白肉枇杷新品种莆华白的选育

林授锴1,涂四平1#,马世伟1,林志聪1,范国藩2,林顺权1*,吴锦程1*

1莆田学院环境与生物工程学院,福建莆田 351100;2莆田市秀屿区实验中学,福建莆田 351146)

摘 要:莆华白是从福建省莆田市九华农场枇杷实生群体中选育,并通过分子标记技术溯源的中晚熟白肉枇杷新品种。果实近圆形,果皮和果肉均呈黄白色,易剥皮;平均单果质量58.75 g,可食率70.98%,每果种子数4~5粒。可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)12.87%,可溶性总糖含量(以葡萄糖计)9.54%,可滴定酸含量(以柠檬酸计)0.36%,果肉细腻,酸甜适口,品质较优。果实发育期约140 d,在福建省莆田市涵江区大洋乡4月中下旬至5月上旬成熟。树势强,高抗叶斑病,丰产性与稳产性表现好。适宜在福建莆田及气候相似的中低海拔地区推广种植。

关键词:枇杷;新品种;莆华白;白肉

枇杷是原产我国的常绿果树之一,栽培历史悠久[1]。白肉枇杷具有肉质细嫩、风味佳等优点,其鲜食品质显著优于黄肉枇杷,深受消费者喜爱。当前,枇杷产业正面临着品种结构调整的重要关口,白肉枇杷的市场需求持续增长,种植面积逐年扩大,而黄肉枇杷的推广比例呈下降趋势[2]。近年来,国内高校、科研机构相继选育出三月白[3]、早佳8 号[4]、粤晖[5]、迎雪[6]、华白2号[7]、中白[8]等优质白肉枇杷新品种,有效推动了产业升级。莆田学院从莆田市九华农场枇杷实生群体中成功选育出综合性状优良的中晚熟白肉枇杷新品种莆华白(图1),为品种结构优化提供了新选择。

图1 枇杷新品种莆华白
Fig.1 A new loquat cultivar Puhuabai

1 选育经过

在福建莆田九华农场(1955 年创办的国营农场)洋湖旧场部牛栏旁,发现1株表现优异的枇杷实生树,该树自1980年初开始结果,具结果性能稳定、果肉黄白色、品质较优等特性。从1984年到1996年间,通过在莆田城郊下郑和龙桥洋西、秀屿区笏石、大洋柯山和院埔等地进行嫁接扩繁,观察植物学特征、果实品质和抗性等综合性状,发现其具有果型大、风味佳、丰产性好、抗性强等优点,且性状表现稳定,遂初选为优株。

2020 年,莆田学院正式启动系统选育工作,暂定名莆华白。2021 年6 月经溯源确认,该品种源于九华农场枇杷自然实生群体。基于50 份枇杷种质资源的SSR分子标记亲缘关系分析证实其与解放钟亲缘关系最近(图2)。2021—2023年开展多生态区域试验与生产性试验,最终于2024年12月通过福建省非主要农作物品种认定委员会认定(认定编号:闽认果2024001),定名为莆华白。

图2 50 份枇杷资源亲缘关系相似性
Fig.2 Germplasm relationship similarity of the 50 loquat accessions

2 主要性状

2.1 植物学特征

莆华白树姿半开张,树势强,枝干粗壮,皮孔稀疏;叶片椭圆形,被茸毛,叶基楔形,叶缘锯齿圆钝,叶脉明显,叶片长30.26 cm,宽9.79 cm,深绿色,抗病性强;具托叶宿存,托叶长0.68 cm,叶柄长1.24 cm。果实近圆形,果皮具点状果斑,成熟时果皮及果肉均呈黄白色,风味酸甜。花序长13.95 cm,两性花,花瓣白色,花柱5 枚,雄蕊30 枚,花径2.13 cm,花梗长1.0 cm,耐寒性良好(4 ℃左右能正常开花挂果)。

2.2 果实主要性状

果实近圆形,成熟后果皮、果肉黄白色,易剥皮;平均单果质量58.75 g,平均可食率70.98%,种子为4~5 粒,三角形;平均可溶性固形物含量12.87%,可溶性总糖含量(以葡萄糖计)9.54%,可滴定酸含量(以柠檬酸计)0.36%,果肉细腻,酸甜适口,品质较优(表1)。相较于福建省主栽黄肉枇杷解放钟,莆华白兼具白肉枇杷的优质特性与黄肉枇杷的更高产量,高接换种后第6年每666.7 m2产量达1 031.61 kg,产量略高于解放钟,丰产稳产性好,适宜规模化种植。

表1 莆华白与解放钟主要经济性状比较
Table 1 Comparison of main economic traits of Puhuabai and Jiefangzhong

品种Cultivar成熟期Ripening果形Fruit shape色泽Colour风味Flavor莆华白Puhuabai黄白Yellow-white单果质量Fruit mass/g 58.75可食率Edible rate/%70.98 w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solid content/%12.87质地Pulp texture细嫩Fine tender叶斑病病情指数Disease index of leaf spot disease 1.50解放钟Jiefangzhong 4月中下旬至5月上旬Mid-late April to early May 4月中下旬至5月上旬Mid-late April to early May近圆形Near round shape倒卵圆形Inverted oval shape橙黄Orangeyellow 70.26 71.06 11.70酸甜Soursweet酸甜Soursweet致密Dense 4.26

2.3 物候期

在莆田市涵江区大洋乡,其物候期为春梢1 月初萌动,2月初抽生,3月中下旬春梢叶转深绿;夏梢5 月初萌发,6 月初老熟;秋梢8 月底萌动;花序9 月中下旬出现。初花期10月中旬(早花占比约10%),晚花期持续到11 月下旬至12 月上旬。果实4 月中旬始熟,一般持续到4月下旬末至5月初,果实发育期约140 d。

2.4 抗逆性与适应性

莆华白适应性强,果皮厚韧,抗日灼和裂果能力强。田间调查显示,在福建莆田大洋乡瑞云村莆华白和解放钟的叶斑病病情指数分别为1.50 和4.26(表1),莆华白抗叶斑病能力强,叶斑病病情指数显著低于解放钟;对其他病虫害抗性与解放钟相当。

3 栽培技术要点

3.1 建园定植

宜选择在交通便利、土壤肥沃、酸碱度适中的(pH 值5.5~6.5)土壤建园,在土层深厚、排水良好、土质疏松、含有机质多的红壤与黄壤土、坡度<20°的缓坡地上种植生长结果更佳;适宜在年平均气温大于18 ℃、极端最低气温大于0 ℃、年降水量1200 mm 以上的地区种植。每666.7 m2种植40~42株,株行距以4.0 m×4.0 m 为宜,挖深0.8 m、直径1.0 m 左右定植穴,铺足豆秆、杂草约2/3 深度,再施加腐熟土杂肥或厩肥后填土。每666.7 m2施鸡、鸭粪等有机肥1000~2000 kg。10月中旬秋定植或翌年2—3月春定植。定植时保证种植质量,踏实、浇水,树盘覆盖,缚竹防风吹倒等。砧木以树势强且根系较发达的解放钟实生苗为佳。

3.2 肥水管理

以有机-无机肥配施为原则。幼年树施肥,以氮为主,磷、钾施肥量为氮的50%~60%,以N、P2O5、K2O 质量比1∶0.5∶0.6 为宜,年施肥4~6 次。结果树施肥,莆华白树势强健,偏施氮肥将导致结果母枝抽穗率不高,注意控氮增钾,在果实采后至花芽生理分化前,适当控制氮肥的施用量利于花芽分化,以N、P2O5、K2O质量比1∶0.5∶1为宜,年施肥2~3次。其中春肥(壮果肥):在疏果后和幼果迅速膨大期,施入N、P2O5、K2O 质量比3∶2∶2.5 速效肥,占全年施肥量25%~30%,促果实膨大和成熟以及春梢和根系的生长。施肥深度宜浅,以免伤根。夏肥:果实采后1周至花芽生理分化前,施入N、P2O5、K2O 质量比3∶2∶3.5 的速效肥和优质有机肥,宜早不宜迟,占全年施肥量45%~50%,以利采后树势恢复及促发健壮夏梢和花芽分化。秋肥:根据树势强弱来定施秋肥或不施,通常在开始抽生花穗时,施入N、P2O5、K2O 质量比5∶2.5∶5的速效肥和有机肥,施肥量占全年施肥量的25%~30%。

3.3 整形修剪

莆华白树势较强,一般在0.7 m 处定干,促进低位分枝,层间距0.5 m,各层选留3~4 个主枝且层间互不重叠,每主枝选留2~3个副主枝并结合拉枝、适当回缩等手段,培育成开心、矮冠树形,便于果园管理和采收,可减少劳动、生产成本,提高枇杷种植效益。采果后需进行一次重要的修剪,主要疏除衰弱枝、病虫枯枝、交叉重叠枝,短截无叶枝条,回缩果痕枝、下垂枝等,11月上旬结合疏花也可进行一次修剪。

3.4 花果管理

适度疏花与疏果。莆华白坐果率较高,若不疏果,果实大小不一。每穗根据树势强弱,可留果实3~8个。宜采用“外纸袋+内泡沫网”双层套袋,未套袋果实外观品质下降。果实宜九成熟时采收。

致谢:莆田市农业科学研究所刘国强、莆田市涵江区闽中银杏开发示范场沈志国、莆田市城厢区龙桥街道洋西村枇杷园林国栋参加了该新品种的选育工作,特此感谢!

参考文献References:

[1] 林顺权.中国果树科学与实践:枇杷[M].西安:陕西科学技术出版社,2019:1-10.LIN Shunquan. Science and practice of fruit trees in China:Loquat[M]. Xi’an:Shaanxi Science and Technology Press,2019:1-10.

[2] 林顺权. 新中国果树科学研究70 年:枇杷[J]. 果树学报,2019,36(10):1421-1428.LIN Shunquan. Fruit scientific research in New China in the past 70 years:Loquat[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2019,36(10):1421-1428.

[3] 郑少泉,蒋际谋,姜帆,邓朝军,陈秀萍,胡文舜,许家辉,许奇志,苏文炳.特早熟优质大果白肉枇杷新品种‘三月白’[J].园艺学报,2020,47(增刊2):2956-2957.ZHENG Shaoquan,JIANG Jimou,JIANG Fan,DENG Chaojun,CHEN Xiuping,HU Wenshun,XU Jiahui,XU Qizhi,SU Wenbing. A new extremely early ripening loquat cultivar‘Sanyuebai’with high quality,large size and white flesh[J].Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2020,47(Suppl.2):2956-2957.

[4] 张展伟,阮贤聪,林顺权,陈健,冯瑞祥,杨向晖,徐社金.早熟白肉枇杷新品种‘早佳8 号’[J].园艺学报,2022,49(增刊1):45-46.ZHANG Zhanwei,RUAN Xiancong,LIN Shunquan,CHEN Jian,FENG Ruixiang,YANG Xianghui,XU Shejin. A new early maturing white-flesh loquat cultivar‘Zaojia 8’[J] .Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2022,49(Suppl.1):45-46.

[5] 杨向晖,张展伟,陈健,冯瑞祥,阮贤聪,徐社金,赵崇斌,李舒庆,陈军,林顺权. 白肉枇杷新品种‘粤晖’[J]. 园艺学报,2022,49(增刊1):49-50.YANG Xianghui,ZHANG Zhanwei,CHEN Jian,FENG Ruixiang,RUAN Xiancong,XU Shejin,ZHAO Chongbin,LI Shuqing,CHEN Jun,LIN Shunquan.A new white-flesh loquat cultivar‘Yuehui’[J].Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2022,49(Suppl. 1):49-50.

[6] 徐红霞,李晓颖,葛航,陈俊伟.晚熟白肉枇杷新品种迎雪的选育[J].果树学报,2023,40(10):2291-2295.XU Hongxia,LI Xiaoying,GE Hang,CHEN Junwei. Breeding report of a new loquat variety Yingxue[J]. Journal of Fruit Science,2023,40(10):2291-2295.

[7] 王君秀,李晓林,何桥,党江波,向素琼,孙海艳,吴頔,景丹龙,王淑明,夏燕,郭启高,梁国鲁.大果白肉枇杷新品种‘华白2号’[J].园艺学报,2024,51(增刊2):65-66.WANG Junxiu,LI Xiaolin,HE Qiao,DANG Jiangbo,XIANG Suqiong,SUN Haiyan,WU Di,JING Danlong,WANG Shuming,XIA Yan,GUO Qigao,LIANG Guolu.A new white-flesh loquat cultivar‘Huabai 2’with large fruit[J].Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2024,51(Suppl.2):65-66.

[8] 蒋际谋,邓朝军,许奇志,陈秀萍,胡文舜,苏文炳,张雅玲,魏伟淋,黄敬峰,郑少泉.优质大果中熟白肉枇杷新品种中白的选育[J].果树学报,2024,41(10):2139-2143.JIANG Jimou,DENG Chaojun,XU Qizhi,CHEN Xiuping,HU Wenshun,SU Wenbing,ZHANG Yaling,WEI Weilin,HUANG Jingfeng,ZHENG Shaoquan. Breeding of a new high-quality,large-fruit,mid-ripening and white-flesh loquat cultivar Zhongbai[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2024,41(10):2139-2143.

Breeding of a new white-fleshed loquat cultivar Puhuabai

LIN Shoukai1,TU Siping1#,MA Shiwei1,LIN Zhicong1,FAN Guofan2,LIN Shunquan1*,WU Jincheng1*
(1College of Environmental and Biological Engineering,Putian University,Putian 351100,Fujian,China;2Putian Xiuyu District Experimental Middle School,Putian 351146,Fujian,China)

Abstract:Puhuabai is a new mid-to-late season and white-fleshed loquat cultivar developed from the seedling populations at Jiuhua Farm in Putian City, Fujian Province. Its genetic lineage was verified through molecular marker analysis. An exceptional loquat seedling tree was discovered in the 1980s near the cattle pen at Yanghu Headquarters of Jiuhua Farm (a state-owned farm established in 1955).This tree exhibited stable fruiting performance, yellowish-white flesh, and superior quality. From 1984 to 1996,graft propagation trials in multiple locations(e.g.,Xiazheng,Longqiao Yangxi,Xiuyu District,Dayang Keshan, and Yuanpu) revealed its stable traits, including large fruit size, excellent flavor, high yield, and good disease resistance, leading to its preliminary selection as an elite line. In 2020, Putian University initiated systematic breeding and temporarily named it Puhuabai. In June 2021, It was confirmed that this cultivar originated from the natural seedling populations of loquat at Jiuhua Farm. SSR molecular marker analysis of 50 loquat germplasms demonstrated its closest genetic relationship to Jiefangzhong. Multi-regional and production trials from 2021 to 2023 culminated in its official certification by the Fujian Provincial Committee for Non-Staple Crop Ⅴariety Certification in December 2024.The trees have semi-spreading canopy with vigorous growth, robust branches and sparse lenticels.The leaves are broad-elliptic (30.26 cm×9.79 cm), tomentose, and dark green, with wedge-shaped base,rounded serrations,prominent venation and persistent stipules.The flowers are bisexual,with white petals, 5 styles, 30 stamens, 2.13 cm in diameter, 13.95 cm in inflorescence and cold tolerance (normal flowering/fruiting at 4 ℃). The nearly round fruits exhibit yellowish-white peel and flesh with easy peelling feature. Key characteristics include an average fruit weight of 58.75 g, edible portion rate of 70.98%, and 4-5 seeds per fruit. The soluble solids content is 12.87%, total soluble sugars (glucose equivalent) content is 9.54%, and titratable acidity (citric acid equivalent) is 0.36%, contributing to its fine-textured flesh and well-balanced sweet-sour flavor.The fruits develop for about 140 days and mature from mid-late April to early May in Dayang Township,Hanjiang District,Putian City,Fujian Province.The trees demonstrate vigorous growth,strong resistance to leaf spot disease,and excellent productivity with stable yields.This cultivar is recommended for cultivation in Putian,Fujian Province,and climatically similar regions at low-to-medium elevations. Cultivation site selection includes well-drained and acidic soil (pH 5.5-6.5) with deep loamy layers, rich organic matters and gentle slopes (<20°).Planting density is 40-42 plants·666.7 m-²(4.0 m×4.0 m spacing).Dig planting holes(0.8 m deep×1.0 m diameter), layer with bean stalks/weeds (2/3 depth), add decomposed manure, and backfill the holes.Optimal planting periods are mid-October (autumn) or February to March (spring). Rootstock can choose Jiefangzhong seedlings with robust root systems. Fertilization can be recommended as follows:Young trees:N-focused(N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.5∶0.6),4-6 applications/year;Bearing trees:to control nitrogen and increase potassium (N∶P2O5∶K2O =1∶0.5∶1), with 2-3 applications/year. Spring (fruit enlargement):Fast-acting fertilizer (N∶P2O5∶K2O =3∶2∶2.5), 25%-30% annual dose. Summer (post-harvest):Fast-acting fertilizer (N∶P2O5∶K2O =3∶2∶2.5) + organic manure, 45%-50% annual dose.Autumn (optional):Fast-acting fertilizer (N∶P2O5∶K2O =5∶2.5∶5) + organic manure,25%-30% annual dose. Pruning includes to cut back the whip seedling below 0.7 m to promote low branching, and maintain 0.5 m interlayer spacing, with 3-4 primary branches per layer, and 2-3 secondary branches per primary branch. Post-harvest pruning focuses on removing weak/pest-damaged branches and cutting back leafless shoots. Fruit management include to thin fruits to 3-8 per cluster, and bag fruits with dual-layer“paper bag+foam net”to improve fruit appearance.Harvest should be done at 90%maturity.

Key words:Loquat;New cultivar;Puhuabai;White-flesh

中图分类号:S667.3

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2025)06-1368-05

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20250185

收稿日期:2025-04-17

接受日期:2025-05-10

基金项目:福建省高校产学合作项目(2021N5014);福建省高校产学研联合创新项目(2022N5006);福建省科技特派团服务重点产业链专项(2024N0062)

作者简介:林授锴,男,副教授,研究方向为枇杷种质资源创新利用与产业开发。E-mail:shoukai.lin@foxmail.com。#为共同第一作者。

*通信作者Author for correspondence. E-mail:loquat@scau.edu.cn;E-mail:wjc2384@163.com