中国樱桃杂交新品种蜀贵美的选育

王 燕1,2,王 浩1,张 静1,马 艳1,刘针杉1,何 文1,2,吴志伟1,伏晓科3,陈 清1,2,王小蓉1,2*

1四川农业大学园艺学院,成都 611130;2四川农业大学农业生物信息教育部重点实验室,成都 611130;3眉山职业技术学院,四川眉山 620010)

摘 要:蜀贵美是由红妃×南早红杂交选育出的优良早熟中国樱桃新品种。果实椭圆形,果皮橙红色,有光泽,果肉乳黄色,肉质柔软多汁,风味甜酸;单果质量4.5~5.6 g,果形指数0.93。可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)14.5%~16.9%,葡萄糖含量392.48 g·kg-1 ,果糖含量301.67 g·kg-1 ;可滴定酸含量0.42%,固酸比37.33,鲜食品质佳。果实生育期48~52 d,在四川成都地区4月上中旬成熟;伞形花序3~6朵簇生,萌芽率高,成枝力强,成花易,树势健壮。适应性和抗病性强。适宜在四川省樱桃主栽区及相似气候区域栽植,高接后第2 年开花结果,4~5 a(年)进入盛产期,盛产期平均产量8400~8700 kg·hm-2

关键词:中国樱桃;新品种;蜀贵美;早熟;杂交育种

中国樱桃[Cerasus pseudocerasus(Lindl.)G.Don]又名樱桃、小樱桃,素有“春果第一枝”的美誉,是原产中国的核果类果树,已有3000 余年栽培历史[1]。中国樱桃适应性广、抗逆性强,在我国从南至北均有栽培,具有早花、早果特性,花朵秀丽、果实晶莹剔透,是农业旅游(第一、第三产业)融合发展的理想果树种类。小樱桃,大产业,近年来在我国南方各省份乡村振兴和都市农业发展中发挥着重要作用。一直以来,中国樱桃生产中普遍存在熟期集中、果小(单果质量通常2~3 g)、味酸(可溶性固形物含量9%~12%)等种质瓶颈[2-4],优良品种匮乏,通过杂交选育中国樱桃品种尚未见报道。

过去10余年,四川农业大学果树种质创新与遗传改良团队系统开展了我国樱桃资源的考察、收集和比较评价[3],选择、选配亲本,先后设计30 余个杂交组合,开展樱桃种内和种间杂交育种及杂种胚挽救研究[5-8],以期筛选优良株系,为小樱桃产业发展提供品种支撑。蜀贵美系从红妃×南早红杂交后代中选育出的早熟中国樱桃优良新品种。

1 选育过程

2016 年以中国樱桃红妃为母本、南早红(又名诸暨短柄)为父本进行杂交,成功获得F1 后代[7]。2019 年F1实生苗始花,代号HN880 单株表现早熟,果大,品质优。2020 年开始在四川省成都市、遂宁市和西昌市等地通过高接换种开展品比和区域试验,连续3 年观察鉴定,该品种经济性状稳定,色泽艳丽、早熟、果大,适应性和抗病性较强,丰产稳产性好,经济价值高。2022 年7 月申请农业农村部植物新品种权(申请号:20221005798),2023 年4 月完成田间现场考察,2025 年1 月通过四川省非主要农作物品种认定委员会认定(认定编号:川认果2025003),定名为蜀贵美(图1)。

图1 中国樱桃杂交新品种蜀贵美
Fig.1 A new Chinese cherry cultivar Shuguimei

2 主要性状

2.1 果实经济性状

蜀贵美果实椭圆形,端正,畸形果少,果顶平(图1)。单果质量4.5~5.6 g,果实纵径1.95 cm,横径2.11 cm,果形指数0.93。果皮橙红色,有光泽。果核近圆形,核大,质量0.29 g。果肉乳黄色,溶质,风味浓郁,柔软多汁。可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)14.5%~16.9%,可溶性糖组分以葡萄糖(392.48 g·kg-1)和果糖(301.67 g·kg-1)为主,含少量山梨醇(51.50 g·kg-1)和蔗糖(3.21 g·kg-1);可滴定酸含量0.42%,有机酸组分主要为苹果酸(84.59 g·kg-1),其次为柠檬酸(6.28 g·kg-1)。固酸比高,为37.33(表1)。果柄中等,平均长度为2.23 cm,不易脱落。

表1 蜀贵美与亲本及对照品种果实主要经济性状比较(四川成都,2021—2023 年)
Table 1 Comparison of main economic characters between Shuguimei and parents,control cultivars(Chengdu Sichuan,from 2021 to 2023)

注:果实经济性状为2021—2023 年数据。
Note:The fruit economic characters were presented as either range or mean values for year 2021—2023.

品种Cultivar蜀贵美Shuguimei红妃Hongfei南早红Nanzaohong黑妃Hefei黑珍珠Heizhenzhu果实风味Fruit flavor甜酸Sweet-sour甜酸Sweet-sour酸甜Sour-sweet酸甜Sour-sweet甜酸Sweet-sour成熟期Mature date 4月上中旬Early-mid April 4月中下旬Mid-late April 4月上中旬Early-mid April 4月下旬Late April 4月下旬Late April果实色泽Fruit color橙红色Orange red深红色Dark-red橙红色Orange red紫红色Purple red紫红色Purple red果实形状Fruit shape椭圆形Ellipse心脏形Heart肾形Reinform扁圆形Oblateness肾形Reinform单果质量Fruit mass/g 4.50~5.60 w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solid content/%15.68±0.67 w(可滴定酸)Titratable acid/%0.42±0.02固酸比TSS-TA ratio 37.33 4.66~5.5716.77±0.750.54±0.0131.06 2.27~3.8815.30±0.430.74±0.0420.68 3.36~4.0718.10±1.330.79±0.1122.91 2.94~4.0216.70±0.320.66±0.1128.33

2.2 植物学特征

该品种树势强健,生长旺盛,树姿较直立,树冠半开张;1年生枝灰褐色,具皮孔,新梢红褐色;成熟叶片绿色,椭圆形,平均长度12.91 cm,平均宽度6.70 cm,叶片平展,先端尾尖;叶柄长1.67 cm,具2个绿黄色腺体。花序伞房状,有花3~6 朵,先叶开放,花蕾红色;花瓣中等大,倒卵圆形,开放后浅粉色至白色,先端微凹,花中等大,平均直径2.66 cm,最大可达3.20 cm。花瓣5 枚,雌蕊1 枚,雄蕊35~45枚,花药黄色,花丝白色,花粉量大,自花结实。

2.3 生长结果习性

该品种幼树生长旺盛,成年树萌芽率高,成枝力强;1 年抽梢3 次,以春梢为主,其次抽生夏梢、秋梢。幼年树初结果以中、长果枝为主,成年树结果以花束状果枝、短果枝为主。自然坐果率达85%,无异常生理落果现象。结果早,丰产性好。高接后第2年初投产,4~5 a(年)进入盛产期,平均产量8400~8700 kg·hm-2

2.4 物候期

该品种在四川成都地区一般2 月上中旬开花,花期持续时间较长(10~12 d)。4 月上中旬果实成熟,成熟期与父本南早红相近,较母本红妃早5~7 d。果实生育期48~52 d。

2.5 适应性与抗逆性

区域试验调查表明,该品种适应性较强,适宜四川省微酸性、透气性良好的壤砂土及相似生境栽植,较抗旱、耐瘠薄,抗病虫害能力较强。

3 遗传特异性

以课题组组装的洛阳古樱基因组(未发表)为参考,基于全基因组重测序结合单碱基分辨率变异进行检测分析。相较于参考基因组,蜀贵美共检测到变异位点2 778 732 个,其中单碱基变异(SNP)位点2 312 259个,插入缺失(InDel)位点466 473个。与母本红妃和父本南早红的差异位点分别为3 648 076个和3 001 010 个,分别占参考基因组大小的12.73‰和10.47‰。与对照品种黑妃和黑珍珠相比,差异位点分别为3 773 083个和3 334 367个。结果表明,蜀贵美与亲本、对照品种均存在明显的遗传差异。

选择蜀贵美与对照品种的特有差异序列开发引物,利用6对引物对5个中国樱桃品种进行遗传差异鉴定。经PCR扩增、酶切和琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测,6对引物在5个品种中均能成功扩增。分子鉴定结果表明,蜀贵美与亲本及对照品种均存在明显差异(图2)。

图2 基于SNP 标记的遗传特异性鉴定
Fig.2 Genetic differentiations of Shuguimei and parents,control cultivars based on SNP markers

1.蜀贵美;2.母本红妃;3.父本南早红;4.黑妃;5.黑珍珠。箭头示特异性条带。
1.Shuguimei;2.Female praent Hongfei.3.Male parent Nanzaohong.4.Heifei.5.Heizhenzhu.Arrows represent the specific bands.

4 栽培技术要点

4.1 苗木种植

以适应性强的野生中国樱桃为砧木。选择土层深厚、土质疏松、保水力较强的壤砂土(pH 6.5~7.5)栽培。选择1年生健壮苗木,株高120 cm以上,嫁接口2~3 cm 处直径1.5 cm 以上,株行距(2.5~3)m ×(3.5~4)m为宜,春季萌芽前及秋季落叶后栽植。

4.2 土肥水管理

栽植前全园深翻30~50 cm,每穴施入有机肥(腐熟羊粪)40~50 kg进行土壤改良。定植后第2年起,每年10 月前后结合施基肥逐年扩穴深翻。幼年树薄肥勤施,每月1 次。成年树一年施肥4 次:第1 次在2 月上旬开花前,施用液态腐殖酸和海藻素类的有机质肥料;第2次在3月上中旬果实硬核期,以平衡性复合肥、钾肥为主;第3 次在4 月下旬至5 月初采果后,以高钾复合肥为主;第4次在9月初至10月底,施基肥,以腐熟羊粪和有机肥为主,占全年施肥量的50%以上。蜀贵美忌水,花前和果实膨大期适量浇水,果实膨大转色期后控水。高温干旱季节浇水以浸透土壤50 cm 为宜。该品种不耐涝,雨季注意及时排水。

4.3 整形修剪

树形采用疏散分层形、主干形或自然开心形。幼年树以整形为主,春季采用除萌、拉枝和摘心等方法整形修剪。成年树修剪以夏剪为主,拉枝长放控制生长。采果后及时更新修剪结果枝组,调整各次枝梢比例结构,回缩过长的主枝和侧枝。落叶后12月至翌年1 月上旬,剪去过密的夏梢、病枝和枯枝。冬剪后及时清园,树干涂白,全园喷施5°Bé 石硫合剂。

4.4 花果管理

结合休眠期修剪,对花量过多的成年树,合理短截和回缩结果枝。盛花期喷施0.2%~0.3%硼砂和0.3%高钾水溶肥保花保果。果实发育期交替喷施0.1%~0.2%钙肥(糖醇钙或螯合钙)和0.3%~0.5%磷酸二氢钾各1~2 次,并辅以氨基酸或海藻类型叶面肥。该品种果皮较薄,果实膨大转色期后注意控水,防止裂果。花前覆膜,果实转色期加盖防鸟网。早春注意预防低温对花和幼果产生冷害。

4.5 病虫害防治

采用预防为主、防治结合的方法。该品种树体强健,果实成熟期早,果实生长期基本不需要进行病虫害防治。采果后进行常规生长季节病虫害防治,主要包括细菌性穿孔病、流胶病和褐斑病及蚜虫、食心虫、红蜘蛛、黄刺蛾和红颈天牛等。

4.6 避雨设施栽培

生产上推荐采用避雨设施栽培。根据实际情况选择简易钢架拱棚或连栋钢架大棚,栽植后第2 年12月前搭建。大棚覆盖物选择8~10丝膜,棚膜透光率在85%以上,防雾防流滴性好。1 月中旬前完成盖膜,采果后立即收起棚膜。

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Breeding report of a new Chinese cherry cultivar Shuguimei

WANG Yan1,2,WANG Hao1,ZHANG Jing1,MA Yan1,LIU Zhenshan1,HE Wen1,2,WU Zhiwei1,FU Xiaoke3,CHEN Qing1,2,WANG Xiaorong1,2*
(1College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China;2Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics (Ministry of Education), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China;3Meishan Vocational & Technical College,Meishan 620010,Sichuan,China)

Abstract:Shuguimei is a new early-ripening Chinese cherry [Cerasus pseudocerasus (Lindl.) G. Don]cultivar bred by Sichuan Agricultural University.The cultivar was derived from a cross between Hongfei and Nanzaohong in 2016. Through artificial cross pollination, approximately 200 hybrid seedlings flowered in 2019. The hybrid seedling HN880 was initially selected as an excellent individual in 2020 for its superior performance and high quality. The field trials were conducted at three sites in Sichuan Province (including Chengdu city, Suining city and Xichang city) from 2020 to 2023. It was approved as a new Chinese cherry cultivar by the Sichuan Provincial Non-major Crop Cultivar Certification Committee in January 2025,and named as Shuguimei.The young trees exhibit vigorous growth with a semiopen posture.The branchlets are grayish-brown,and the mature leaves are green and oblong-ovate with a long tail tip and a round base.The inflorescence typically consists of corymbs with 3-6 flowers.The flower buds are reddish,and the petals are white with a pink margin.Each flower has five round petals,one pistil,and 35-45 stamens with orange-yellow anthers.The fruit is primarily elliptical,with orangered peel.Its flesh is light yellow,juicy,and rich in flavor.Fruit mass ranges from 4.5 to 5.6 g.The average longitudinal diameter is 1.95 cm, the transverse diameter 2.11 cm, with a fruit shape index around 0.93.The average pit mass is 0.29 g.The fruit stalk is medium in length, averaging 2.33 cm.The total soluble solid (TSS) content ranges from 14.5% to 16.9%, and the titratable acid (TA) content is about 0.42%,giving a TSS/TA ratio of about 37.33.Glucose and fructose are the main components of soluble sugars, with contents of 392.48 and 301.67 g·kg-1, respectively. Malic acid is the predominant organic acid,at 84.59 g·kg-1.The overall eating quality is excellent.In Chengdu,Sichuan Province,the fruit development period lasts about 48-52 days,maturing in early to mid-April,which is 5-7 days earlier than its male parent, Hongfei.The vegetative growth period is about 310 days. Shuguimei bears fruit earlier and has good yield potential,with a small yield in the second year after planting and substantial fruiting in the fourth to fifth year.The average yield can reach 8400-8700 kg·hm-2.Young trees bear more fruit on middle and long branches, while adult trees predominantly bear fruit on boundary branches, short branches, and medium to long branches. The cultivar shows strong growth potential, adaptability, and resistance to diseases. It is suitable for planting in areas with ecological conditions similar to those found in the plains and hills of Sichuan Province. Shuguimei is best suited for planting in sandy loam with good drainage and deep soil layers. Spacing recommended is (2.5-3) m × (3.5-4) m. It is suitable to adopt open-center or central leader system.

Key words:Chinese cherry[Cerasus pseudocerasus(Lindl.)G.Don];New cultivar;Shuguimei;Earlyripening;Cross breeding

中图分类号:S662.5

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2025)07-1642-05

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20240653

收稿日期:2025-02-21

接受日期:2025-03-06

基金项目:国家现代农业产业技术体系四川水果创新团队项目(SCCXTD-2024-4);四川省自然科学基金重点项目(2025ZNSFSC0014);四川省国际科技创新合作项目(2024YFHZ0302);樱桃资源四川省科技资源共享服务平台项目

作者简介:王燕,女,讲师,博士,研究方向为果树种质资源与遗传育种。E-mail:wangyanwxy@sicau.edu.cn

*通信作者Author for correspondence. E-mail:wangxr@sicau.edu.cn