新疆105份桃种质资源果实性状多样性分析

李 丹1,白丽霞1,唐卓越1,杨康慧1,杨 璐2,程 平1*

1新疆农业大学林学与风景园林学院,乌鲁木齐 830052;2新疆林业科学院,乌鲁木齐 830000)

摘 要:【目的】深入了解不同桃种质果实性状的变异性和多样性,筛选优异桃种质资源,为桃良种选育提供参考。【方法】以105份桃种质资源为试验材料,对果实22个描述型性状和14个数量型性状进行遗传多样性分析,运用主成分分析进行综合评价并排序,采用聚类分析进行分类。【结果】描述型性状和数量型性状多样性指数的变化范围分别为0.627~1.502、1.783~2.079;数量型性状的变异系数变化范围为2.34%~74.12%。主成分分析共提取到4个主成分,累计贡献率达80.887%,建立了综合评价模型,根据综合得分进行优良度排序。通过聚类分析,105份桃种质被分为5个类群。【结论】供试桃种质果实性状的变异类型丰富,多样性指数较高,主成分结合聚类分析筛选出可溶性固形物含量高、耐贮运种质中油金冠、中油金红、瑞光28号,大果型、耐贮运种质华玉、早久保,可溶性固形物含量高、香气浓郁、不耐贮运种质LG-9#、LG-8#、LG-13#、红光1号,研究结果为新疆桃品种选育及推广提供了重要依据。

关键词:桃;种质资源;表型性状;遗传多样性

桃[Prunus persica(L.)Batsch]属于蔷薇科(Rosaceae)李属(Prunus L.)核果类植物,起源于中国西部地区[1],经过4000多年的栽培演化,形成了丰富的种质资源和栽培类型[2],其适应性强、分布范围广、具有极高的经济价值,全国栽培面积约86.67 万hm2,是中国第三大果树[3]。桃在新疆栽培历史悠久,栽培面积超过2万hm2,主要分布于环塔里木盆地周边的阿克苏、喀什、和田等地区以及天山北坡的乌鲁木齐、昌吉、石河子等地区,环塔里木盆地以口感极佳、不耐贮运的新疆土桃为主,天山北坡以耐贮运的国内品种为主。因此,引进、收集与保存疆内外优良桃种质资源并进行果实性状的综合评价,筛选出优异种质(或品种),对新疆桃种质资源的保护与利用、栽培桃品种的优化具有重要意义。

桃果实性状主要包括果实形状、单果质量、果实硬度、颜色、可溶性固形物含量等[4],王力荣等[5]对282~491 份桃种质资源的单果质量、核质量、可溶性固形物含量、硬度等指标进行了研究和统计分析,并提出了中国桃种质资源评价系统中果实数量型性状的分级指标和参照品种;张杨等[6]对湖北省桃种质资源圃中137 份桃种质资源耐热性进行了综合评价,筛选出抗热性强的26 份优良种质;薛璐等[7]对国家桃种质资源圃(郑州)中150 份桃种质进行了褐腐病抗性综合评价,筛选出抗褐腐病强的12 份优异种质;王小丽等[8]对国家桃种质资源圃(郑州)中50 份桃种质资源耐寒性进行了综合评价,筛选出抗寒性强的3 份优异种质。新疆气候干燥,日照充足,昼夜温差大,有利于桃果实糖分累积,口感风味独特,徐孟琪等[9]对南疆133 份土桃种质进行了表型多样性分析,初步筛选出8份绿皮桃和16份黄肉桃优异种质;克里木·伊明等[10]对南疆地区25 份新疆桃种质的果实性状进行了调查分析,筛选出早中晚熟的优异种质;韩毅等[11]对7 份新疆土桃的果实品质进行了比较分析,筛选出了1个可溶性固形物含量较高、单果质量较大、果形极具特色的优异种质;程平等[12]对7 份新疆油桃种质果实感官性状进行了分析,结果表明新疆油桃具有果实品质优、口感极佳、果型小、可溶性固形物含量高的特点,但不耐贮运是限制新疆油桃产业发展的关键因素。综上所述,关于新疆桃种质资源的研究主要集中在新疆本地种质资源方面,且以异质生境条件的调查分析为主,缺乏国内品种与新疆种质资源在同一栽培条件下的对比分析。因此,笔者以新疆维吾尔自治区新和县桃、桑国家林木种质资源库内引进、收集与保存的105 份桃种质资源为研究对象,开展桃果实性状多样性分析及果实品质综合评价,筛选出优异桃种质资源,以期为桃种质资源的保护与利用、优良品种选育等提供技术支撑。

1 材料和方法

1.1 材料

试验于2024年在新疆维吾尔自治区新和县桃、桑国家林木种质资源库中进行,供试105 个桃种质资源树龄为5 a(年)且树势中庸,栽培管理方式一致,详见表1。

表1 供试的105 份桃种质来源及名称
Table 1 Source and name of 105 peach germplasm resources tested

来源Source编号ID种质名称Germplasm name来源Source编号ID种质名称Germplasm name新疆Xinjiang 123456789 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29绿光8号Lüguang 8 13-9#红光1号Hongguang 1黄光1号Huangguang 1佳木1号Jiamu 1佳木5号Jiamu 5 LG-5#LG-6#LG-8#LG-9#LG-10#LG-11#LG-12#LG-13#LG-14#A-2#A-3#A-6#A-12#A-13#A-14#A-15#A-17#A-20#于田4号Yutian 4于田8号Yutian8站敏2号Zhanmin 2站敏3号Zhanmin 3站敏4号Zhanmin 4北京Beijing河南Henan 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58其里干米苏里Qiliganmisuli黄光3号Huangguang 3绿光4号Lüguang 4 13-6#绿光5号Lüguang 5半边红Banbianhong黄毛桃Huangmaotao绿光1号Lüguang 1绿光2号Lüguang 2洛浦桃Luoputao京玉Jingyu瑞蟠20号Ruipan 20瑞蟠22号Ruipan 22瑞蟠24号Ruipan 24瑞光27号Ruiguang 27瑞光28号Ruiguang 28瑞油蟠2号Ruiyoupan 2美瑞Meirui早玉Zaoyu晚蜜Wanmi华玉Huayu夏至早红Xiazhizaohong瑞光35号Ruiguang 35瑞蟠19号Ruipan 19瑞蟠21号Ruipan 21房山蟠桃Fangshan Pantao中桃紫玉Zhongtaoziyu中桃绯玉Zhongtaofeiyu中桃红玉Zhongtaohongyu

表1 (续) Table 1 (Continued)

来源Source编号ID种质名称Germplasm name来源Source编号ID种质名称Germplasm name 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82中蟠7号Zhongpan 7中油8号Zhongyou 8中油18号Zhongyou 18中油19号Zhongyou 19中油20号Zhongyou 20郑4-24 Zheng 4-24中蟠13号Zhongpan 13中油蟠5号Zhongyoupan 5中油蟠7号Zhongyoupan 7中油蟠9号Zhongyoupan 9早油4号Zaoyou 4中农金辉Zhongnongjinhui中油金冠Zhongyoujinguan中油金铭Zhongyoujinming黄金蜜0号Huangjinmi 0中油丹玉Zhongyoudanyu中油金红Zhongyoujinhong中油蟠8号Zhongyoupan 8金蕾Jinlei春美Chunmei春瑞枝变Chunruizhibian白如玉Bairuyu南国红Nanguohong中秋王5号Zhongqiuwang 5上海Shanghai天津Tianjin安徽Anhui陕西Shaanxi 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105中秋王6号Zhongqiuwang 6秋彤Qiutong金秋超黄Jinqiuchaohuang奥林早金Aolinzaojin金宝Jinbao黄金超霸Huangjinchaoba白围Baiwei金甜Jintian金霞早油蟠Jinxiazaoyoupan源东水蜜桃Yuandong Shuimitao小公主枣油桃Xiaogongzhuzaoyoutao日本井田Japan Minefield金奎Jinkui锦花Jinhua锦园Jinyuan锦香Jinxiang春雪Chunxue燕红Yanhong双喜红Shuangxihong秋燕Qiuyan早久保Zaojiubao秦光3号Qinguang 3秦光7号Qinhuang 7

1.2 方法

1.2.1 果实描述型性状观测 在各种质果实生理成熟期,每个样品采集10~15个成熟果实带回室内,参照农业行业标准《桃种质资源描述规范》(NY/T 2923—2016)[4],采用目测观察法对果实形状、果顶形状、缝合线深浅、果实对称性、茸毛有无、梗洼深度、梗洼广度、果皮底色、盖色深浅、着色程度、果肉颜色、果肉红色素、果皮剥离度、核黏离性、香气、肉质、汁液多少、鲜核颜色、核性状、核纹、核面光滑度共22个描述型性状进行观测,描述型性状各类型的分级标准见表2。

表2 描述型性状分级
Table 2 Describe trait classification

类型Type外观性状Appearance character内在性状Intrinsic character果核性状Fruit pit character性状Character果形Fruit shape果顶形状Top shape of fruit缝合线深浅Depth of suture果实对称性Fruit symmetry茸毛有无Fuzz of fruit surface梗洼深度Depth of stalk cavity梗洼广度Width of stalk cavity果皮底色Pericarp color盖色深浅Cover color depth着色程度Staining degree果肉颜色Flesh color果肉红色素Flesh red pigment近核处红色素Near-nuclear red pigment果皮剥离度Peel degree核黏离性Nuclear adhesion香气Fragrance果实肉质Texture of fruit pulp汁液含量Fruit juice content鲜核颜色Fresh core color核形状Nuclear shape核纹Nuclear striation核面光滑度Nuclear surface smoothness分级标准Grading standard 1:扁平;2:扁圆;3:圆;4:椭圆;5:卵圆;6:尖圆1:Flat;2:Flat-round;3:Round;4:Ellipse;5:Oval;6:Conoid 1:凹陷;2:微凹;3:圆平;4:圆凸;5:尖圆1:Concave;2:Dimple;3:Round-flat;4:Round-convex;5:Conoid 1:浅;2:中;3:深1:Shallow;2:Medium;3:Deep 1:不对称;2:对称;3:较对称1:Asymmetry;2:Symmetry;3:More symmetrical 1:有;2:无1:Peach;2:Nectarine 1:浅;2:中;3:深1:Shallow;2:Medium;3:Deep 1:狭;2:中;3:广1:Narrow;2:Medium;3:Wide 1:乳白;2:绿白;3:绿;4:乳黄;5:黄;6:橙黄1:Milky white;2:Green white;3:Green;4:Creamy york;5:Yellow;6:Orange 0:无;1:浅红;2:红;3:深红0:None;1:Light red;2:Red;3:Deep red 0:无;1:少;2:中;3:多0:None;1:Little;2:Medium;3:Many 1:白;2:绿;3:黄;4:红1:White;2:Green;3:Yellow;4:Red 0:无;1:少;2:中;3:多0:None;1:Little;2:Medium;3:Many 0:无;1:少;2:中;3:多0:None;1:Less;2:Medium;3:More 1:易;2:难;3:不能1:Easy;2:Difficult;3:Can't 1:离;2:半离;3:黏1:Separated;2:Semi-detached;3:Sticky 1:淡;2:中;3:浓1:Little;2:Medium;3:Dense 1:绵;2:软溶质;3:硬溶质;4:不溶质1:Wooliness;2:Soft melting;3:Hard melting;4:Non-melting 1:少;2:中;3:多1:Little;2:Medium;3:Many 1:浅棕;2:棕;3:深棕;4:红1:Light brown;2:Brown;3:Dark brown;4:Red 1:扁平;2:圆;3:近圆;4:卵圆;5:倒卵圆;6:椭圆1:Flat;2:Round;3:Near round;4:Oval;5:Inverted oval;6:Ellipse 1:少;2:中;3:多1:Little;2:Medium;3:Many 1:光滑;2:较粗糙;3:粗糙1:Smooth;2:Less rough;3:Rough

1.2.2 果实数量型性状测定 参照农业行业标准《桃种质资源描述规范》(NY/T 2923—2016)[4],选取果形良好、无机械损伤的9 个果实,测定单果质量、果实横径、果实纵径、果实侧径、带皮硬度、去皮硬度、可溶性固形物含量、核质量、核长、核宽、核厚、果形指数、可食率、果实发育期共14 项数量型性状指标,每个数量型性状的测定重复9次,取平均值。单果质量、核质量采用电子天平(0.01 g)测量,果实横径、纵径、侧径与核长、核宽、核厚采用游标卡尺(0.01 mm)测量,果形指数=果实纵径/横径,可食率/%=(单果质量-核质量)/单果质量×100,果实硬度(带皮、去皮)采用数显示硬度计GY-4(0.001 kg·cm-2)测定,可溶性固形物含量采用数显折光仪PAL-1 测定,果实发育期=果实成熟期-盛花期。

1.3 数据统计与分析

采用Excel 2021 进行数据统计与分析,采用SPSS 21.0进行主成分分析,计算各种质综合得分,采用Origin 2024进行系统聚类分析及绘制聚类图,主成分分析结合聚类分析筛选各类群中综合得分较高的优异种质。变异系数计算公式为CV=S/XX为平均值,S为标准差),多样性指数(H')参考陈雪燕等[13]的方法,将数量型性状测量数据分为10级,相邻两级间相差0.5S,通过统计分布频率计算多样性指数(H')。

2 结果与分析

2.1 桃果实描述型性状频率分布及多样性分析

桃果实描述型性状的多样性指数(H')为0.627~1.502,果顶形状最高(1.502),果皮底色次之(1.300),核面光滑程度最低(0.627)(表3)。

表3 描述型性状频率分布及多样性
Table 3 Frequency distribution and diversity of descriptive traits

类型Type外观性状Appearance character频率分布Frequency distribution/%01性状Trait果形Fruit shape果顶形状Top shape of fruit缝合线深浅Depth of suture果实对称性Fruit symmetry茸毛有无Fuzz of fruit surface梗洼深度Depth of stalk cavity梗洼广度Width of stalk cavity果皮底色Pericarp color盖色深浅Cover color depth着色程度Staining degree果肉颜色Flesh color果肉红色素Flesh red pigment近核处红色素Near-nuclear red pigment果皮剥离度Peel degree核黏离性Nuclear adhesion香气Fragrance果实肉质Texture of fruit pulp汁液含量Fruit juice content鲜核颜色Fresh core color核形状Nuclear shape核纹Nuclear striation核面光滑度Nuclear surface smoothness 2 3456 17.9 19.8 21.7 57.5 39.6 35.8 47.2 21.7 32.1 22.6 9.4 10.4 7.5 55.7 11.3 8.5 54.7 18.9 35.8 5.7 51.4 78.1 2.8 28.3 57.5 29.2 15.1 12.3 2.8 5.7 1.9 29.2 2.8内在性状Intrinsic character 6.6 6.6 17.0 17.0 63.2 30.2 60.4 30.2 17.9 2.8 17.9 23.6 59.4 29.2 37.7 43.4 38.7 46.2 0.9 17.9 14.2 15.1 34.3 3.8 2.8 4.7 40.6 48.1果核性状Fruit pit character 34.0 34.9 41.5 43.4 47.2 28.3 19.8 6.6 0.9 50.0 45.3 41.5 63.2 39.6 52.8 14.3 18.1 10.4 22.61.91.9多样性指数H'1.203 1.502 0.907 0.938 0.671 1.096 1.030 1.300 1.214 1.211 0.989 1.281 1.093 0.731 0.960 0.925 0.788 0.913 1.247 1.273 0.987 0.627

在果实外观描述型性状方面,果形以圆形为主(57.5%),其次是扁圆(17.9%)和扁平形(17.0%);果顶形状以圆平居多,占29.2%;缝合线深浅大多数为浅,占63.2%;梗洼深度和梗洼广度多为中等,分别占35.8%、47.2%;果皮底色以绿色为主(41.5%),其次为黄色(29.2%);盖色深浅以深红为主,占43.4%;着色程度以多为主(47.2%),少数为不着色(6.6%),主要表现在新疆桃种质方面。

在果实内在描述型性状方面,果肉颜色主要为白色,占59.4%,黄色次之,占28.3%;果肉红色素和近核处红色素大多数为无,占40.6%和48.1%;果皮剥离度以难剥为主,占55.7%;香气淡占46.2%,香气浓占45.3%;果肉质地多数为软溶质(54.7%),其次是硬溶质(41.5%);果实汁液含量以多为主,占63.2%。

在果核性状方面,果核性状类型多样,但主要以近圆形为主(52.8%),其次是卵圆形(22.6%);鲜核颜色以深棕色为主,占39.6%;核纹多少大多数为中等,占51.4%;核面光滑程度大多数为较粗糙,占78.1%。

2.2 桃果实数量型性状多样性分析

如表4所示,供试的105份桃种质各数量型性状的变异系数(2.34%~74.12%)和多样性指数(1.783~2.079)均呈现出较大变幅,表明桃果实类型较丰富。变异系数较大的是带皮硬度和去皮硬度,分别为57.28%、74.12%,带皮硬度最大的是华玉(11.88 kg·cm-2),最小的是其里干米苏里(0.50 kg·cm-2),可食率变异系数最小,为2.34%;多样性指数最大的果实侧径(2.079),最小的是可食率(1.783)。

表4 数量型性状描述统计及多样性
Table 4 Descriptive statistics and diversity of quantitative traits

果实性状Fruit trait单果质量Single fruit mass/g果实横径Fruit transverse diameter/mm果实纵径Fruit vertical diameter/mm果实侧径Lateral diameter of fruit/mm果形指数Fruit shape index核质量Fresh core mass/g可食率Edible rate/%带皮硬度Belt hardness/(kg·cm-2)去皮硬度Peeling hardness/(kg·cm-2)w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solid content/%核长Nuclear length/mm核宽Nuclear width/mm核厚Nuclear thickness/mm果实发育期Date of maturity/d最小值Minimum 31.32 37.88 34.01 36.43 0.53 2.48 81.01 0.49 0.41 12.10 14.33 16.56 12.32 40最大值Maximum 346.42 91.86 93.79 100.09 1.28 9.04 99.00 11.88 10.85 25.90 42.53 35.53 29.19 160均值Mean 147.95 63.93 58.52 64.78 0.92 5.86 95.19 4.78 3.73 14.90 28.82 23.28 17.72 100极差Range 315.10 53.99 59.79 63.67 0.70 6.56 17.99 11.38 10.44 13.80 28.19 18.97 16.87 120标准差SD 68.53 12.67 13.70 13.59 0.17 1.66 2.21 2.74 2.76 2.04 6.65 3.54 3.31 30变异系数CV/%46.32 19.82 23.42 20.98 18.28 28.38 2.34 57.27 74.12 13.72 23.09 15.23 18.72 30.15多样性指数H'2.040 2.072 2.030 2.079 1.827 1.883 1.783 2.026 1.927 1.838 2.064 1.904 1.929 1.965

单果质量变异系数为46.32%,多样性指数为2.040,单果质量最大的是早久保(346.42 g),最小的是半边红(31.32 g);果实纵径、横径的变异系数分别为19.82%、23.42%,多样性指数分别为2.072、2.030,横径最大的是瑞蟠24号(91.87 mm),纵径最大的是华玉(93.79 mm);可溶性固形物含量变异系数为13.72%,多样性指数为1.838,含量最高的是小公主枣油桃(25.96%),最低为佳木5 号(12.1%);果实发育期的变异系数为30.15%,多样性指数为1.965,最长的是绿光1号(160 d),最短的是金蕾(40 d)。

2.3 桃种质资源综合评价

2.3.1 桃种质资源主成分分析 如表5所示,对105份桃种质的16个果实性状进行主成分分析,提取了4 个主成分,累计贡献率达到80.887%,表明这4 个主成分能够代表16个指标的绝大部分信息。从105份桃种质的16 个果实性状的主成分入选特征值和特征向量可知,第1 主成分主要由单果质量、横径、侧径、带皮硬度和去皮硬度组成,反映了果实的大小和贮运性;第2 主成分主要由果形指数、果实形状、果顶形状组成,第3个主成分主要由盖色深浅、着色程度组成,均反映了果实的外观质量;第4主成分主要由可溶性固形物含量组成,反映了果实的风味。

表5 桃种质资源16 个果实性状的主成分特征值与贡献率
Table 5 Principal component characteristic value and contribution rate of 16 agronomic traits of peach germplasm resources

果实性状Fruit trait单果质量Single fruit mass果实横径Fruit transverse diameter果实纵径Fruit vertical diameter果实侧径Fruit lateral diameter果形指数Fruit shape index带皮硬度Belt hardness去皮硬度Peeling hardness可溶性固形物含量Soluble solid content核长Nuclear length核宽Nuclear width核厚Nuclear thickness核质量Fresh core mass果形Fruit shape果顶形状Top shape of fruit盖色深浅Cover color depth着色程度Staining degree特征值Eigenvalue贡献率Rate of variance/%累计方差贡献率Rate of commulative Variance/%主成分1 PC1 0.916主成分2 PC2 0.127主成分3 PC3-0.209主成分4 PC4-0.164 0.921-0.138-0.198-0.101 0.6430.704-0.135-0.109 0.899-0.104-0.217-0.213-0.167 0.761 0.748-0.024 0.939 0.025 0.017-0.049 0.055 0.352 0.350 0.245-0.033-0.292-0.327 0.645 0.441 0.756 0.693 0.760-0.168-0.341 0.780-0.002-0.372 0.252 0.845 0.807-0.062-0.350-0.233-0.076 0.119 0.011 0.135 0.418 0.365 0.311 0.130 0.015 0.492-0.1280.6650.240 0.499 6.532 40.825 40.825-0.038 3.620 22.626 63.451 0.697 1.587 9.916 73.367 0.050 1.203 7.519 80.887

2.3.2 桃优异种质筛选 根据各主成分特征值与因子得分,构建桃种质资源的综合评价体系,通过每个性状指标的因子载荷值除以特征值的平方根,来计算该指标所对应的特征向量,以特征向量为权重得到得分公式:

以主成分对应的方差贡献率为权重,主成分的得分与相应权重乘积的和建立果实品质综合评价模型:F=0.50×F1+0.28×F2+0.12×F3+0.09×F4。利用该模型计算得到每份种质的综合评价值,并根据综合评价值按从高到低进行排序。排名前5的种质依次为华玉、秋彤、中油金冠、瑞光28号和美瑞(表6)。

表6 桃种质资源综合排名
Table 6 Comprehensive ranking of peach germplasm resources

排名Ranking排名Ranking种质名称Germplasm name种质名称Germplasm name华玉Huayu秋彤Qiutong中油金冠Zhongyoujinguan瑞光28号Ruiguang 28美瑞Meirui晚蜜Wanmi锦花Jinhua中油金红Zhongyoujinhong秋燕Qiuyan早久保Zaojiubao瑞光35号Ruiguang 35中秋王5号Zhongqiuwang 5奥林早金Aolinzaojin早玉Zaoyu中油19号Zhongyou 19中油8号Zhongyou 8金奎Jinkui金秋超黄Jinqiuchaohuang南国红Nanguohong春美Chunmei中油18号Zhongyou 18日本井田Japan Minefield中油丹玉Zhongyoudanyu秦光3号Qiuguang 3中农金辉Zhongnongjinhui双喜红Shuangxihong中油蟠7号Zhongyoupan 7锦香Jinxiang中油20号Zhongyou 20中桃绯玉Zhongtaofeiyu京玉Jinyu燕红Yanhong源东水蜜桃Yuandong Shuimitao锦园Jinyuan早油4号Zaoyou 4得分Score 0.831 0.712 0.710 0.708 0.705 0.695 0.693 0.688 0.684 0.682 0.677 0.670 0.668 0.663 0.662 0.650 0.639 0.638排名Ranking 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52种质名称Germplasm name金蕾Jinlei黄金超霸Huangjinchaoba中秋王6号Zhongqiuwang 6瑞蟠21号Ruipan 21夏至早红Xiazhizaohong中油金铭Zhongyoujinming瑞蟠20号Ruipan 20中油蟠9号Zhongyoupan 9中桃红玉Zhongtaohongyu黄金蜜0号Huangjinmi 0白如玉Bairuyu瑞光27号Ruiguang 27 LG-9#金宝Jinbao LG-8#秦光7号Qinguang 7小公主枣油桃Xiaogongzhuzaoyoutao春雪Chunxue金甜Jintian春瑞枝变Chunruizhibian红光1号Hongguang 1 LG-13#洛浦桃Luoputao瑞油蟠2号Ruiyoupan 2金霞早油蟠Jinxiazaoyoupan瑞蟠19号Ruipan 19黄毛桃Huangmaotao佳木1号Jiamu 1中油蟠5号Zhongyoupan 5白围Baiwei LG-5#A-14#郑4-24 Zheng 4-24中油蟠8号Zhongyoupan 8中桃紫玉Zhongtaoziyu得分Score 0.588 0.587 0.587 0.585 0.580 0.574 0.566 0.564 0.564 0.559 0.555 0.554 0.551 0.547 0.544 0.543 0.540得分Score 123456789 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 0.414 0.413 0.409 0.390 0.382 0.372 0.371 0.364 0.362 0.362 0.348 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 0.637 0.634 0.627 0.626 0.621 0.616 0.611 0.608 0.607 0.607 0.604 0.603 0.602 0.600 0.598 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 0.536 0.529 0.518 0.512 0.510 0.510 0.487 0.478 0.474 0.474 0.465 0.456 0.445 0.441 0.432 0.430 0.428 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 0.345 0.339 0.337 0.333 0.327 0.311 0.310 0.307 0.299 0.298 0.296 0.295 0.286 0.286 0.284 0.276 0.275 0.261 0.257 340.594 101 102 103 103 104 0.256 0.241 0.226 0.226 0.219 700.416 350.592105 LG-12#瑞蟠24号Ruipan 24绿光1号Lüguang 1瑞蟠22号Ruipan 22 13-9#中蟠13号Zhongpan 13 LG-10#13-6#站敏2号Zhanmin 2 A-17#黄光1号Huangguang 1 A-12#LG-11#A-13#绿光2号Lüguang 2站敏4号Zhanmin 4 LG-6#房山蟠桃Fangshanpantao A-3#佳木5号Jiamu 5绿光8号Lüguang 8中蟠7号Zhongyoupan 7半边红Banbianhong于田8号Yutian 8绿光5号Lüguang 5 A-2#绿光4号Lüguang 4 A-15#站敏3号Zhanmin 3其里干米苏里Qiliganmisuli于田4号Yutian 4 LG-14#A-6#A-6#黄光3号Huangguang 3 A-20#0.205

2.4 桃种质资源聚类分析

对105 份桃种质资源进行系统聚类分析,当欧式距离为60时可分为5个类群(图1)。

图1 桃种质资源农艺性状聚类分析
Fig.1 Cluster analysis of agronomic traits of peach germplasm resources

不同类群性状特征差异显著(表7),聚类分析结合主成分分析筛选出各类群中综合得分较高的优异种质,其中第Ⅰ类群包含24 份种质资源,以新疆种质(或品种)为主,果实发育期为124 d,大部分中晚熟,单果质量为58.34 g,带皮硬度2.41 kg·cm-2,可溶性固形物含量为15.1%,香气等级为3,表现为单果质量小、硬度低、可溶性固形物含量高、香气浓郁的特点,代表种质有LG-5#、绿光1号、13-6#。

表7 桃种质不同类群性状特征
Table 7 Characters of different peach germplasm groups

果实性状Fruit trait单果质量Single fruit mass/g果实横径Fruit transverse diameter/mm果实纵径Fruit vertical diameter/mm果实侧径Fruit side diameter/mm果形指数Fruit shape index带皮硬度Belt hardness/(kg·cm-2)去皮硬度Peeling hardness/(kg·cm-2)w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solid content/%核长Nuclear length/mm核宽Nuclear width/mm核厚Nuclear thickness/mm核质量Fresh core mass/g可食率Edible rate/%果实发育期Date of maturity/d香气Fragrance类群ⅠGroup Ⅰ58.34 46.82 44.27 47.02 0.94 2.41 1.36 15.10 24.29 19.80 15.04 3.98 92.72 124 3类群ⅡGroup Ⅱ112.75 59.02 55.50 59.10 0.95 3.75 2.63 14.90 28.26 22.95 17.09 5.49 95.27 90 3类群ⅢGroup Ⅲ174.67 69.53 62.68 71.03 0.91 6.33 5.15 15.50 29.87 24.17 18.85 6.51 96.76 85 2类群ⅣGroup Ⅳ228.45 76.53 70.41 78.09 0.93 6.43 5.53 14.30 33.45 25.71 19.26 7.33 97.13 123 1类群ⅤGroup Ⅴ310.26 87.53 76.28 93.32 0.88 7.11 6.15 12.70 30.07 27.03 20.90 6.29 98.00 128 1

第Ⅱ类群包含25 份种质资源,果实发育期为90 d,单果质量为112.75 g,带皮硬度3.75 kg·cm-2,可溶性固形物含量为14.9%,香气等级为3,表现为早熟、单果质量中等、硬度低、可溶性固形物含量高、香气浓的特点,代表种质有LG-9#、LG-8#、LG-13#、红光1号。

第Ⅲ类群包含32 份种质资源,果实发育期为85 d,单果质量为174.67 g,带皮硬度6.33 kg·cm-2,可溶性固形物含量为15.5%,表现为早熟、单果质量较大、硬度高、可溶性固形物含量高的特点,代表品种有中油金冠、中油金红、中油19号。

第Ⅳ类群包含21 份种质资源,果实发育期为123 d,大部分是中晚熟种质(或品种),单果质量为228.45 g,带皮硬度6.43 kg·cm-2,可溶性固形物含量为14.3%,表现为单果质量较大、硬度高、可溶性固形物含量高的特点,代表品种有瑞光28号、秋彤、美瑞、晚蜜。

第V类群包含3份种质资源,平均果实发育期为128 d,为中晚熟种质,单果质量为310.26 g,带皮硬度7.11 kg·cm-2,可溶性固形物含量为12.7%,该类群单果质量和硬度明显高于其他类群,但可溶性固形物含量较低,代表品种有华玉、早久保。

3 讨 论

变异系数(CV)和多样性指数(H')是评价种质资源多样性的重要指标,H'值越大表明性状的多样性越丰富,变异程度越大,对种质创新贡献率越高,变异越小离散程度越小,性状稳定性越好[14]。笔者调查的105 份桃种质资源果实性状中,22 个描述型性状的频率分布为1.90%~78.18%,多样性指数为0.627~1.502,多样性指数最高的是果顶形状(1.502),果皮底色次之(1.300),与徐子媛[15]对73份桃种质多样性分析得出描述型性状分布频率为1.4%~98.6%,果顶形状(1.519)、果皮底色(1.422)多样性指数(H')较高的结果相似。

本研究中105份桃种质的14个数量型性状变异系数在2.34%~74.12%,其中去皮硬度的变异系数最大(74.12%),说明针对去皮硬度的遗传改良空间较大[16],可食率变异系数最小(2.34%),与陈红等[17]对8份贵州地方桃种质表型多样性分析得出可食率(1.39%)最低的结果一致。可溶性固形物含量的变异系数为13.72%,变异程度相对较小,与谭江平[18]对80 份西藏光核桃种质果实性状分析得出可溶性固形物含量变异系数(12.11%)较低的结果相似,表明此性状在各个类群内变异程度较小,稳定性较高。本研究中105份桃种质的14个数量型性状多样性指数范围在1.783~2.079,果实侧径、果实横径、单果质量的遗传多样性指数较高,分别为2.079、2.072、2.040,与徐子媛[15]对73份桃种质多样性分析的结果相似。以上结果表明,105 份桃种质资源的遗传多样性丰富,能为桃品种选育提供丰富的亲本材料。

主成分分析法广泛运用于筛选桃[19]、软枣猕猴桃[20]、枇杷[21]等果树的评价中,主成分累计方差贡献率达到80%以上时即具有较强代表性[22]。徐臣善等[23]对18 个桃品种使用主成分分析方法进行综合评价,提取出6 个主成分,累计方差贡献率为92.43%;魏丽萍等[24]对西藏光核桃果实表型性状进行主成分分析,累计方差贡献率为90.81%。笔者对105 份桃种质资源进行主成分分析,累计贡献率为80.887%,并根据综合评价值按从高到低进行排序。排序靠前的种质有华玉、秋彤、中油金冠、瑞光28 号等,靠后的种质有黄光3 号、其里干米苏里、半边红等,前者表现为单果质量大、硬度高,后者表现为单果质量小、硬度低,但可溶性固形物含量高,香气浓郁。

利用果实性状进行聚类分析,可以在一定程度上反映出表型的差异,同时反映种质间的亲缘关系[25]。张彦山等[26]依据可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量、可溶性总糖含量、果皮着红、肉质、单果质量等指标将18 份宁甘黄桃分为4 个类群;陈雪峰等[27]依据果实发育期、单果质量、硬度、香气、可溶性固形物含量等指标将26个杏品种分为4个类群。笔者主要依据单果质量、可溶性固形物含量、硬度、香气等级、果实发育期等指标将105份桃种质资源划分为5个类群,其中第Ⅰ类群和第Ⅱ类群以新疆本地土桃种质资源为主,非常具有特色,主要表现为果型小、口感极佳、香气浓郁、可溶性固形物含量高等特点,究其原因,新疆桃是桃亚属的一个种[28],常作为育种亲本或砧木使用。

4 结 论

综上所述,105 份桃种质果实性状的变异类型丰富,多样性指数较高。主成分结合聚类分析筛选出可溶性固形物含量高、耐贮运种质中油金冠、中油金红、瑞光28号,大果型、耐储运种质华玉、早久保,可溶性固形物含量高、香气浓郁、不耐贮运种质LG-9#、LG-8#、LG-13#、红光1号,研究结果为新疆桃品种选育及推广提供了参考。

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Diversity analysis of fruit traits of 105 peach germplasm resources in Xinjiang

LI Dan1,BAI Lixia1,TANG Zhuoyue1,YANG Kanghui1,YANG Lu2,CHENG Ping1*
(1College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, Xinjiang, China;2Xinjiang Academy of Forestry Sciences,Urumqi 830000,Xinjiang,China)

Abstract:【Objective】The study aimed to deeply understand the variability and diversity of fruit traits of different peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] germplasm resources and screen excellent peach germplasm resources.【Methods】A total of 105 peach germplasm resources were used as experimental materials, and 22 descriptive traits were observed by visual observation. Nine fruits with good fruit shape and no mechanical damage were selected.The quantitative trait indexes were measured.The variability and diversity of 22 phenotypic traits and 14 quantitative traits of the fruits were analyzed. The fruit traits of 105 germplasms were comprehensively evaluated and sorted by principal component analysis,and were classified by cluster analysis.【Results】The 22 diversity index (H') of description traits ranged from 0.627 to 1.502,the diversity index of the fruit apex shape was the highest(1.502),followed by the color of the fruit skin (1.300), and the diversity index of the kernel smoothness was the lowest(0.627).The 14 coefficient of variation(2.34%-74.12%)and diversity index(1.783-2.079)of quantitative type traits showed a large range,indicating that peach fruit types were abundant.The highest coefficient of variation was hardness with skin and hardness without skin, which were 74.12% and 57.28%,respectively.The highest hardness with skin was Huayu(11.88 kg·cm-2),the smallest was Qi dry misuri(0.50 kg·cm-2),and the lowest coefficient of variation of edible rate was 2.34%.The fruit side diameter was the largest (2.079) and the edible ratio was the smallest (1.783).A total of 4 principal components were extracted by principal component analysis,and the cumulative contribution rate reached 80.887%,indicating that these 4 principal components could represent most of the information of 16 indicators.From the selected eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the principal components of the 16 fruit traits of the 105 peach germplasms,we could see that the first principal component was mainly composed of single fruit weight, transverse diameter, lateral diameter, peeled hardness and peeled hardness, reflecting the size and storage and transportation ability of the fruits. The second principal component was mainly composed of the fruit shape index, fruit shape and fruit top shape, and the third principal component was mainly composed of the cover color depth and coloring degree, which reflected the appearance quality of the fruits. The fourth principal component was mainly composed of the soluble solids content, reflecting the flavor of the fruits. The cluster analysis of the 105 peach germplasm resources showed that there were significant differences in the characteristics of different groups. When the Euclidean distance was 60, it could be divided into 5 groups. The first group included 24 germplasm resources, mainly Xinjiang germplasm, most of them were mid-late maturing germplasm, showing the characteristics of small single fruit weight, low hardness, high soluble solids content and rich aroma.The group Ⅱcontained 25 germplasm resources,which were characterized by the early maturity,medium single fruit weight, low hardness, high soluble solids content and strong aroma.The group Ⅲcontained 32 germplasm resources, which were characterized by the early maturity, large single fruit weight,high hardness and high soluble solids content.The group Ⅳcontained 21 germplasm resources,most of them were mid-late maturity germplasm, showing the characteristics of large single fruit weight, high hardness and high soluble solids content.The group Ⅴcontained 3 germplasm resources,which were mid-late maturing germplasm.The single fruit weight and hardness of this group were significantly higher than those of other groups,but the soluble solids content was lower.【Conclusion】The variation types of fruit traits in jujube germplasm resources were abundant and the diversity index was high (H'). The principal component combination cluster analysis screened out high soluble solid content, storage and transport resistant germplasm Zhongyoujinguan, Zhongyoujinhong, Ruiguang 28, big fruit type and storage and transport resistant germplasm Huayu, Zaojiu Bao, high soluble solid content,rich aroma, and intolerant germplasm for storage and transportation LG-9#, LG-8#, LG-13#, Hongguang 1.The study would provide reference for breeding and extension of peach varieties in Xinjiang.

Key words:Peach;Germplasm resources;Phenotypic characters;Genetic diversity

中图分类号:S662.1

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2025)07-1377-12

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20250052

收稿日期:2025-01-24

接受日期:2025-02-17

基金项目:新疆维吾尔自治区重大科技专项(2023A02008-4);新疆维吾尔自治区“三农”骨干人才培养项目(2024SNGGGCC013)

作者简介:李丹,女,在读硕士研究生,主要从事桃种质资源评价方面的研究。E-mail:3153775832@qq.com

*通信作者Author for correspondence. E-mail:84966324@qq.com