优质丰产香蕉新品种桂蕉10号的选育

李佳林,田丹丹*,李朝生,覃柳燕,何章飞,韦莉萍,韦绍龙,黄素梅

(广西壮族自治区农业科学院生物技术研究所·国家热带果树品种改良中心广西香蕉分中心·香蕉品种遗传改良和栽培技术国家地方联合工程研究中心(广西),南宁 530007)

摘 要:桂蕉10 号是从巴西蕉的芽变单株经组织培养快繁和田间优选培育的香蕉新品种。桂蕉10 号新植蕉假茎高大粗壮,平均高度284.56 cm,基围71.94 cm,中围52.53 cm,假茎底色为黄绿色,叶姿开张。果穗圆柱形,果穗长84.40 cm,果穗宽37.00 cm,穗柄长度为79.75 cm,穗柄粗度为18.70 cm。果梳排列整齐,平均单果质量149.75 g,平均果指长24.17 cm,果指宽3.51 cm。生果果皮颜色为绿色,熟果果皮黄色,熟果果肉黄白色。果实蔗糖含量(w,后同)6.20 g·100 g-1,可溶性糖含量20.87%,总酸含量0.19 g·100 g-1,淀粉含量3.90 g·100 g-1,维生素C含量12.50 mg·100 g-1,钾含量364.00 mg·100 g-1,可溶性固形物含量22.00%。新植蕉生育期为355~385 d,宿根蕉生育期为350~375 d,与亲本巴西蕉的生育期基本一致。常规种植条件下,新植一代蕉的平均单株产量为24.84 kg,折合每公顷平均产量为49 355.32 kg,比亲本巴西蕉增产10.52%;宿根蕉的平均单株产量为27.40 kg,折合每公顷平均产量为54 424.29 kg,比亲本巴西蕉增产8.23%。盆栽及大田抗枯萎病试验评价结果表明,在测试巴西蕉的抗性水平为高度感病的情况下,桂蕉10号的抗性水平为感病。适宜在广西、广东、云南、海南等香蕉产区推广种植。

关键词:香蕉;新品种;桂蕉10号;丰产

香蕉是世界上鲜果中产量、贸易量和贸易额最大的水果[1]。作为关键的经济作物和粮食作物,其对缓解全球饥荒、促进社会经济发展具有不可替代的作用[2]。我国是世界第二大香蕉生产国和消费国,我国香蕉种植区域主要分布在广东、广西、云南、海南、福建和台湾等南方地区。广西作为我国第二大香蕉产区,具有自然条件适宜、区位优势明显、规模化程度高等发展优势。随着人口的增长和消费水平的提高,市场对香蕉的需求持续攀升,培育并推广高产优质香蕉品种已成为满足市场需求、增强产业竞争力的关键举措。

为了适应市场需求、提高农民的经济效益,广西农业科学院等科研机构长期致力于香蕉新品种的选育工作[3-6]。经多年攻关,成功培育出具有高产、优质的香蕉新品种——桂蕉10 号。该品种在传承传统香蕉优良特性的同时,在产量和品质方面有了显著提升,为香蕉产业的发展注入了新的活力。

1 选育经过

桂蕉10 号是广西壮族自治区农业科学院生物技术研究所选育的优异香蕉品种。2010 年在海南省三亚市凤凰镇巴西蕉园内鉴定到一株假茎高大粗壮、果穗柄较长、果指较长的巴西蕉芽变单株,挖取其吸芽进行组培扩繁,编号TX。2011 年利用经组培扩繁得到的TX营养杯苗进行苗期室内香蕉枯萎病抗性评价,其病情指数明显低于对照品种巴西蕉。2012 年在武鸣区宁武镇培桂基地枯萎病重病区进行试验种植,从未感病植株中筛选出一株果指和果穗柄较长、经济性状较好的植株,挖取其吸芽再次进行组培扩繁。2013—2015 年期间,以假茎高大、果穗柄和果指较长为目标性状,通过反复筛选-组培扩繁-大田种植优选的方式,最终获得性状稳定的优良株系TX-23。自2016 年开始分别在南宁市、百色市、钦州市、玉林市等香蕉主产区进行种植比较试验,该株系都保持稳定的生物学特性,具有植株高大粗壮、果指长、单株产量高等优点。2019年将该株系定名为桂蕉10号(图1)。2022年11月桂蕉10号获得国家植物新品种权证书(CNA20201007736)。

图1 桂蕉10 号植株(A)与果穗(B)
Fig.1 Guijiao No.10 plant(A)and fruit bunch(B)

2 主要性状

2.1 植物学特征

表1所示,与亲本巴西蕉相比,桂蕉10号新植蕉植株假茎高大粗壮,平均高度为284.56 cm,比巴西蕉高18.15 cm,二者之间差异显著。假茎平均基围和平均中围分别为71.94 cm 和52.53 cm,比亲本略低,但差异不显著。假茎底色为黄绿色,花青苷显色强。假茎基部叶鞘内表面颜色为紫红色。叶片平均长度、叶片平均宽度分别为228.28 cm、101.64 cm,比亲本稍大,但差异不显著。叶柄较长,长度为42.61 cm。叶距中,叶面有光泽,叶背有蜡粉,叶背中脉颜色黄色。穗柄弯曲程度强,有茸毛(图2)。穗柄长度和粗度与亲本巴西蕉相比均有显著差异,桂蕉10号穗柄长度为79.75 cm,比亲本长11.91 cm;穗柄粗度为18.70 cm,比亲本细3.69 cm。花序轴无苞片宿存,雄花轴姿态下垂,雄花蕾形状近椭圆形,花蕾顶部苞片排列呈小覆瓦状,苞片外表颜色紫红色。

表1 桂蕉10 号与对照品种巴西蕉主要性状比较
Table 1 Comparison of important traits between Guijiao No.10 and the control cultivar Brazilian banana

注:不同小写字母表示在P<0.05 差异显著。下同。
Note:Different small letters indicate significant difference at P<0.05.The same below.

品种Cultivar桂蕉10号Guijiao No.10巴西蕉Brazilian banana假茎高度Pseudostem height/cm 284.56±7.62 a假茎基围Pseudostem girth at 30 cm height/cm 71.94±1.56 a假茎中围Pseudostem girth at its half height/cm 52.53±0.53 a叶柄长度Petiole length/cm 42.61±1.67 a叶片长度Leaf blade length/cm 228.28±4.54 a叶片宽度Leaf blade width/cm 101.64±4.93 a穗柄长度Peduncle length/cm 79.75±1.82 a穗柄粗度Peduncle girth/cm 18.70±0.73 b 266.41±2.35 b 73.48±0.31 a 54.56±1.33 a 41.97±1.65 a 222.64±1.73 a 93.31±2.11 a 67.84±1.86 b 22.39±2.00 a

图2 桂蕉10 号穗柄(A)与巴西蕉穗柄(B)
Fig.2 The peduncle of Guijiao No.10(A)and the peduncle of Brazilian banana(B)

2.2 经济学特性

桂蕉10号果穗呈圆柱形,果实着生姿态强烈上弯,果穗美观,较整齐紧凑,果梳数为9.85个,果穗较长,平均84.40 cm,果穗平均宽度为37.00 cm。果指较巴西蕉长,新植蕉果指平均长度为24.17 cm,宿根蕉果指平均长度为25.08 cm。果指平均宽度为3.51 cm。生果皮颜色绿色,熟果皮颜色黄色,果肉硬度中偏软,熟果肉颜色为黄白色(图3)。平均单果质量149.75 g。果实蔗糖含量(w,后同)6.20 g·100 g-1,可溶性糖含量20.87%,总酸含量0.19 g·100 g-1,淀粉含量3.90 g·100 g-1,维生素C含量12.50 mg·100 g-1,钾含量364.00 mg·100 g-1,可溶性固形物含量22.00%(表2)。

表2 桂蕉10 号与对照品种巴西蕉主要经济性状比较
Table 2 Comparison of main economic characteristics between Guijiao No.10 and control cultivar Brazilian banana

w(蔗糖)Sucrose content/(g·100 g-1)6.20品种Cultivar桂蕉10号Guijiao No.10巴西蕉Brazilian banana w(可溶性糖)Sugar content/%20.87 w(总酸)Titratable acid content/(g·100 g-1)0.19 w(淀粉)Starch content/(g·100 g-1)3.90 w(维生素C)Vitamin C content/(mg·100 g-1)12.50 w(钾)Potassium content/(mg·100 g-1)364.00 w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solids content/%22.00 6.70 16.38 0.23 4.19 11.40 217.00 18.60

图3 桂蕉10 号第三梳果实(A)、单个果指(B)与巴西蕉单个果指(C)对比
Fig.3 Comparison of the third-hand fruits of Guijiao No.10(A),individual fingers(B),and individual fingers of Brazilian banana(C)

2.3 产量表现

2020—2021 年,在广西南宁市武鸣区里建基地、钦州市久隆镇基地进行桂蕉10号和巴西蕉对比试种。如表3所示,2020年桂蕉10号新植一代蕉的平均单株产量为24.84 kg,折合每公顷平均产量为49 355.32 kg,比亲本巴西蕉增产10.52%;2021 年桂蕉10 号宿根蕉的平均单株产量为27.40 kg,折合每公顷平均产量为54 424.29 kg,比亲本巴西蕉增产8.23%。桂蕉10号有一定的丰产性和稳产性。

表3 桂蕉10 号区域试验的产量表现
Table 3 Yield performance of Guijiao No.10 in regional trials

年份Year种植点Planting site种植密度Planting density/(plant·666.7 m-2)2020南宁武鸣Wuming in Nanning钦州久隆Jiulong in Qinzhou 130桂蕉10号Guijiao No.10单株产量Yield per plant/kg 24.56±0.95 a折合产量Equivalent yield/(kg·hm-2)47 868.07巴西蕉Brazilian banana单株产量Yield per plant/kg 22.23±0.75 b折合产量Equivalent yield/(kg·hm-2)43 326.84 135 25.12±0.95 a 50 842.58 22.72±0.90 b 45 985.01平均值Mean value 2021南宁武鸣Wuming in Nanning钦州久隆Jiulong in Qinzhou 130 135 24.84 27.29±0.97 a 27.50±0.67 a 49 355.32 53 188.91 55 659.67 22.48 25.00±0.50 b 25.63±0.55 b 44 655.92 48 725.64 51 874.81平均值Mean value 27.40 54 424.29 25.32 50 300.22

2.4 生物学特性及适应性

桂蕉10 号在广西产区2 月至3 月初种植6~8 叶龄组培苗的情况下,于当年12月开始收获。新植蕉生育期为355~385 d,宿根蕉生育期为350~375 d,与亲本巴西蕉的生育期基本一致。秋冬种植时需要盖膜避寒越冬,应尽可能避开易受寒害的区域种植。桂蕉10 号植株叶姿开张,叶柄顶部两翼向外翻卷,种植密度为每666.7 m2 120~140株。

2.5 枯萎病抗性

2.5.1 苗期抗性评价(室内抗性鉴定) 香蕉苗期盆栽室内抗性鉴定参考田丹丹等[7]、黄秉智等[8]的方法及苗期抗枯萎病评价标准进行。结果表明,在测试亲本巴西蕉为高度感病的参照下,桂蕉10号为感病(表4)。

表4 桂蕉10 号盆栽苗抗病性评价
Table 4 Evaluation of disease resistance of Guijiao No.10 potted seedlings

品种Cultivar桂蕉10号Guijiao No.10巴西蕉Brazilian banana发病率Incidence rate/%67.78±5.09 b病情指数Disease index,DI 38.89±3.67 b 86.67±3.34 a 64.67±1.76 a抗病级别Resistance level感(S)Susceptibility(S)高感(HS)High Susceptibility(HS)

2.5.2 田间抗性评价(田间抗性调查) 田间抗性调查评价参考黄素梅等[9]、黄秉智等[8]方法进行。结果如表5所示,桂蕉10号为感病,亲本巴西蕉为高感。田间评价结果与苗期盆栽评价结果一致。

表5 桂蕉10 号田间抗病性评价
Table 5 Field resistance evaluation of Guijiao No.10

品种Cultivar桂蕉10号Guijiao No.10巴西蕉Brazilian banana发病率Incidence rate/%52.22±5.09 b死亡率Death rate/%11.11±3.85 b 83.33±3.34 a 18.89±1.92 a抗性水平Resistance level感(S)Susceptibility(S)高感(HS)High Susceptibility(HS)

3 栽培技术要点

(1)选择适宜蕉园,种植密度以每666.7 m2 120~140 株为宜,光温充足、水肥条件好的区域,可每666.7 m2种植160~180株。

(2)广西、云南采取秋冬植及春植模式,秋冬植宜以覆盖双膜(地膜及天膜)越冬为佳;海南、广东等地宜选择在5—7月种植,也可根据当地的种植习惯确定种植时间。

(3)种植前每株撒施500~750 g 土壤调理剂(主要成分:CaO含量≥40%)、充分腐熟的鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪、羊粪等粪肥或经过充分发酵处理的豆粕肥等植物秸秆肥类15~20 kg,复合微生物肥料2 kg、复合肥(N∶P∶K质量比15∶15∶15)500 g、钙镁磷肥200 g,结合防治根结线虫病施放10%克线磷颗粒剂20~30 g。蕉苗定植后应及时浇足、浇透定根水。在新出第一枚叶片之前,保持土壤充足水分。特别是干旱季节,应保证土壤连续充足的水分供应。以施有机肥为主,施足充分的发酵好的农家肥、豆粕肥、花生麸等有机肥。平衡施用化肥,以埋施复合肥、钾肥为主,滴施或喷施水溶性复合肥为辅,中后期配合施适量中、微量元素肥料,还应配施生物有机肥。

(4)做好果穗管理工作,主要包括:校蕾抹花垫把、断蕾和疏果、果穗套袋等,果穗管理技术与常规品种相同。

(5)加强对香蕉枯萎病、根结线虫、叶鞘腐败病、叶斑病及黑星病的防控,全生育期防治象甲、蚜虫、红蜘蛛、斜纹夜蛾、叶跳甲、卷叶虫、花蓟马等。

4 应用前景

桂蕉10 号在南宁、玉林、钦州、百色、崇左及北海等广西香蕉主产区试种时,均表现为植株假茎高大粗壮、果指较长以及持续丰产的优良特性。因此,该品种适宜在广西、广东、云南、海南等我国香蕉主产区推广种植。

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Breeding of a new high-quality and high-yield banana cultivar Guijiao No.10

LI Jialin, TIAN Dandan*, LI Chaosheng, QIN Liuyan, HE Zhangfei, WEI Liping, WEI Shaolong,HUANG Sumei
Biotechnology Research Institute,Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Guangxi Banana Branch of National Improvement Center for Tropical Fruit Variety Ministry of Agriculture, P.R. China/National Joint Engineering Research Center for Genetic Improvement and Cultivation of Banana Varieties(Guangxi),Nanning 530007,Guangxi,China

Abstract:Guijiao No.10(AAA Cavendish)is a new banana cultivar bred from a natural mutant of Brazilian banana through tissue culture and field selection.In 2010,a natural mutated individual of Brazilian banana with tall and thick pseudostems, long fruit stalk, and elongated fingers was identified in a Brazilian banana plantation in Sanya. Its suckers were excavated for tissue culture propagation, designated as TX. From 2011 to 2015, after repeated selection of healthy plants with tall pseudostems, long ear stems and fingers for bud suction, tissue culture and propagation, and field planting, the stable and excellent strain TX-23 was finally obtained.From 2016 to 2019,after multiple comparative planting experiments,the strain maintained stable biological characteristics.In 2019,the strain was named Guijiao No.10.In November 2022,Guijiao No.10 obtained the national plant variety rights(CNA20201007736).The average pseudostem height of Guijiao No. 10 was 284.56 cm. and the average pseudostem base and middle circumferences were 71.94 cm and 52.53 cm, respectively. The pseudostems were tall and sturdy, with a yellowish-green bottom color. The leaves spread out openly, the male flower buds were oval in shape. The fruit bunch were cylindrical in shape. The fruit hands are neatly arranged. The fruit bunch length was about 84.40 cm,width was about 37.00 cm.The peduncle length was about 79.75 cm,peduncle girth was about 18.70 cm. The average fruit length was 24.17 cm, with an average width of 3.51 cm.The immature fruit peel colour was medium green,while the mature fruit peel colour was yellow,and the pulp colour at maturity was yellowish-white.The average finger mass is 149.75 g.In conventional cultivation conditions,the average yield per plant of the newly planted first-generation banana was 24.84 kg,with an average yield of 49 355.32 kg·hm-2,representing a 10.52%increase compared to the parental Brazilian banana.The average yield per plant of the ratoon crop was 27.40 kg,with an average yield of 54 424.29 kg·hm-2,showing an 8.23%increase over the parental Brazilian banana.The sucrose content of the fruit was about 6.20 g·100 g-1,soluble sugar content is 20.87%,titratable acid content is 0.19 g·100 g-1,starch content is 3.90 g·100 g-1,vitamin C content is 12.50 mg·100 g-1,potassium content is 364 mg·100 g-1 and soluble solids content is 22.00%.The growth period of newly planted banana Guijiao No.10 is 355-385 days.The growth period of perennial banana is 350-375 days.Both pot and field experiments for Fusarium wilt resistance evaluated that while the tested Brazilian Banana exhibited a highly susceptible resistance level,the Guijiao No.10 variety demonstrated a susceptible resistance level. Successfully planted in the main banana producing areas of Guangxi, such as Nanning,Yulin, Chongzuo, Beihai, and Baise, suitable for planting in tropical and subtropical regions such as Guangxi,Guangdong,Hainan,and Yunnan in China.Avoiding areas that are susceptible to cold damage as much as possible. Select suitable banana plantations with a planting density of 120-140 plants per 666.7 m2 being optimal. In areas with sufficient light, temperature, and favorable water and fertilizer conditions, the planting density can be increased to 160-180 plants per 666.7 m2. Guangxi and Yunnan adopt autumn and winter planting and spring planting modes,and it is advisable to use double film covering(plastic film and sky film)for winter planting in autumn and winter;Hainan,Guangdong and other places should choose to plant from May to July. Before planting, organic fertilizer should be mainly applied.After planting banana seedlings, they should be watered thoroughly and thoroughly with root water in a timely manner. Balanced application of chemical fertilizers, mainly using buried compound fertilizers and potassium fertilizers, supplemented by drip or spray water-soluble compound fertilizers.In the middle and later stages, appropriate amounts of medium and trace element fertilizers should be applied in combination, and bio-organic fertilizers should also be applied. Manage the fruit clusters well. Strengthen the prevention and control of banana wilt disease, root knot nematode, leaf sheath rot disease, leaf spot disease, and black spot disease, and prevent and control elephant beetles, aphids, red spider mites,striped armyworms,leaf jumping beetles,leaf rollers,flower thrips,etc.throughout the entire growth period.

Key words:Banana;New cultivar;Guijiao No.10;High yield

中图分类号:S668.1

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2025)08-1935-06

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20250208

收稿日期:2025-05-12

接受日期:2025-07-06

基金项目:广西自然科学基金项目(2025GXNSFAA069623);国家自然科学基金项目(32460738);国家现代农业产业技术体系广西香蕉创新团队建设(nycytxgxcxtd-2024-16);广西农业科学院科技发展基金(桂农科2024YP073)

作者简介:李佳林,女,研究实习员,主要从事香蕉抗病育种及枯萎病防控研究。E-mail:759179328@qq.com

*通信作者Author for correspondence. E-mail:luckytian6688@163.com