingwang1,WANG Xiaodi1*
(1Research institute of pomology of CAAS,Xingcheng 125100,Liaoning,China;2Juxian Institute of Peach,Juxian 276500,Shandong,China)
Abstract：Zhongnong Zhenzhu 5 is a medium-ripening and red-flowered nectarine cultivar developed from the cross between Zhongnong Zhenzhu and Zhongnong Honghua Zhenzhu 1 in 2013 at the JuxianInstitute of Peach Breeding Nursery.Initially,156 natural seedlings were cultivated in a greenhouse and subsequently transplanted to a breeding nursery in Мay 2014.The seedlings began fruiting in 2016,and their botanical and economic traits were documented over a two-year period(2016—2017).In 2017,the selection code 2013-664,recognized for its exceptional overall characteristics and red flowers,was identified as a promising candidate for further evaluation. It underwent regional adaptability testing in Rizhao and Linyi City from 2018 to 2022. Officially designated as Zhongnong Zhenzhu 5, it received licensing from the Мinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in 2022 under the code GPD peach (2022)210019. The tree is characterized by moderate vigor and a semi-open growth habit, with a strong branching capability.The sunny side of the young branches displays a reddish-brown color,while the reverse side is green. The average internode length of the young branches is 2.5 cm, featuring doubleflowered buds.The leaves are elliptical-lanceolate,with a nearly right-angled base and a medium tip angle, measuring 11.7 cm in length and 3.2 cm in width, accompanied by a petiole length of 0.8 cm.The flowers resemble roses, showcasing red petals and fuchsia anthers, producing abundant fertile pollen and demonstrating a high self-pollination setting rate. The fruit is oblate, with over 80% of its surface exhibiting a deep red hue.The average fruit weight is 95 g,with a maximum weight of 113 g.The flesh is white,firm,and moderately juicy,with red pigmentation surrounding the stone,and offers a sweet flavor.Key fruit quality metrics include an average soluble solids content(SSC)of 13.7%,total acidity of 0.16%, flesh firmness of 14.9 kg·cm-2, and a harvesting duration exceeding 7 days. The fruit demonstrates good storage and transportation capabilities, with a shelf life of 8-10 days. In the Rizhao area,flowering occurs in late Мarch,and fruit ripening takes place in early August,with a development period of approximately 120 days,similar to its parent,Zhongnong Zhenzhu.The defoliation period occurs in early November, resulting in a total growth period of approximately 260 days.This cultivar exhibits high resistance to aphids and stable yields,making it suitable for cultivation in peach-producing regions of Shandong province and its surroundings. The tree begins to bear fruit in the spring following planting,with yields reaching up to 2500 kg per 666.7 m²by the fourth year.Pruning is recommended during both dormant and growing seasons to manage tree shape and vigor. Ridge cultivation with a‘Y’shaped tree system and spacing of(1.5-2.0)m×(3-4)m is advised.While the cultivar can achieve high yields through self-pollination,fruit thinning is essential to enhance fruit quality and maintain appropriate tree vigor, with a recommendation to retain one fruit every 8-10 cm on the same side along a branch.The yield should be managed at 1500 kg per 666.7 m2.
Key words：Nectarine;New cultivar;Zhongnong Zhenzhu 5;Red-flower
中图分类号：S662.1
文献标志码：A
文章编号：1009-9980(2025)09-2209-03
DOI：10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20240696
收稿日期：2024-12-31
接受日期：2025-03-25
基金项目：中国农业科学院科技创新工程项目（CAAS-ASTIP）；国家重点研发计划项目（2020YFD1000203）；日照市科技计划项目（2019CXZX1105）
作者简介：王莹莹，女，助理研究员，博士，主要从事桃遗传育种与栽培技术研究。Tel：0429-3598238,E-mail：wangyingying@caas.cn
*通信作者Author for correspondence. Tel：0429-3598238,E-mail：wangxiaodi@caas.cn
