荔枝新品种桂爽的选育

林锦何1,2,李 花1,2,古莹珺3,古幸福1,叶翰江1,刘观仪4

1惠州市惠阳区农业农村综合服务中心,广东惠州 516200;2华南农业大学园艺学院,广州 510642;3惠州市惠阳区三和街道办,广东惠州 516200;4惠州市惠阳区镇隆镇景丽荔枝专业合作社,广东惠州 516200)

摘 要:桂爽是从惠州市惠阳区镇隆大光村荔枝园丁香变异单株选种选育出来的晚熟、稳产、优质荔枝新品种。平均单果质量31.7 g,果实呈歪心形,果肉爽脆、无渣,具有桂花香味,可食率78.7%,果皮呈暗红色。可溶性固形物含量(w)17.1%~18.6%,焦核率86.7%。果实7月中旬成熟,具有果大、丰产稳产、成花易,品质优等突出特点,高位嫁接树第4年株产达17.3 kg,第5年株产达24.3 kg,适合两广等中晚熟荔枝产区种植。

关键词:荔枝;新品种;桂爽;遗传稳定;桂花香味

中国是荔枝原产国和生产国,具有悠久栽培历史,因品种之间发生自然杂交,从而形成丰富的实生荔枝种质,为荔枝品种选育提供了种质资源基础[1]。近年来利用实生选种方法已选育出冰荔[2]、桂早荔[1]和岭丰糯[3]等多个荔枝新品种,在荔枝种植现状中,品质优良、成花稳定、丰产稳产的优质晚熟荔枝品种还比较缺乏,选育优质晚熟荔枝新品种对荔枝产业高质量发展意义重大。

1 选育过程

桂爽源自广东省惠州市惠阳区镇隆镇景丽荔枝专业合作社果园中的实生树,树龄至今约50 a(年)。1999年早春采集荔枝母树芽条40多条,在果园内23株怀枝荔枝实生苗进行低位嫁接,总共嫁接了46 条接穗,存活了41 条,2003 年开始,嫁接的23株荔枝树(第一代树)全部开花结果。经过多年(2003—2014 年)观摩,第一代植株的生物学特性、爽脆度、甜度以及主要经济性状与母树无明显差异,遗传性状稳定。从2014年开始,对新发现荔枝品种梢生长特性、花序和果实发育规律、果糖含量、可溶性固形物含量等生理指标进行了详细的观察、记录、检测。利用SNP 分子标记对其亲本来源及特异性进行对比分析。2015—2017 年分别在东莞市厚街镇大迳村桂冠荔枝专业合作社、深圳市西丽果场两地进行异地高接。经过多年多点区试和品种比较试验,发现其生物学特性、品质以及主要经济性状,与母树保持一致。具有大小年现象不明显,稳产丰产、成花易、肉质脆爽、晚熟、遗传稳定等优良特点。2020 年11 月通过广东省农作物品种审定委员会评定(评定编号:粤评果20200001),2024年9月获得农业农村部植物新品种权证书(证书号:第2024035089号),定名为桂爽(图1)。

图1 荔枝新品种桂爽
Fig.1 A new litchi cultivar Guishuang

2 主要特性

2.1 果实经济性状

果实迟熟晚熟,一般7月中旬成熟,果实大,平均单果质量31.7 g,小核多,汁少,有桂花香味,无涩味;可滴定酸含量(w,后同)0.12%~0.44%,可食率78.7%,焦核率86.7%,可溶性固形物含量17.1%~18.6%,果肉呈黄蜡色,肉质爽脆;果实呈歪心形,果顶钝圆,缝合线中度明显,梗洼微凹,果肩一边隆起一边平;果皮龟裂片大峰钝尖,隆起,暗红色(表1)[4]

表1 桂爽与桂味和糯米糍主要果实性状及品质比较
Table 1 Comparison of main fruit characteristics and quality between Guishuang,Guiwei,and Nuomici

品种Cultivar风味Flavor外观Appearance桂爽Guishuang单果质量Average simple fruit weight/g 31.7焦核率Seed abortion rate/%86.7可食率Edible rate/%78.7 w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solids content/%17.1~18.6 w(可滴定酸)Titratable acid content/%0.30桂味Guiwei 21.9 78.6 72.3暗红,心形或歪心形Dark red,heart-shaped or crooked heart-shaped鲜红,心形Bright red,heart-shaped 16.9~18.2 2.00糯米糍Nuomici 32.1 80.5 79.2肉厚爽脆,清甜带桂花香Thick and crispy meat,sweet with osmanthus fragrance细嫩多汁,清甜带桂花香Tender and juicy,sweet with osmanthus fragrance肉厚且脆,浓甜,清香Thick and crispy meat,sweet and fragrant鲜红,心形或歪心形Bright red,heart-shaped or crooked heart-shaped 17.1~18.3 0.26

2.2 植物学特征

树势健壮,叶片较短,尾尖尖长,对称,呈披针形;平均长10.53 cm,宽3.61 cm,叶厚0.044 cm;对生小叶多近对生,2~3对;树冠半圆形,树姿开张;网状叶脉,全缘叶缘,叶面平滑有光泽;花较小,复总状圆锥花序,淡黄绿色,花朵排列整齐;花梗褐色圆形;花梗长19.61 cm,花梗直径0.048 cm,花梗侧分枝数10个;花丝长0.05 cm,花朵间距0.080 cm(表2)。

表2 桂爽与桂味和糯米糍主要植物学特征比较
Table 2 Comparison of the main botanical characteristics of Guishuang,Guiwei,and Nuomici

品种Cultivar桂爽Guishuang桂味Guiwei糯米糍Nuomici叶长Leaf length/cm 10.53叶宽Leaf width/cm 3.61叶厚Coating thickness/cm 0.044花梗长Pedicel/cm 19.61花梗直径Pedicle diameter/cm 0.048花梗侧分枝数Pedicel lateral branching 10花丝长Filament length/cm 0.05花朵间距Flower spacing/cm 0.080 11.03 4.03 0.042 29.11 0.040 19 0.05 0.080 11.25 3.98 0.043 25.78 0.043 16 0.05 0.060

2.3 生长习性和物候期

经多点试验(区域试验)(表3),高接树种第2年可以开花结果;第3 年株产可达7.3 kg;第4 年达17.3 kg;第5年高达24.3 kg。惠阳镇隆景丽果场1999年嫁接树种,经测产2016年产量达7.68 t·hm-2、2017年产量达11.25 t·hm-2、2018 年产量达11.88 t·hm-2。结果树一般1月中下旬出现“白点”(花序原基),2月上旬至3月中旬形成花穗,3月下旬初花,4月上旬盛花,4月中旬谢花,7月上旬果实成熟,可开2批雌花,果实发育周期为85~90 d。成年结果树春梢从萌芽到转绿需要约75 d,夏梢期约66 d,秋梢期约78 d,冬梢期约61 d。1 年可抽秋梢2~3 次,幼年树1 年可抽梢5~6次[4]

表3 桂爽多点试验(区域试验)产量情况
Table 3 Guishuang multi-point experiment(regional experiment)production situation

地点Location东莞市厚街镇大径村Houjie town,Dajing village,Dongguan city深圳市西丽果场Orchard of Shenzhen Xili惠州市镇隆镇景丽果场Jingli Orchard Zhenlong town,Huizhou city调查株数Investigation amount 25单株平均产量Single average output/kg 2017年In 2017 7.1 2018年In 2018 16.8 2019年In 2019 22.5 3年平均The average value in three years 15.47 25 25 6.3 7.3 15.9 17.3 20.6 24.3 14.27 16.30

2.4 亲本来源分析

基于SNP标记,荔枝新品种桂爽与20份疑似亲本种质的遗传距离介于0.079~0.184,为单独聚为一支,与春藤、乌叶舅的遗传距离较近(图2)。基于19个SNP 位点基因型检测分析表明(表4),荔枝新品种桂爽基因型是AG,其他品种基因型均为AA,只有春藤基因型为GG。春藤是新品种荔枝桂爽的亲本之一,且非春藤自交后代。基于SNP标记分析桂爽为荔枝新品种[5]

表4 桂爽及其20 份疑似亲本的19 对SNP 位点分型
Table 4 Typing of 19 pairs of SNP loci in Guishuang and its 20 suspected parents

品种Cultivar桂爽Guishuang花东早米枝Huadongzaomizhi壮园1号Zhuangyuan l柳荔2号Liuli 2圆端荔Yuanduanli乌叶舅Wuyejiu麒麟1号Yuqilin l新兴香荔Xinxingxiangli桂花1号Guihua l玉潭蜜荔Yutanmili鱼藤荔Yutengli灵山香荔Lingshanxiangli春藤Chunteng海垦4号Haiken 4井头Jingtou马贵荔Maguili草莓荔Caomeili桂味Guiwei香岭小丁香Xiangling Xiaodingxiang大丁香Dadingxiang丁香Dingxiang 3 7 8 tt tt tc tc ag aa 11 gg gg 12 aa aa 14 tt tt 17 cc tc 18 tt tt 19 tt tt 21 tt tt 22 gg gg 24 tc tt 27 tg tg 29 cc cc 30 gg gg 35 aa aa 37 gg gg 39 ag ag 52 aa aa tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tc tc tc tc tc tc tt tc tc tc tc tc tc tc tc tt cc aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa gg aa aa aa aa aa aa gg gg gg gg gg ag gg gg gg ag gg aa gg gg aa gg ag aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tc tc cc tc tc cc cc tc tc tc tc cc tc tc tc cc tc tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt gg gg tg gg gg gg tg gg gg gg gg gg gg tt gg tg tg tt tt tt cc tc cc tt tc tc cc tt tt tt cc cc tt tc tg tg gg gg tg tg tg tg tg tg tt gg tt tt gg tg tg cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg aa aa aa aa aa ag aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa ag gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg aa aa ag ag ag aa aa aa aa aa aa ag aa ag aa gg ag aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa ag aa tt tt tc tc aa aa ag ag aa aa tt tt tc cc tt tt tt tt tt tt gg gg cc tc tt tg cc cc tg gg ag ag gg gg ag ag aa ag

图2 基于SNP 标记的桂爽及其20 份疑似亲本的UPGMA 聚类分析
Fig.2 Based on SNP markers Guishuang UPGMA clustering map and its 20 suspected parents

2.桂爽;7.丁香;9.桂味;14.新兴香荔;17.灵山香荔;25.草莓荔;28.花东早米枝;29.壮园1 号;30.柳荔2 号;31.圆端荔;32.乌叶舅;33.麒麟1 号;34.桂花1 号;35.玉潭蜜荔;36.鱼藤荔;37.春藤;38.海垦4 号;39.井头;41.马贵荔;43.香岭小丁香;44.大丁香。下同。
2.Guishuang;7.Dingxiang;9.Guiwei;14.Xinxingxiangli;17.Lingshanxiangli;25.Caomeili;28.Huadongzaomizhi;29.Zhuangyuan l;30.Liuli 2; 31. Yuanduanli; 32. Wuyejiu; 33. Yuqilin l; 34. Guihua l; 35. Yutanmili; 36. Yutengli; 37. Chunteng; 38. Haiken 4; 39. Jingtou; 41. Maguili;43. Xiangling Xiaodingxiang;44.Dadingxiang.The same below.

3 栽培技术要点

3.1 育苗及高接换种

育苗可采用压条、嫁接、高接换种等技术进行繁育,嫁接繁育可用妃子笑作砧木,对桂味或妃子笑进行高接换种。

3.2 园地选择与施肥管理

经试种观察,该品种适合在广东、广西等中晚熟荔枝产区种植;园地可选择不超25°的坡地种植,新植苗种植坑挖1 m深、直径0.8 m为宜,下足基肥,春季栽种为宜;种植密度可选(4~5)m×(5~6)m;树间可种植良性杂草或绿肥,以改善和提高果园的种植生态环境,利于提高果实品质。

建议对结果树全年施肥2 次:(1)开花肥:在花穗抽出3~6 cm时,用株产50 kg计算,每株施用复合肥1.5~2.5 kg,钾肥1 kg。(2)促秋梢肥:在荔枝采收后立即施用1次肥,每株施用复合肥1~2 kg,施用尿素1~2 kg,最好为无机肥与有机肥结合施用。树体秋梢生长期和果实发育期可结合树势生长情况补充肥料营养。

3.3 整形与控梢促花

结果树可形成通风透光的开心形树冠,采摘后树形修剪以回缩和疏剪为主,11月底至12月初末次秋梢老熟,秋梢老熟后可进行螺旋环剥控梢促花,如有冬梢萌出,在冬梢展叶前喷施0.03%~0.04%的乙烯利。

3.4 疏果保果与主要病虫害防治

在雌花盛开后3~5 d 和20~25 d 进行保果,可喷施营养保果剂2,4-D+“生多素”,喷湿花穗或果即可。第2 次生理落果期之后可适当疏果,每穗可留果5~9 个。根据荔枝蛀蒂虫测报情况及时喷药防治,采收前15 d停止喷药,主要防治荔枝蝽象、尺蠖、霜疫霉病、炭疽病、蒂蛀虫等。秋梢和花果发育期预防为主,综合防治,根据病虫害发生情况进行病虫防治。

参考文献References:

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Breeding of a new lychee cultivar Guishuang

LIN Jinhe1,2,LI Hua1,2,GU Yingjun3,GU Xingfu1,YE Hanjiang1,LIU Guanyi4
(1Huizhou Huiyang District Agricultural and Rural Comprehensive Service Center,Huizhou 516200,Guangdong,China;2College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China;3Sanhe Street Office, Huiyang District, Huizhou City, Huizhou 516200, Guangdong, China;4Jingli Litchi Professional Cooperative Group, Zhenlong Town, Huiyang District, Huizhou 516200,Guangdong,China)

Abstract:Guishuang is a late-maturing,yield-stable,and high-quality lychee cultivar selected and bred from a mutant seedling of lychee in Daguang Village,Zhenglong Township, Huiyang District, Huizhou Municipality.The mother tree is currently about 50 years old.In the early spring of 1999,more than 40 scion sticks from the lychee mother trees were collected and grafted onto 23 Huai Zhi lychee seedlings in the orchard at a low position.A total of 46 buds were grafted and 41 were survived. Starting from 2003, all the 23 grafted lychee trees (first generation trees) bloomed and bore fruit. The average fruit weight is 31.7g, with a crooked heart shape.The flesh is crisp and fiber-free, and has a osmanthus fragrance.The flesh eatability rate is 78.7%,and the skin is dark red.The soluble solids content is 17.1%-18.6%,and the seed abortion rate is 86.7%.The tree vigor is robust.Leaves are short,with a symmetrically aristate tip, and a lanceolate shape. The crown is semi-circular, and open. The leaf veins are fine with entire leaf margin and smooth and glossy surface.The flowers are small, born on a compound raceme and cone-shaped inflorescence, light yellow green in color, and neatly arranged. The pedicle is brown and round.The fruit matures in mid July.The cultivar has prominent characteristics such as large size,high and stable yield,easy flowering and excellent quality.The yield per plant for top-grafted trees reached 17.3 kg in the fourth year and 24.3 kg in the fifth year.Propagration can be carried out through techniques such as air layering, grafting, and top grafting. For grafting, Feizixiao can be used as the rootstock, while Guiwei or Feizixiao can be used for top grafting. The orchard can be established on slopes with a gradient below 25 degrees. It is advisable to dig a planting hole with a depth of 1 meter and a diameter of 0.8 meters for new seedlings,with sufficient base fertilizer.Spring planting is recommended;Planting density can be(4-5)m×(5-6)m;Benign weeds or green manure can be planted between rows to improve and enhance the ecological environment in the orchard, which is conducive to improving fruit quality. Guishuang usually has its last autumn shoots maturing at the end of November to early December. After the autumn shoots mature, spiral girdling can be carried out to control the shoots and promote flowering. If winter shoots sprout, 0.03%-0.04% ethephon solution can be sprayed before the winter shoots bloom. 3-5 and 20-25 days after the female bloom, fruit retention can be achieved by spraying the nutrient agent containing 2, 4-D+“Sheng Duo Su”.After the second physiological fruit drop period, the fruit can be appropriately thinned out, retaining 5 to 9 fruits per cluster.Plant protection measures should be focused on preventing and controlling two pests and two diseases,including lychee stink bug, stem end borer, downy mildew, and anthracnose. It is suitable for mid- to late-maturing lychee producing areas in Guangdong and Guangxi.

Key words:Litchi;New cultivar;Guishuang;Genetic stability;Osmanthus fragrance

中图分类号:S667.1

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2025)08-1930-05

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20250019

收稿日期:2025-02-10

接受日期:2025-03-24

作者简介:林锦何,男,高级农艺师,硕士,主要从事果树等农业技术推广研究。E-mail:linjinhe2008.love@163.com