晚熟甜樱桃新品种福金的选育

王玉霞,李延菊,田长平,李芳东*,张 序*,张福兴,孙庆田,李公存

(山东省烟台市农业科学研究院,山东烟台 265500)

摘 要:福金是由晚红珠×雷尼杂交选育出的优质晚熟甜樱桃新品种。果实肾形,果皮底色黄色,果面着鲜红色,光照良好时可全面红色;果肉乳黄色;肉质硬脆,甜味浓。平均单果质量为11.7 g,最大单果质量15.9 g;果柄中长(2.70 cm),成熟期与果肉不易分离;核小,果实可食率95.1%。果肉可溶性固形物含量(w)22.5%;鲜食品质上。果实生育期72 d左右,在山东烟台地区6月中下旬成熟。树势中庸,树姿半开张;以花束状果枝结果为主。耐冬季低温,花期抗霜冻能力强。早实、丰产,5年生树产量为867.6 kg·666.7 m-2,8年生树产量1 261.6 kg·666.7 m-2,综合性状优良。适宜在山东省樱桃适栽区推广种植。

关键词:甜樱桃;新品种;福金;晚熟

甜樱桃是当前种植效益较好的果树之一[1],因其果实鲜美,深受消费者喜爱。据国家桃产业技术体系调查统计,截至2023 年,我国甜樱桃种植面积约为23.33 万hm2,产量140 万t,是世界上栽培面积最大的国家[2]。目前,我国甜樱桃产业已进入高质量发展阶段,迫切需要新品种、新技术来适应甜樱桃现代化栽培[3]。目前,甜樱桃生产中以美早、红灯、萨米脱、俄罗斯八号等红色或深红色品种为主,近年来自主选育品种也以福阳、春佳、晚蜜露等深色系列品种为主[4-6],优质黄红色品种相对缺乏。从2024年烟台市甜樱桃销售情况来看,美早特级果、一级果的平均售价分别为41.8元·kg-1、28.8元·kg-1;而雷尼的价格首次超过美早,特级果、一级果的平均售价分别为46.6元·kg-1、29.2元·kg-1,反映出消费市场的新需求和新变化。山东省烟台市农业科学研究院为满足消费市场对优质黄红色品种的需求,做强我国甜樱桃种业“芯片”,以晚红珠为母本、雷尼为父本,杂交选育出黄红色晚熟品种福金,具有果个大、成熟晚、肉质硬脆、鲜食品质佳的特点。

1 选育经过

2003年,山东省烟台市农业科学研究院以晚红珠为母本、雷尼为父本进行杂交。翌年春播种,2005年将获得的杂交实生苗定植于烟台市农科院芝罘区樱桃杂交育种圃中。2007年开始结果,确定为优系,育种代号03-6-12。2008 年将优系嫁接到大青叶砧木上,定植于烟台市农业科学研究院大樱桃选种圃,翌年取部分小树移栽至院内大樱桃良种展示园。2012年开始结果,表现出树体强旺,果个大,2014—2016年进入结果盛期,树势缓和,表现果个大,平均单果质量11.7 g,果实黄红色,鲜食品质上,耐寒性强,抗早春霜冻,丰产、稳产,综合性状优良。2017年2月通过山东省林木品种审定委员会审定,命名为福金(图1),审定证书编号:鲁S-SⅤ-PA-018-2016。

图1 晚熟甜樱桃新品种福金
Fig.1 A new late-maturing sweet cherry Fujin

2 主要性状

2.1 果实主要经济性状

福金果实肾形,果顶凹,大型果,平均单果质量11.7 g,最大单果质量15.9 g,果实纵径2.51 cm,横径3.06 cm,侧径2.50 cm;果柄中长,长2.70 cm,成熟期与果肉不易分离。果实底色黄色,果面着鲜红色,光照良好时可全面着红色,与母本雷尼相近;果肉淡黄色、果汁黄白色,肥厚多汁,肉质硬脆、甜味浓,鲜食品质上。果肉可溶性固形物含量(w)22.5%。果实可食率95.1%。福金与亲本果实主要性状见表1。

表1 福金与晚红珠、雷尼果实性状调查
Table 1 Survey on the fruit traits of Fujin,Wanhongzhu and Rainier

品种Cultivar福金Fujin平均单果质量Average fruit mass/g 11.7最大单果质量Max fruit mass/g 15.9果形Fruit shape肾形Kideny-shaped果肉颜色Flesh color淡黄色Pale yellow果柄长Length of fruit stalk/cm 2.70 w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solids content/%22.5可食率Edible rate/%95.1晚红珠Wanhongzhu 9.9 11.2果皮颜色Pericarp color黄底红晕Yellow ground and red surface鲜红色Bright red红色Red 2.17 18.1 92.4雷尼Rainier 10.5 13.6宽心脏形Wide heartshaped宽心脏形Wide heartshaped黄底红晕Yellow ground and red surface淡黄色Pale yellow 2.14 20.5 93.8

2.2 植物学特征

福金树姿半开张,8年生树高3.3 m,干周64 cm,东西冠径4.3 m,南北冠径4.6 m。主干灰白色,皮孔椭圆形、明显。1 年生枝浅褐色,平均长50.5 cm,节间距2.65 cm。叶片绿色,长椭圆形,平展,叶基广圆形,叶缘粗重锯齿,顶端急尾尖;平均叶片长度为15.26 cm、叶片宽度为6.94 cm,叶柄长2.84 cm。叶片蜜腺小,肾形,浅红色,1~4个,多数2个,对生或斜生。花冠白色,花瓣形状圆形,位置重叠,雌蕊柱头略低于雄蕊(图2)。福金与亲本植物学特征比较见表2。

表2 福金与晚红珠、雷尼的植物学特征比较
Table 2 Comparison of botanical characters between Fujin and Wanhongzhu,Rainier

品种Cultivar福金Fujin晚红珠Wanhongzhu雷尼Rainier 1年生枝条颜色Annual branch color浅褐色Light brown灰褐色Grayish brown棕褐色Dark brown叶片形状Leaf shape长椭圆形Long ellipsoid shape椭圆形Elliptic shape椭圆形Elliptic shape叶片长度Leaf length/cm 15.26 14.54 15.06叶片宽度Leaf width/cm 6.94 7.58 7.28叶柄长度Petiole length/cm 2.84 3.16 3.23

图2 晚熟甜樱桃新品种福金开花状
Fig.2 Flower of new late-maturing sweet cherry Fujin

2.3 生长结果习性

福金树势中庸偏强,树体健壮,萌芽率高,成枝力较强。树冠半开张,具有良好的早产性,当年生枝条基部易形成腋花芽,腋花芽结果比例高,结果性状类似于晚红珠(母本)。各类果枝均能结果,进入盛果期后,长果枝占21.1%,中果枝占8.3%,短果枝占12.8%,花束状果枝占57.8%,以花束状果枝结果为主。定植后第3年开始结果,自然坐果率高达61.8%,4年生树产量372.8 kg·666.7 m-2,5年生树处理867.6 kg·666.7 m-2,8年生树产量1 261.6 kg·666.7 m-2,丰产、稳产。

2.4 物候期

在山东烟台地区,福金的物候期不同年份略有差异。一般年份3月下旬开始萌芽,4月初进入初花期,4月上中旬进入盛花期,花期7~10 d;6月中下旬进入成熟期,果实发育期72 d左右,属极晚熟品种(表3)。

表3 福金甜樱桃物候期调查
Table 3 Phenological phase of Fujin

品种Cultivar福金Fujin晚红珠Wanhongzhu雷尼Rainier萌芽期Sprouting period 03-21 03-19 03-20始花期First flowering period 04-03 04-01 04-04盛花期Full flowering period 04-05 04-03 04-06谢花期Final flowering period 04-10 04-10 04-10成熟期Maturation period 06-16 06-17 06-12

2.5 适应性和抗逆性

福金花期抗霜冻能力强。2015 年4 月,花期遭受-4 ℃的低温后,对花芽冻害调查发现,福金冻害率为32.0%,先锋冻害率为69.8%,萨米脱冻害率达84.6%,福金的产量基本没有受到影响。较耐冬季低温,跟雷尼类似,若因褐斑病、叶斑病等防治不及时导致早期落叶,树体贮藏养分不足,枝条易受冻。2021年1月,烟台出现-18 ℃的低温,先锋、萨米脱出现较严重冻害,而福金仅在长势强旺的枝条及芽上出现轻微冻害。对8年生树测定产量,福金16.6 kg·株-1,先锋11.9 kg·株-1,萨米脱2.8 kg·株-1;福金表现出良好的丰产、稳产能力。在烟台地区,福金树干易遭受红颈天牛的危害,生产中注意及时防控。适宜在山东省等晚熟地区甜樱桃适栽区推广种植。

3 栽培技术要点

3.1 建园

选择光照足、排水好、土壤肥沃的壤砂土或壤土地块建园。种植时间为春季或秋季,建议秋季种植,苗木成活率高于春季种植。苗木宜选择一级苗木,选择标准参考DB37/T 3227《甜樱桃苗木质量分级》。起垄栽植,垄高在40~50 cm 之间。整形方式可选择超细纺锤形整形,株行距(2~2.5)m×4 m。栽后浇透水,覆盖地膜保墒。

3.2 肥水管理

福金早实、丰产性好,生产中应注意加强肥水管理。苗木定植当年应勤浇水,正常降雨年份全年浇水10~12 次;前3 遍水浇透水,间隔7~10 d 浇1 次;9月份以后,适当减少浇水量,避免新梢停长过晚、树体贮藏营养积累不足。从第2 年开始,正常年份浇水5~6 次[7]。基肥以有机肥为主,配合使用复合肥、中微量元素肥、菌肥等。幼树期,施用有机肥500~700 kg·666.7 m-2,复合肥30~50 kg·666.7 m-2,中微量元素肥5~10 kg·666.7 m-2;盛果期,施用有机肥1000~1500 kg·666.7 m-2,复合肥40~60 kg·666.7 m-2,中微量元素肥10~15 kg·666.7 m-2。福金树势中庸偏旺,应注意平衡施肥,防止树势过旺,影响花芽分化;追肥以速效性水溶肥为主,果实发育后期以高钾复合肥为主,提高果实品质。

3.3 整形修剪

通过疏枝、短截等修剪措施,保持树体通风透光,提高果实品质及着色率;同时注意控制负载量,对弱树、弱枝及时更新,保持树体健壮,确保外围新梢生长量维持在50~60 cm;同时,控制树体负载量,防止树体衰弱。

3.4 花果管理

福金为异花授粉品种,栽培中需搭配授粉树,适宜授粉品种为红灯、先锋、桑提娜等。在果实转色至采收期降雨较多的地区,建议搭建避雨防霜设施,减轻因降雨引起裂果、烂果的发生。

3.5 病虫害防治

以烟台地区露地管理为例,萌芽前(3月底4月初),喷施3~5°Bé石硫合剂或者50%硫黄悬浮剂800~1000倍液+30%毒死蜱水乳剂1500~2000倍液。花萼脱落后,喷施30%苯咪甲环唑4000倍液+5%联苯菊酯700倍液。5月中旬,喷施30%苯咪甲环唑4000倍液+5%联苯菊酯700倍液+10%苯丁哒螨灵乳油1000倍液+25%噻嗪酮可湿性粉剂1000倍液。采收后至雨季来临前,喷施1∶2~3∶200的波尔多液,大约20 d后,再喷1遍;已发生褐斑病的,先喷1遍43%戊唑醇3000~4000倍液或多·锰锌和农用链霉素,再喷波尔多液;有红蜘蛛、白蜘蛛危害的,及时选用三唑锡、噻嗪酮等进行防治。冬季落叶后,及时清除残枝落叶,集中销毁。

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Breeding report of a new late-maturing sweet cherry cultivar Fujin

WANG Yuxia, LI Yanju, TIAN Changping, LI Fangdong*, ZHANG Xu*, ZHANG Fuxing, SUN Qingtian,LI Gongcun
(Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Yantai,Shandong 265500,China)

Abstract:Fujin is a new late-maturing sweet cherry cultivar bred by the cross of Wanhongzhu×Rainier at the Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences.The breeding work started in 2003,and the seedlings were obtained through sowing in late March 2004. These seedlings were subsequently planted in the cherry hybrid nursery of Zhifu District,Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences in 2005. In 2007, the hybrid seedlings began to bear fruit,and the breeding code of 03-6-12 was identified as a superior line.In 2008, the superior line was grafted onto Daqingye rootstock, and it was planted in the sweet cherry selection nursery of Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The tree began to bear fruit in 2012,showing strong trees, large fruits, and entered the fruiting season from 2014 to 2016, with excellent comprehensive traits.In February 2017,it received approval from the Forest Ⅴariety Approval Committee of Shandong, and named Fujin, with a certificate number of Lu S-SⅤ-PA-018-2016. The tree’s growth characteristics are as follows:it is moderately vigorous and semi-open in shape,with a height of 3.3 meters at 8th year and a trunk circumference of 64 centimeters.Its annual branches are light brown,with an average length of 50.5 centimeters and a pitch of 2.65 centimeters.The leaves are green,long elliptic, and have coarsely serrated margins. The nectar glands on leaf blade are small, kidney-shaped,and light red in color,mostly 2,opposite or oblique.The corolla is white,with a round petal shape,overlapping position,and a pistil stigma situated slightly lower than the stamen.The fruit of Fujin exhibits a kidney-shaped morphology, characterized by a concave top, with the average weight of 11.7 g, and a maximum weight of 15.9 g per fruit.The fruit stalk is of medium length,measuring 2.70 cm.The fruit’s base is yellow,while the surface is bright red.The flesh of the fruit is light yellow,and the juice is yellow-white. The flesh is hard and crispy, with a sweet flavor. The fruit is fresh and possesses excellent eating quality.The fruit’s soluble solids content (w) is 22.5%, and its edibility rate is 95.1%. Fujin exhibits high budbreak rate and branching capacity, resulting in an early substantial yield. The types of fruiting branches is notable, with the bouquet-like fruiting branches contributing to the most yield.The yield of 5-year-old trees is 867.6 kg·666.7 m-2,and the yield of 8-year-old trees is 1 261.6 kg·666.7 m-2.The fruit growth period is approximately 72 days, and it matures in the middle and late June in Yantai.The tree demonstrates resistance to low temperatures in winter and strong frost resistance during the flowering period. In the context of cultivation, the planting spacing is (2-2.5) m×4 m, and the pollination varieties include Hongdeng, Ⅴan and Santina. To mitigate the adverse effects of precipitation and low temperatures,it is advisable to construct appropriate facilities.

Key words:Sweet cherry;New cultivar;Fujin;Late-maturing

中图分类号:S662.5

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2025)06-1364-04

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20250048

收稿日期:2025-02-07

接受日期:2025-02-15

基金项目:烟台市科技创新发展计划项目(2024ZDCX022);山东省重点研发计划(乡村振兴科技创新提振行动计划)(2023TZXD059);国家现代农业产业技术体系专项(CARS-30-ZY-24);山东省重点研发计划(竞争性创新平台)(2022CXPT017)

作者简介:王玉霞,女,高级农艺师,博士,主要从事樱桃育种与栽培研究。E-mail:ah8111@163.com

*通信作者Author for correspondence. E-mail:fangdong0801@163.com;E-mail:zhangxu432@163.com