苹果新品种烟金玉的选育

孙燕霞1,唐 岩1,宋来庆1,刘大亮1,张学勇1,徐新翔1,张 硕1,刘学卿1,王 平2,赵玲玲1*

1山东省烟台市农业科学研究院·烟台市苹果种质创新与品质调控重点实验室,山东烟台 265500;2山东烟富农业科技有限公司,山东烟台 265608)

摘 要:烟金玉苹果是由红露×光辉常规杂交选育出的中熟黄色苹果新品种。果实椭圆形,果面光滑无锈,果皮亮黄色,有蜡质;果实大型,平均单果质量211.2 g,果形指数0.95;果肉淡黄色,肉质细脆多汁,香气浓郁,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)14.8%,可滴定酸含量0.22%,维生素C含量3.1 mg·100 g-1,硬度9.8 kg·cm-2,品质上等,货架期10~15 d。果实发育期130 d,在烟台地区9月上旬成熟,适宜免套袋栽培,山东、新疆、云南等苹果适栽区均可栽培,盛果期产量可达43 500 kg·hm-2

关键词:苹果;新品种;烟金玉;中熟;黄色

苹果(Malus domestica Borkh.)为蔷薇科苹果属多年生木本植物,与柑橘、香蕉、葡萄并称世界四大水果,是一种老少皆宜的全营养保健型水果[1]。苹果产业在推进农民致富、乡村产业振兴方面发挥了重要作用,但长期以来,中国苹果主栽品种结构单一,以晚熟富士居多、早中熟苹果品种占比较少,国外育成品种在中国栽培较多、国内育成品种占比较少[2],红色品种居多、黄绿色苹果品种占比较少,不能满足消费市场对苹果品种多样化的需求。因此,山东省烟台市农业科学研究院苹果育种团队一直致力于早中熟黄绿色优良苹果新品种的培育,先后培育出早熟的烟香玉[3]、烟青玉[4],晚熟的烟香翠[5]等。烟金玉是以从韩国引进红色大果红露(Hongro)为母本,抗寒性、抗旱性强的观花海棠光辉为父本常规杂交获得的中熟黄色新品种。该品种果面亮黄色,果实大型,可免套袋栽培,满足了苹果产业省力化栽培的需求,丰富了苹果品种在成熟期和果皮颜色方面的多样性。

1 选育过程

2008 年春季在山东省烟台市农业科学研究院内,以红露为母本、光辉为父本配置杂交组合,秋季获得杂交种1030粒,2009年播种,2010年定植,2015年该品系开始结果,表现优异,2016 年确定为优系进行系统调查研究。2024 年通过农业农村部非主要农作物品种登记[登记编号:GPD 苹果(2024)370022],定名烟金玉(图1),是一个极具推广价值的中熟黄色苹果新品种。

图1 黄色苹果新品种烟金玉
Fig.1 A new yellow apple cultivar Yanjinyu

2 主要性状

2.1 植物学特征

烟金玉树势强健,树姿开张,1年生枝条灰褐色,平均粗8.0 mm,茸毛中多,平均节间长度2.6 cm;叶片深绿色,平均长8.5 cm,宽5.0 cm,叶缘锐锯齿,叶柄平均长2.1 cm;花蕾红色,花瓣长圆形,花瓣相对位置分离。

2.2 果实经济性状

由表1可知,烟金玉果实椭圆形,果个较大,平均单果质量211.2 g,果形指数0.95,成熟期果面为亮黄色,光滑无锈、蜡质厚、果粉少,果点小、稀疏,口感硬脆多汁,回味甘甜,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)14.8%,可滴定酸含量0.22%,维生素C含量3.1 mg·100 g-1,果实硬度9.8 kg·cm-2,五心室,心室半开。烟金玉比引进的黄色品种维纳斯黄金成熟期早两个月,与同时期成熟的老品种金冠相比,果面更加光滑。

表1 烟金玉与亲本及同类品种果实经济性状比较
Table 1 Comparison of economic characters among Yanjinyu,its parents and Golden Delicious

品种Cultivar红露Hongro成熟期Maturity period 8月下旬Late-August果皮颜色Skin color条纹红色Stripe red平均单果质量Average single fruit mass/g 233.5果实形状Fruit shape圆锥形Conical果形指数Fruit shape index 0.88光辉Malus Radiant烟金玉Yanjinyu亮红色Bright red 6.5 11月上旬Early-November 9月上旬Early-September 9月中旬Mid-September近球形Subglobose 0.93黄色Yellow 211.2椭圆形Oval 0.95金帅Golden Delicious黄色Yellow 195.0圆锥形Cone-shaped 0.89风味、品质Fruit flavor and quality果肉黄白、松脆,稍硬,汁液中多,风味甘甜,无酸味Flesh yellowish white, crisp, slightly hard, juice, sweet flavor,no acid果肉黄色,肉质硬脆,果汁少,风味酸涩,不能食用Flesh yellow, hard and crispy, with little juice and a sour and astringent flavor,can’t be consumed果肉淡黄色,肉质硬脆多汁,果面光滑,回味甘甜,香气浓郁Flesh light yellow, hard, crispy, and juicy, the surface of the fruit is smooth with a sweet aftertaste and a rich aroma果肉黄白色,果面粗糙,易发生果锈,口感酸甜Flesh yellowish white, the surface of the fruit is rough, and it is prone to rust.The taste is sour and sweet

2.3 生长结果习性

烟金玉的幼树生长旺盛,易形成花芽,以中、短果枝结果为主,坐果率高且连续结果能力强,无采前落果现象,可替代嘎拉作为富士、维纳斯黄金、瑞雪、鲁丽等品种的授粉树进行搭配种植,5 年生乔化树每公顷产量43.5 t。

2.4 物候期

在山东烟台,烟金玉于3 月中旬花芽萌动,4 月初叶芽萌动,初花期4月12—15日,盛花期4月15—17日,终花期4月下旬,果实成熟期在9月5—10日,果实发育期130 d左右,成熟期比母本晚10 d左右。

2.5 抗逆性

抗性鉴定结合田间试验观察,烟金玉易感枝干轮纹病和腐烂病,中抗炭疽叶枯病和锈病,越冬抗寒性好,抗花期霜冻能力一般。

3 栽培技术要点

3.1 适宜种植区域

烟金玉适宜在山东、云南、陕西、新疆等苹果适栽区栽培。

3.2 定植与整形

山地土壤贫瘠地区可采用乔砧宽行栽培,定植株行距(3.0~3.5)m×4 m;土层厚度达到60 cm以上、水肥条件较好的果园可采用矮砧栽培,砧木选择M9、M26、G41 等,定植株行距(1.2~1.5)m×4 m。起垄栽培,采用自由纺锤形或高纺锤形整形。

3.3 花果、土肥水管理

应及时疏花疏果,一般单花序留果不超过2个,留果花序间距10~15 cm。9月上旬果实采收后应立即施肥,以提高树体养分存储[6]。在幼果期、果实膨大期可追施适量叶面肥。行间可生草。

3.4 病虫害防治

由于烟金玉成熟时果面为黄色,无需套袋即可生产出表面光洁的优质果,特别注意防治炭疽叶枯病、桃小食心虫和橘小实蝇,综合利用化学、物理、生物防治措施[7]

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Breeding report of a new apple cultivar Yanjinyu

SUN Yanxia1,TANG Yan1, SONG Laiqing1, LIU Daliang1, ZHANG Xueyong1, XU Xinxiang1, ZHANG Shuo1,LIU Xueqing1,WANG Ping2,ZHAO Lingling1*
(1Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Yantai Key Laboratory of Apple Germplasm Innovation and Quality Control, Yantai 265500,Shandong,China;2Shandong Yanfu Agricultural Technology Co.,Ltd,Yantai 265608,Shandong,China)

Abstract:Yanjinyu is a mid ripe apple variety bred through a cross between Honglu and Guanghui made in 2008 in Yantai Agricultural Science Research Institute of Shandong Province,China.It was initially selected due to its bright yellow surface and good quality of the fruit.After six years of continuous observation,it was finally selected in 2020 and registered as a non major crop variety by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in 2024.The Yanjinyu tree was vigrous, with a wide open posture,high bud burst rate, and moderate branching ability. One year old branches were gray brown in color.The leaves were dark green.The leaf edge was sharply serrated.The flower bud was red, the petal was oblong and separated in relative positions. In Yantai area, the initial flowering period of Yanjinyu was mid April, the peak flowering period was from 17 to 19, April, and the fruit development period was about 130 days.The fruit was elliptical in shape.The fruit shape index was 0.95,and the average single fruit weight was 211.2 g;The fruit surface was smooth and rust free with bright yellow color.The flesh was light yellow,crispy,juicyand,aromatic.The aftertaste was sweet;The peel hardness of the fruit was 9.8 kg·cm-2, the soluble solids content was 14.8%, the titratable acid content was 0.22%, and the vitamin C content was 3.1 mg·100 g-1.The quality was excellent.Yanjinyu was susceptible to branch ring spot disease and rot disease,moderately resistant to apple glomerella leaf spot and rust diseases,highly resistant to winter cold, and moderately resistant to frost during flowering period. The shelf life of the fruit was 10-15 days. The fruits could be stored in cold store for 2 months. The variety could be suitable for free bagging cultivation.Intensive cultivation with dwarf rootstock should be recommended.

Key words:Apple;New variety;Yanjinyu;Mid-maturing;Yellow

中图分类号:S661.1

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2025)08-1909-03

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20250021

收稿日期:2025-02-01

接受日期:2025-03-20

基金项目:山东省重点研发计划(2023LZGCQY009)

作者简介:孙燕霞,女,高级农艺师,主要从事苹果育种及栽培工作。Tel:0535-5528833,E-mail:44439010@sina.com

*通信作者Author for correspondence. E-mail:zhaolingling122@163.com