中熟砂梨新品种浙梨6号的选育

戴美松,蔡丹英,王月志,魏春艳,施泽彬*

(浙江省农业科学院园艺研究所,浙江杭州 310021)

摘 要:浙梨6号(原代号A14,又名晚翠)是从翠冠实生群体中选育出的鲜食中熟砂梨新品种。经SNP分子标记鉴定浙梨6号的父本为清香。果实近圆形、萼端隆起,果皮绿色、有锈斑、无蜡质。果肉白色、肉质细脆、味甜多汁;平均单果质量355.0 g,最大单果质量750.0 g,果形指数0.93。可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)14.0%,高者可达15.5%,果肉硬度3.1 kg·cm-2,品质上。该品种树势强健,树姿半开张。自交不亲和,S基因型为S3S7。在浙江嘉兴海宁地区8月上中旬成熟,在福建建宁地区7月底成熟,均比当地栽培的翠冠晚成熟20 d左右。适合在砂梨适宜区栽培,第3年开花结果,丰产、稳产。

关键词:砂梨;新品种;浙梨6号;中熟

浙梨6号是浙江省农业科学院园艺研究所实生选育成的中熟、大果型优质砂梨新品种,于2019 年获得国家植物新品种权,2022年通过福建省林木品种委员会审定,现简介如下。

1 选育经过

2001 年在浙江省杭州市滨江区杭州滨江果业有限公司基地获得翠冠梨实生种子,2002年培育实生苗300 余株,2003 年将实生苗定植于杭州市内的浙江省农业科学院园艺所梨育种圃内,最终成苗71株。2006 年,该群体部分单株开始结果,其中圃内代号为A14 的单株表现大果型、内在品质优异等特点,遂初选为优株,当年秋季即开始多头高接观察,同时育苗用于区试。2011—2018 年期间在浙江省农业科学院海宁杨渡基地对A14区试结果树进行连续观察,果实性状及栽培性状表现稳定,确定为终选优系,定名浙梨6号并申请植物新品种权保护,2019年5 月获国家植物新品种权授权(品种权号:CNA20170034.7),2022年通过福建省林木品种审定委员会主要林木品种审定(审定编号:闽S-SV-PP-018-2022)。

在杭州市滨江区杭州滨江果业有限公司基地,栽培有黄花、新世纪、杭青、清香和圆黄等品种,上述品种可能是浙梨6号的父本。已知翠冠、黄花、新世纪、杭青和清香的S 基因型分别是S3S5S1S2S3S5S3S4S1S4S4S7[1],圆黄为S3S4[2]。参考关于梨S 基因型的鉴定方法[3],经PCR扩增、测序比对鉴定出浙梨6号的S 基因型是S3S7,因此推断清香最有可能是其父本。随后对上述5个可能的亲本品种进行基因组重测序,对比翠冠高质量基因组[4]共获得331 497个SNP。子代的等位基因分别来自父母双亲,基于上述SNP 利用PLINK1.9 计算出浙梨6 号与翠冠、黄花、新世纪、杭青、清香和圆黄等6 个品种的共享等位基因比例分别为0.5、0、0.11、0.08、0.48和0。除翠冠外,浙梨6 号与清香的共享等位基因比例最接近0.5,表明清香最可能为其父本。进一步筛选出用于亲子鉴定的高质量且较少连锁的SNP标记1602个,筛选标准为:位点检出率100%、最小等位基因频率(minor allele frequency,MAF)大于0.48、位点符合Hardy-Weinberg 平衡、每条染色体上相邻SNP 平均间距0.3 Mb。采用Cervus(V3.0.7)[5]软件进行父权鉴定,结果(表1)显示,在已知母本为翠冠时,95%置信度下,浙梨6 号-翠冠-清香三联体具有最高的LOD值,为93.69。最终确认浙梨6号的系谱图(图1)。

图1 浙梨6 号系谱图
Fig.1 Pedigree of Zheli No.6

表1 父权鉴定结果
Table 1 Result of paternity authentication

子代Offspring name浙梨6号Zheli No.6母本Mother name翠冠Cuiguan候选父本Candidate father name清香Qingxiang三联体LOD值Trio LOD score 93.69三联体最高LOD值Trio top LOD 93.69三联体置信度Trio confidence*

2 主要性状

2.1 植物学特征

参照梨种质资源描述规范和数据标准[6],该品种在浙江嘉兴海宁地区表现树势中庸偏壮,树姿半开张,成龄树主干树皮光滑,1 年生枝条形状直,平均节间长度5.1 cm,枝条阳面主色呈红褐色,单位面积皮孔数量中多,休眠叶芽顶端锐尖、离生。新梢花青苷显色强度为强,茸毛稀疏,嫩叶淡红色。成熟叶片卵圆形,平均长13.9 cm,宽8.9 cm,叶柄长度平均6.3 cm,叶片平展不反卷,相对于枝条呈向上着生,叶基部呈圆形,叶尖呈渐尖,叶缘具锐锯齿。花蕾白色无红晕,花瓣全白、卵圆形,柱头与花药等高,花药紫红色。

参照梨属DUS 测试指南[7],该品种与其亲本对照品种翠冠的主要形态差异有:(1)浙梨6号果实近圆形,近萼端有凸起,萼片脱落或部分宿存;翠冠果实圆形,近萼端无凸起,萼片脱落(图2-A);(2)浙梨6号花蕾白色无红晕,嫩叶淡红色;翠冠花蕾白色有红晕,嫩叶暗红色(图2-B)。典型果实见图2-C。

图2 浙梨6 号与对照品种翠冠的主要形态差异及典型果实
Fig.2 The main morphological differences and typical fruits of Zheli No.6 compared to the control cultivar Cuiguan

2.2 果实特征及经济性状

果皮绿色,有锈斑,果面较光滑。果心较小,果肉白色,肉质松脆细嫩、味甜多汁、石细胞少。在浙江嘉兴海宁地区平均单果质量355.0 g,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)14.0%,高者可达15.5%,果肉硬度3.1 kg·cm-2(表2)。在福建建宁地区平均单果质量378.9 g,大果质量可达750.0 g,可溶性固形物含量11.5%以上[8]

表2 浙梨6 号与对照品种翠冠主要果实品质性状对比(浙江嘉兴海宁地区,2024 年)
Table 2 Comparison of the main fruit quality traits between Zheli No.6 and control cultivar Cuiguan(Haining area,Jiaxing City,Zhejiang Province,in 2024)

品种Cultivar浙梨6号Zheli No.6翠冠Cuiguan果实成熟期Ripe period 8月上中旬Early to mid Aug.7月中下旬Mid to late Jul.果实发育期Fruit fertility period/d 130~135 110~115平均单果质量Average single fruit mass/g 355.0 272.3 w(可溶性固形物)Total soluble solids content/%14.0 13.7果肉硬度Flesh firmness/(kg·cm-2)3.1 2.8

2.3 主要物候期

在浙江嘉兴海宁地区,叶芽萌动期2月底至3月上旬,盛花期3 月下旬至4 月初,8 月上中旬果实成熟,果实生育期130~135 d,比翠冠晚20 d 左右(表2)。在福建建宁地区果实成熟期在7 月底,果实生育期126~129 d[9]

3 栽培技术要点

3.1 合理确定定植密度

该品种生长势强健,种植密度可依据地形条件区别设定。在平原地区推荐株距(2.0~3.0)m×行距4.0 m定植,每666.7 m2种植55~85株;在丘陵地区可适当加密为2.0 m×3.0 m,每666.7 m2种植110~115株。一般定植3 a(年)后开始结果,5 a后进入盛果期。

3.2 合理配置授粉树

为保证丰产、稳产,商业化栽培时推荐按照主栽品种与授粉品种4~6∶1的比例配置授粉品种。为提高授粉效果可选择花期相遇概率高、亲和力强的黄花(S1S2)作为授粉品种,其次是翠冠(S3S5)、翠玉(S3S4)等。

在花期,结合果园放蜂与人工辅助授粉以保证充分授粉受精,以更好地消减不良天气影响,并有利于改善果实外观品质。

3.3 重视骨干枝培养

该品种的新梢在生长初期,由于叶片过于厚重,常常会弯曲下垂,并在弓背处产生二次梢,这会影响枝条的延伸。因此,在对幼树进行整形时,夏季应适时在新梢快速生长期对骨干枝进行固定,并适当抬高新梢的角度(以60°~70°为宜),以维持其生长优势;而在冬季修剪时,则应对骨干枝进行适当的短截,去除背上枝(芽)和背下枝(芽)。

3.4 合理使用脱萼剂

有研究表明,在福建建宁地区,三种脱萼剂(PBO、氟硅唑、丙环唑)在花序分离期间施用均能显著促进浙梨6 号梨果实脱萼和降低近萼端尖凸率,改善果实外观品质,但同时也存在坐果率下降、果面锈斑加重等问题,且浓度越高不利影响越大[10]。因此,生产上使用脱萼剂时应在保证脱萼、防凸的前提下,在适宜浓度范围内就低配制浓度,并严格控制在适宜的时间内施用。

4 应用前景

该品种在福建等地的试种表现为较抗叶部病害,果实品质综合评价优于黄花,且早实性、持续丰产性好。在长江流域砂梨产区,可作为补充翠冠和黄花间的成熟空档品种,也可部分替代黄花等中晚熟品种应用。

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Breeding report of a new mid-maturing sand pear cultivar Zheli No.6

DAI Meisong,CAI Danying,WANG Yuezhi,WEI Chunyan,SHI Zebin*
(Institute of Horticulture,Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Hangzhou 310021,Zhejiang,China)

Abstract:Zheli No.6(original code:A14,also known as Wancui)is a mid-maturing,table pear(Pyrus pyrifolia L.) variety with excellent internal quality. The cultivar was selected from Cuiguan seedling population.The paternal parent was identified as Qingxiang through SNP molecular markers.The Cuiguan pear seeds were obtained at the base of Hangzhou Binjiang Fruit Industry Co., Ltd. in Binjiang District, Hangzhou in 2001. Over 300 seedlings were raised in 2002, and these seedlings were planted in the pear breeding nursery in 2003,resulting in 71 seedling trees.Some of the individual plants in this group began to bear fruit in 2006. One of them with the nursery code A14 stood out for its large fruit size and excellent internal quality. It was then identified as a superior strain and multi-sites field trials were initiated in the autumn. Consecutive observations were made on the trial trees in the area at the Haining Yangdu base of the Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences from 2011 to 2018, and the fruiting and cultivation characteristics of the strain were found stable. Consequently, it was confirmed as the final selected superior strain.After years of continuous observation, the strain was named Zheli No. 6 and submitted for China Plant Variety Protection application in January 2017. It was passed the on-site inspection in October 2017 and granted authorization in April 2019 (Certificate number:CNA20170034.7).It was also approved by the Fujian Provincial Forest Tree Variety Committee(Certificate number:Fujian S-SV-PP-018-2022) in 2022. The tree was vigorous and semi-spreading, and the trunk bark of mature tree was smooth. The 1-year-old branches weres straight, with an average internode length of 5.1 cm.The main color of the sunny side of the branches was reddish-brown.The young leaves were light red, and the mature leaves were ovate.The flowers were white without red blush, the petals were entirely white and ovate, the stigma was the same height as the anthers, and the anthers were purple-red.The fruit was nearly round with a raised calyx end,and with a green peel that featured rust spots. The flesh was white, fine, crispy, and juicy. The average single fruit weight was 355 g, and the maximum single fruit weight was 750 g.The fruit shape index was 0.93.The fruit quality was excellent,with a soluble solid content of 14%.The average flesh hardness was 3.1 kg·cm-2.The fruit matured in the mid-August in the Haining area of Zhejiang Jiaxing and in the end of July in the Jianning area of Fujian, approximately 20 days later than that of the local Cuiguan cultivar. It was a self-incompatible cultivar with S3S7genotype.Huanghua(S1S2),Cuiguan(S3S5)and Cuiyu(S3S4)were recommended as pollinater varieties.The spacing could be 4 m×(2-3)m in plain areas,and 3 m×2 m in hilly areas.

Key words:Pyrus pyrifolia;New cultivar;Zheli No.6;Mid-maturing

中图分类号:S661.2

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2025)07-1634-04

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20250071

收稿日期:2025-02-14

接受日期:2025-02-26

基金项目:国家现代农业(梨)产业技术体系(CARS-28-03);浙江省果品新品种选育重点研发计划(2021C02066-5)

作者简介:戴美松,男,副研究员,主要从事梨育种及品质形成机制研究。E-mail:daims@zaas.ac.cn

*通信作者Author for correspondence. E-mail:shizebinszb@126.com