黄肉油桃新品种中农珍珠4号的选育

王莹莹1,刘立常2,刘志伍2,杨兴旺1,王孝娣1*

1中国农业科学院果树研究所,辽宁葫芦岛 125100;2莒县桃树研究所,山东日照 276500)

摘 要:中农珍珠4号是从中农珍珠×中油16号杂交一代群体中选育出来的黄肉油桃新品种。果实卵圆形,果顶稍突出,果皮底色深黄,果皮光滑无毛,果面70%以上着深红色,果肉黄色,近核处红,离核,硬溶质,风味香甜;平均单果质量76.2 g,最大单果质量96 g。平均可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)14.2%,可滴定酸含量0.28%,果肉硬度9.3 kg·cm-2,品质上。果实发育期130 d 左右,在山东莒县地区8 月中旬成熟,比中农珍珠晚10 d 左右;花为蔷薇型、粉色,可自花结实。耐贫瘠,货架期5 d。适合山东地区春季栽培,第2年即可开花结果,第4年进入盛果期。

关键词:油桃;新品种;中农珍珠4号;黄肉

桃是多年生落叶果树,原产于中国,迄今已有4000 多年的栽培历史,是中国最重要的果树之一。目前中国鲜食桃仍以白肉桃为主,而黄肉桃维生素C 含量高,富含膳食纤维,越来越受到消费者的喜爱。近些年来,一些黄肉桃渐渐开始出现在大众视野中,如中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所培育的黄金蜜桃系列[1-3]、中桃黄金蜜系列[4],河南农业大学培育的豫金蜜系列[5-7]等品种均为普通桃。针对消费者和市场的需求,中国农业科学院果树研究所与莒县桃树研究所联合攻关,旨在培育鲜食黄肉油桃新品种。

1 选育过程

2013 年以中农珍珠为母本,中油16 号为父本,进行杂交,8 月上旬采收杂交种,去除果肉,将桃核洗净晾干,放在通风的仓库保存。11月下旬按照种子、沙子体积比为1∶5的比例和成泥,堆放在背阴处层积。种子萌发后播种于山东省莒县桃树研究所桃育种圃内,南北行向定植,株行距1 m×3 m,Y 形整形,常规管理。2016年筛选出一个中熟黄肉油桃优株,代号为2013-631。2018 年在山东日照、临沂等地试种,经多年观察,2013-631具备稳产、丰产、品质优、果实艳丽、商品率高的优点,受到种植户的欢迎。2021 年定名为中农珍珠4 号(图1、图2),2022年通过农业农村部非主要农作物品种登记,证书编号为GPD桃(2022)210037。

图1 中农珍珠4 号结果状
Fig.1 Fruiting of Zhongnong Zhenzhu 4

图2 黄肉油桃新品种中农珍珠4 号
Fig.2 A new yellow-flesh nectarine cultivar Zhongnong Zhenzhu 4

2 主要性状

2.1 植物学特征

中农珍珠4 号树势中庸,树姿较开张。一年生新梢绿色,阳面紫红色,平均节间长度1.7 cm,复花芽多,花芽起始节位为第二节。花蔷薇型、粉色,花瓣5片,花药橘红色。叶片长披针椭圆形,叶缘锯齿圆形,叶基角度近直角,叶尖角度中,叶柄蜜腺肾形。

2.2 果实经济性状

中农珍珠4 号中熟,成熟期比中农珍珠晚10 d左右。平均单果质量76.2 g,果实卵圆形,果个中等不对称,果皮底色深黄、着深红色,果皮光滑无毛。果肉黄色,近核处红,离核。可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)14.2%,可滴定酸含量0.28%,鲜食品质佳,在示范基地有较好反响(表1)。

表1 2020—2022 年临沂和日照中试基地中农珍珠4 号果实成熟期、品质与产量
Table 1 Harvesting date,fruit quality and yield of Zhongnong Zhenzhu 4 at experimental and demonstration base in Rizhao city and Linyi city during 2020 to 2022

年份Harvest year 2020树龄Tree age/a 2021 2022产地Production base临沂Linyi日照Rizhao临沂Linyi日照Rizhao临沂Linyi日照Rizhao 3 3 4 4 5 5成熟期Harvesting date 8月10日Aug.10 8月10日Aug.10 8月11日Aug.11 8月11日Aug.11 8月10日Aug.10 8月10日Aug.10单株产量Yield per tree/kg 18.95 17.69 18.98 18.63 18.42 17.24单果质量Average mass of single fruit/g 76.2 85.1 79.4 81.2 79.8 82.1 w(可溶性固形物)Total soluble solid content/%14.2 14.5 15.8 16.0 14.9 15.2 w(可滴定酸)Titratable acid content/%0.28 0.26 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.25

2.3 生长结果习性

中农珍珠4 号易成花,树势中庸,枝条半开张,自花结实,长、中、短结果枝均可结果。幼龄树以长、中结果枝为主,盛果期树以长、中、短结果枝为主,老龄树以长、中结果枝和徒长结果枝为主。春季定植,第2 年即可见果,第4 年可进入盛果期,建议每666.7 m2产量1500 kg(111株·666.7 m-2)。

2.4 物候期

中农珍珠4号在山东日照、临沂等地花期为3月下旬。两次生理落果期分别为4月下旬和5月下旬,果实发育期130 d左右,11月初开始落叶,全年生育期230 d左右。

2.5 抗逆性及栽培适应性

中农珍珠4 号为中熟品种,8 月中旬成熟,主要虫害有卷叶蛾、潜叶蛾、梨小食心虫等。多年多点区域试验表明,中农珍珠4号在山东省适应性良好,较耐贫瘠,在肥力中等的丘陵、山地均可种植。

3 栽培技术要点

3.1 定植建园

采用株行距为(1.5~2.0)m×4 m的二主枝对向开心形(对向Y形),定植沟种植,原土与有机肥混匀后回填,浇透水,再挖小穴定植。定植后距地面50~60 cm定干,浇透水并覆地膜。

3.2 整形修剪

中农珍珠4 号结果力强,树形以二主枝开心形为宜,生长季疏除过密枝和徒长枝以改善通风透光条件,冬季以疏除为主,疏除病、弱及徒长枝,保留长、中结果枝。

3.3 土肥水管理

生长季追施2 次N、P、K 复合肥,促进果实膨大和着色;采收后追施1次P、K肥以促进成花;落叶前1 个月施基肥30 kg·株-1,以腐熟的羊粪、兔子粪为宜。硬核期保证水分充足,采收前15 d不浇水。

3.4 花果管理

中农珍珠4号树势中庸,坐果力强,根据树势和坐果情况合理留果,控制产量保证树势,推荐5~6 cm留1个果,可不套袋。

3.5 病虫害防治

病虫害以预防为主,冬季及时清园,萌芽前喷施3~5°Bé的石硫合剂杀死虫卵,落叶后喷施杀菌剂减少翌年穿孔病、褐腐病等病害的发生。生长季根据病虫害发生规律及时防治,防治药剂应选择低毒、低残留的生物农药,采收前15 d停止喷药。

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A new yellow-flesh nectarine cultivar Zhongnong Zhenzhu 4

WANG Yingying1,LIU Lichang2,LIU Zhiwu2,YANG Xingwang1,WANG Xiaodi1*
(1Research Institute of Pomology of CAAS, Huludao 125100, Liaoning, China;2Juxian Institute of Peach, Rizhao 276800, Shandong,China)

Abstract:Zhongnong Zhenzhu 4 is a mid-season yellow-fleshed nectarine cultivar that was developed through artificial hybridization between Zhongnong Zhenzhu and Zhongyou 16 in 2013 at the experimental field of Juxian Institute of Peach.A total of 105 hybrid seeds were produced from this cross.Initial selection took place in 2016, focusing on its excellent eating quality, appealing appearance, and high yield potential. Following comprehensive regional adaptability trials conducted in Rizhao and Linyi from 2018 to 2022,the cultivar was officially selected in 2022.It was registered and certified as a new plant variety from the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in the same year, designated as Zhongnong Zhenzhu 4 with the variety code GPD peach (2022) 210037.The tree demonstrates moderate growth vigor and an open canopy,and is highly productive and consistently yielding,producing fruit that are flavorful, yellow-fleshed. Young branches exhibit a reddish-brown hue on the sunlit side and green on the shaded side, with an average internode length of 1.7 cm and double-flowered buds. The leaves are elliptical lanceolate,11.5 cm in length and 3.9 cm in width,featuring circular serrations along the edges. The flowers are pink, self-pollinating, with glabrous ovary walls and equal-height stamens and pistils.The fruit is ovate, characterized by a yellow skin and a deep-red surface, with over 90% of the fruit's exterior covered in deep red. The suture line is moderately pronounced, and the two halves are relatively symmetrical.The flesh is yellow with red pigmentation surrounding the stone,with an average fruit weight of 76 g and a maximum weight of 96 g.At harvest, the flesh firmness of the mature fruit reaches 9.3 kg·cm-2.The soluble solid content(SSC)ranges from 14.0%to 16.0%,while the total acid content varies between 0.25% and 0.30%. The stone is easily separated, and the flesh is sweet. In Rizhao, bud break occurs in late March and lasts for 3-5 days. Fruit matures in mid-August, approximately 130 days post-bloom, and a harvesting period extends over 5 days.The fruit has a good storage performance,with a shelf life up to 5 days.The defoliation period occurs in late November,resulting in a total growth period of around 260 days. In comparison to its parent variety, Zhongnong Zhenzhu, the new cultivar Zhongnong Zhenzhu 4 matures approximately 10 days later and produces larger fruit.It begins fruiting in the second year following spring planting and achieves higher production levels by the fourth year. The cultivar exhibits stable yields and is well-suited for cultivation in Shandong Province and neighboring peach-growing regions.A Y-shaped training system is recommended for implementation in flat areas,with a spacing of(1.5-2.0)m×(4-5)m.All types of fruit-bearing branches can yield fruit,with medium and long fruit branches being predominant.Natural fruit set rates reach 70.3%without the presence of pollinizer trees,with yields potentially reaching up to 2500 kg per 666.7 m².However, fruit thinning is crucial to maintain commercial quality and tree vigor, with a recommended spacing of 10 cm between fruits on the same side. To ensure optimal eating and commercial quality, yields should be controlled to below 1500 kg per 666.7 m2.

Key words:Nectarine;New cultivar;Zhongnong Zhenzhu 4;Yellow-flesh

中图分类号:S662.1

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2025)08-1912-04

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20240681

收稿日期:2024-12-26

接受日期:2025-03-25

基金项目:中国农业科学院创新工程项目(CAAS-ASTIP);国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFD1000203);日照市科技计划项目(2019CXZX1105)

作者简介:王莹莹,女,助理研究员,博士,主要从事桃遗传育种与栽培技术研究。Tel:0429-3598238,E-mail:wangyingying@caas.cn

*通信作者Author for correspondence. Tel:0429-3598238,E-mail:wangxiaodi@caas.cn