中晚熟苹果新品种望月冰翠的选育

续海红1,杨 凯1,李广晋1,张国强2,田 歌1,艾渤昊1,3,李旭强1,3,王俊雅1,3

1山西农业大学果树研究所·果树种质创制和利用山西省重点实验室,太原 030031;2山西省运城市果业发展中心,山西运城 044000;3山西农业大学园艺学院,山西晋中 030800)

摘 要:望月冰翠是以津轻为母本,富士和丹霞混合花粉为父本选育的中晚熟黄绿色苹果新品种。果实近圆形,果实底色为黄绿色,果肉乳白色,果面光洁,有蜡质,肉质紧密,风味甜,香气浓郁;平均单果质量194.70 g,最大单果质量达222.97 g,果形指数0.91,每果实含5~7粒种子。汁液多,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)15.60%,可滴定酸含量0.22%,维生素C含量2.48 mg·100 g-1,硬度为8.32 kg·cm-2,品质上等。果实发育期为135~140 d;在晋中地区(37°20′36″N,112°29′35″E)9 月中旬成熟,无采前落果,萌芽率高,成枝力中等,具短枝性状;果台枝连续结果能力强,有腋花芽结果习性。高抗炭疽叶枯病,环境适应性强。果实耐贮藏,贮藏期间无果实病害症状。在我国苹果主产区均可栽培,栽后第2年皆可挂果,盛果期平均每666.7 m2产量为2886 kg。

关键词:苹果;新品种;望月冰翠;中晚熟

作为我国栽培规模最大的落叶果树,苹果产业在产量与种植面积上持续保持全球领先地位[1-2]。然而,生产体系中富士系晚熟品种的长期主导引发了系列产业瓶颈,包括遗传多样性缺失、果实品质衰退、管理投入增加及经济效益下滑等突出问题[3-5]。当前苹果新品种选育的重点聚焦于选育兼具果色类型丰富、风味特征显著、栽培管理简化、抗病性强及成熟期梯度分布等综合特性的突破性品种。

1 选育经过

望月冰翠是由山西农业大学果树研究所杂交选育的中晚熟黄绿色苹果新品种。团队于2008 年杂交授粉,授粉母本为津轻,父本来自于富士和丹霞的混合花粉,2008 年获得种子共计1950 粒。于2009年获得1256株杂交苗,定植于山西农业大学果树研究所苹果育种圃。2013年开始挂果,2014年初选优系,并高接,通过连续4 a(年)田间观察,发现该优系植物学特征和生物学特性均稳定,2019年复选优系,开始在山西省晋中市、临汾市、运城市布点区试,果实性状稳定,品质优,可免套袋栽培,2025年通过山西省林业和草原局林木品种审定委员会审定,编号:晋S-SV-MP-017-2024,正式命名为望月冰翠(图1)。

图1 中晚熟黄绿色苹果新品种望月冰翠
Fig.1 A new mid-late maturing yellow-green apple cultivar Wangyuebingcui

2 主要性状

2.1 果实经济性状

望月冰翠果实近圆形,平均单果质量194.70 g,最大单果质量达222.97 g。横径76.44 mm,纵径69.52 mm,果形指数0.91。果实底色为黄绿色,阳面偶有少量黄晕,果面光洁;果点中密,较小,白色,中上部部分果点为黄棕色,圆形,稍凸起;有蜡质、果粉薄;果梗中长、中细、平均长度2.56 cm,粗度0.33 cm,梗洼深度浅,中广;萼洼中深,中广;萼片宿存,闭合;果心小,心室状态为闭合;果肉乳白色,肉质细,松脆,汁液多,甜酸适口,有香气,无异味。可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)15.60%,可滴定酸含量0.22%,维生素C含量为2.48 mg·100 g-1。果实9月中旬成熟,果实采收期带皮硬度为8.32 kg·cm-2;不套袋果面光洁度为72.83,高于津轻和富士,且果实着色为绿色(a*为-4.46),品质上等。果实耐贮藏,贮藏期间无病害发生。望月冰翠与母本及对照品种果实经济性状比较见表1。

表1 望月冰翠与母本及对照品种果实经济性状比较
Table 1 Comparative analysis of fruit economic traits among Wangyuebingcui,its maternal parent and control cultivar

品种Cultivar望月冰翠Wangyuebingcui津轻Tsugaru金冠Golden Delicious平均单果质量Average fruit mass/g 194.70果形指数Shape index 0.91果实硬度Firmness/(kg·cm-2)8.32 w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solids content/%15.60 w(可滴定酸)Titratable acid content/%0.22 w(可溶性糖)Soluble solid content/%12.13 L*a*果形Fruit shape近圆形Near-circular近圆形Near-circular圆锥形Cone-shaped 72.83-4.46 153.93 0.83 7.59 16.30 0.28 14.15 61.75 19.27 157.39 0.86 8.53 15.30 0.25 11.33 67.47 6.85

2.2 抗逆性

2023 年山西省受前期降雨多、6 月高温影响,8月份全省富士褐斑病发病严重,但在万荣、临猗、临汾等地同一园中改接的望月冰翠苹果叶片完好,并未受到侵染,表现出较强的抗褐斑病能力。经青岛农业大学对炭疽叶枯病的检测,其对炭疽叶枯病高抗。

2.3 生物学特性

在晋中地区,望月冰翠苹果每年3月20日左右花芽开始萌动,叶芽3月30日左右萌动,4月初花蕾现红,4月7日始花,4月12日盛花,4月20日左右终花,9 月中旬果实成熟,11 月下旬落叶。望月冰翠1年生枝在晋中地区6月底之前及时拉枝都可成花,以中、短果枝结果为主,授粉树可选择嘎拉、富士。5年生望月冰翠枝类比例为长枝∶中枝∶短枝=15∶17∶78;萌芽率高,成枝力中等;果台枝连续结果能力强;无采前落果现象;通过调查试验田矮砧密植栽培望月冰翠与对照品种金冠的产量,嫁接第3年均开始挂果,产量相近,第5年进入盛果期,望月冰翠单株平均产量26.93 kg,第6 年单株产量稳定在26.00 kg(表2),是一个丰产、稳产的品种。

表2 晋中市太谷区望月冰翠和金冠产量调查
Table 2 Yield investigation of Wangyuebingcui and Jinguan cultivars in Taigu district,Jinzhong city

注:试验田定植株行距为1.5 m×4.0 m,基砧为海棠,中间砧为SH40。
Note:The trial plot was established with a plant spacing configuration of 1.5 m×4.0 m,using Malus micromalus as the rootstock and SH40 as the dwarfing interstem.

品种Cultivar望月冰翠Wangyuebingcui金冠Golden Delicious 3年生Three-year tree单株Single plant yield/kg 7.63每666.7 m2产量Yield per 666.7 m2/kg 846.38 4年生Four-year tree单株Single plant yield/kg 18.50每666.7 m2产量Yield per 666.7 m2/kg 2 053.50 5年生Five-year tree单株Single plant yield/kg 26.93每666.7 m2产量Yield per 666.7 m2/kg 2 988.68 6年生Six-year tree单株Single plant yield/kg 26.00每666.7 m2产量Yield per 666.7 m2/kg 2 886.00 7.34 814.74 18.42 2 044.62 25.42 2 821.62 25.32 2 810.52

2.4 植物学特征

望月冰翠苹果树形为分枝形,树姿开张,树势中庸,主枝基角大于70°,1 年生枝条为红褐色,皮孔少,白色,茸毛中多;新梢平均长67 cm,粗0.39 cm,节间平均长3.37 cm;2~3 年生枝条灰绿色;皮孔较稀,棕色,微凸起;叶面平展微有波状;叶片长椭圆形,叶尖锐尖,叶缘钝锯齿。叶片平均长9.83 cm,宽5.0 cm,叶面积31.56 cm2;花冠直径为4.37 cm,花梗长度为2.21 cm。幼果颜色绿中带褐色。

3 栽培技术要点

3.1 栽植密度与授粉树配置

望月冰翠砧木可以选择山定子、八棱海棠为基砧,SH 系为中间砧,也可选择M9-T337、G935 等自根砧。栽植密度以110~167 株·666.7 m-2为宜,株行距乔化2 m×4 m,矮化(1.0~1.5)m×4 m 较好。可选丹霞、富士、嘎拉等品种作为授粉树,按(7~8)∶1 比例栽植。

3.2 整形修剪

望月冰翠宜选用细长纺锤形或高纺锤树形。在整形过程中要注意培养中央领导干的绝对优势,把小主枝粗度控制在着生部位中心干粗度的1/3 以下。侧枝利用刻、拉、拿、摘心等促花措施促进早成花。挂果后树体春季修剪主要是疏枝,调整树体结构,夏季修剪主要是拉枝、摘心、疏枝、控旺,最大程度地提高光照利用率。

3.3 病虫害防治

望月冰翠抗逆性强,建议“预防为主,综合防控”。休眠期清园,结合修剪清除病虫残体,降低越冬基数。萌芽前喷施石硫合剂消杀,重点防控锈病、叶螨和食心虫。以农业防治为基础,按物候期精准用药,优先选用环保型药剂。

3.4 适时采收

望月冰翠为黄绿色品种,成熟期较一致,无采前落果现象,套袋果可带袋采收,注意在果实底色由绿转黄时及时采收。

4 推广应用前景

望月冰翠苹果具有果面光洁,色泽翠绿、风味甜酸适口,肉质细脆、汁液多、有香气,品质佳,耐贮藏;抗性强、货架期长等特点,超越同时期成熟的金冠,生产上应用前景广阔。

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Breeding of a new mid-to-late ripening apple cultivar Wangyuebingcui

XU Haihong1, YANG Kai1, LI Guangjin1, ZHANG Guoqiang2, TIAN Ge1, AI Bohao1,3, LI Xuqiang1,3,WANG Junya1,3
(1Pomology Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University/Shanxi Key Laboratory of Fruit Germplasm Creation and Utilization, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China;2Shanxi Yuncheng Fruit Industry Development Center, Yuncheng 044000, Shanxi, China;3College of Horticulture,Shanxi Agricultural University,Jinzhong 030800,Shanxi,China)

Abstract:Wangyuebingcui is a mid-to-late season apple cultivar optimized for fresh consumption, and characterized by its premium yellowish-green exterior. This variety was developed through controlled hybridization in 2007 in the experimental orchards using Tsugaru as the maternal parent and composite pollens blend from Fuji and Danxia cultivars. Following germination of labeled hybrid seeds in the spring of 2008, 1256 robust seedlings were meticulously cultivated.The hybrid population commenced significant fruiting in 2013, with successive selection rounds in 2014 (primary) and 2015 (secondary)identifying superior traits including consistent productivity,balanced sweet-acid flavor profile,crisp-textured juicy flesh,spontaneous floral initiation,and distinctive unbagged green fruits with glossy surfaces. Multi-regional adaptability trials conducted in Linyi, Wanrong, and Pu counties of Yuncheng City demonstrated exceptional environmental adaptability, culminating in formal cultivar registration as Wangyuebingcui in 2024.The cultivar exhibits an open-branching architecture with primary branch angles exceeding 70°. Juvenile branches present reddish-brown coloration featuring sparse lenticels and moderate pubescence,maturing to grey-green in 2-3 year growth with brown,slightly protuberant lenticels. Foliar morphology includes lanceolate-elliptic laminae (mean 9.83 cm×5.0 cm) with acute apices and crenate margins, displaying slight undulation from pale green in juvenility to dark green in maturity. A cluster contains 5-6 flowers with 4.37 cm diameter corollas on 2.21 cm pedicels, transitioning from pink buds to pinkish-white ovate petals.Fruit development progresses from greenish-brown at immature stage to subglobose at maturity stage(shape index 0.91)with uniform yellowish-green base coloration.The waxy and blemish-free surface encases creamy-white flesh exhibiting dense cellular structure, notable crispness, and abundant juice secretion. Average fruit mass reaches 194.70 g (maximum 222.97 g), containing 5-7 seeds per fruit, with distinctive sweetness (15.60% soluble solids content)and pronounced aromatic quality. Physicochemical profiling confirms premium attributes:0.22% titratable acidity, 2.48 mg·100 g-1 vitamin C content, and firmness of 8.32 kg·cm-².The 135-140 day fruit development cycle culminates in mid-September maturation in central Shanxi(37°20′36″N and 112°29′35″E),demonstrating negligible preharvest drop.The cultivar combines high budbreak rate with moderate branching capacity,exhibiting spur-type growth pattern,sustained cluster-base productivity,and axillary flowering propensity. Notable resistance to anthracnose leaf spot (Glomerella cingulata) and broad environmental adaptability are documented. Postharvest evaluations reveal extended storage potential without pathological deterioration.It is adaptable to all major Chinese apple-growing regions,achieving second-year fruiting capacity and stabilized yields of 28.86 t·hm-2 during full production. Rootstocks are recommended to apply Malus baccata or M.robusta as base stocks,and the SH series as interstocks,or alternatively employ self-rooted dwarfing rootstocks such as M9-T337 and G935. Planting densities should follow 2 m×4 m (standard) or (1.0-1.5) m×4 m (high-density) configurations, and trees should be trained to slender spindle system.Canopy management involves spring branch thinning for structural optimization and summer practices including branch training, shoot pinching, vegetative growth control,and light exposure maximization.Pollination systems require(7-8)∶1 ratios using Danxia,Fuji,or Gala cultivars.Nutrient management emphasizes autumn organic manure and phased nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium application at critical growth stages,supplemented by foliar calcium-magnesium fertilization during rapid fruit expansion.

Key words:Apple;New cultivar;Wangyuebingcui;Medium-late ripening

中图分类号:S661.1

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2025)08-1905-04

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20250232

收稿日期:2025-04-30

接受日期:2025-06-08

基金项目:山西省科技重大专项计划(202201140601027-1);山西省果树产业技术体系(2025CYJSTX07-04);山西省农业重大技术协同推广(2022xttg03-08);运城市科技计划项目(YCKJ-2022050)

作者简介:续海红,女,副研究员,硕士,主要从事苹果育种及栽培生理研究。E-mail:xuhh16@163.com