基于气象因子的陕西大荔冬枣气候品质评价方法研究

沈姣姣1,2,党超琪1,张月帆1,郭 琦1,王靖中1

1陕西省气象服务中心,西安 710014;2中国气象局秦岭和黄土高原生态环境气象重点开放实验室,西安 710016)

摘 要:【目的】对大荔冬枣进行气候品质评价,对提升冬枣果品品质和增强市场竞争力有重大意义。【方法】基于1991—2024 年大荔县逐日气象数据和多年品质检测结果,依据农业气象条件定量化等级评价标准和生态适宜度理论,采用查阅文献、实地调查、专家打分和百分位数法,确定影响大荔冬枣品质的关键生育时段,以及关键气象评估指标的阈值范围和权重系数,采用加权指数求和法建立大荔冬枣气候品质评价模型,采用典型年验证法对模型进行检验。【结果】建立基于花期相对湿度、果实膨大期日照时数、成熟期气温日较差、成熟期日照时数和成熟期累积降水量等5个气象因子的大荔冬枣气候品质评价模型,并将气候品质指数(ICQ)划分为特优(>1.8)、优(>1.2~1.8)、良(1.0~1.2)和一般(<1.0)4个等级。选取单果质量、可溶性固形物和维生素C含量作为大荔冬枣气候品质评价的指标,并将其划分为4级。通过典型年验证发现,2019年和2023年大荔冬枣ICQ和实际品质等级均达到“特优”,2024年ICQ和实际品质等级达到“优”,模型评价结果与品质检测结果相吻合,能客观反映气象条件对大荔冬枣品质的影响。1991—2024年气候品质达到“优”和“特优”的年份占比为82.4%。【结论】大荔冬枣气候品质评价模型和ICQ等级划分结果科学可用,可为大荔冬枣气候品质客观评价和预估提供技术支撑。

关键词:冬枣;大荔;气候品质指数;气候品质等级评价;气象因子

冬枣果肉细嫩多汁,甜酸可口,富含维生素C,在水果界享有“南荔枝,北冬枣,百果之王”的美誉,深受广大消费者喜爱,是目前公认品质最好的鲜食枣品种[1-2],产量占全国鲜食枣总产量的80%以上[3]。枣树已有2100 多年的栽培历史[4]。陕西大荔县由于光照资源丰富,水热条件优越,大荔冬枣品质极佳,是我国冬枣的最佳优生区[5],也是冬枣优势产业带的重要建设区域[6-7]。随着国际市场需求量的增加和国内枣产业的快速发展,我国对冬枣的需求量逐年攀升,在地方政府积极推动下,大荔县冬枣种植面积和产量逐年增加,目前已成为兴村富民的首要产业,2023 年全县冬枣种植面积达2.8 万hm2,年产量约55 万t,产值约70 亿元。但是随着种植面积和产量的不断增加,冬枣品质不一,参差不齐,产业发展急需从数量效益型向质量效益型转变。

果实品质高低与品种、土壤、气候、田间管理水平等密切相关,在相同品种、土壤和科学的田间管理下,品质主要受气象条件影响[8-9]。气象因子显著影响果实中总酸、总糖、花青素含量和单果质量[10-11],生长季和成熟阶段的积温影响可溶性固形物和总糖含量[12]。月平均气温对枣果中维生素C含量积累有影响,相对湿度对枣果中含酸量和花青素含量积累有影响[13]。研究表明,9月至采收前高温天气会导致酿酒葡萄含酸量下降,但采收前20 d左右的适度高温天气有利于总酚物质的积累[14]。轻度干旱可提升黄果柑果实中可溶性固形物、可溶性总糖含量及糖酸比等[15]。通过人为控制灌水量的方法,发现灌水量与冬枣果实中可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量呈极显著正相关,适当控水可提高冬枣果实品质[16]。葡萄果实中可溶性固形物含量、糖酸比、还原糖含量等随着降水量增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势[17]。冬枣果实成熟期气温日差较小,可提高可滴定酸和维生素C 含量,降低可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量[18]。近年来随着生活水平提高,人们对农产品品质的追求越来越高,农产品气候品质评价也受到广泛关注,但主要集中于苹果[19]、梨[20]、茶叶[21]、柿饼[22]等园艺作物上。

目前关于枣果品质的研究主要集中在枣果品质资源评价[23-25]和不同栽培模式下枣果品质对比[6,13,26]等方面,关于冬枣气候品质评价的研究几乎为空白。笔者基于1991—2024 年大荔冬枣生育期逐日气象数据和品质检测结果,结合生产实际,创新性地应用农业生态适宜度理论,建立大荔冬枣气候品质评价模型。该模型简单可靠,可为大荔冬枣气候品质客观评价和预估提供指导,为大荔冬枣产业可持续稳定发展提供技术支撑。

1 材料和方法

1.1 资料来源

1.1.1 气象数据 气象数据包括1991—2024 年大荔县逐日平均气温、最高气温、最低气温、相对湿度、日照时数、降水量、风速等,来源于陕西省气象信息中心,数据经过严格质量控制。

1.1.2 品质数据 品质数据共6 a(年)(2017、2019、2020、2022、2023 和2024 年),其中2019、2020、2022和2024 年来源于大荔县农产品质量安全检验检测中心提供的大荔冬枣品质检测报告,2017年和2023年分别来源于文献[6]和文献[4],检测项目包含单果质量(g)、可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)(%)、维生素C 含量(mg·g-1)、可溶性糖含量(mg·g-1)、可滴定酸含量(mg·g-1)、总糖含量(mg·g-1)、总酸含量(mg·g-1)、果实含水量(%)等。在果园中随机选取生长发育良好、无病虫害的10株冬枣果树,采用Z字取样法,在成熟期获取冬枣样品3 kg,取样不针对某一特定品种。

1.1.3 生育期数据 大荔冬枣生育期数据来源于大荔县林业局,主要分为以下5个阶段:萌芽展叶期(3月上旬至4月中旬)、花期(4月下旬至5月中旬)、果实膨大期(5月下旬至8月上旬)、成熟期(8月中旬至9月下旬)和落叶休眠期(10月上旬至11月下旬)。

1.2 研究方法

1.2.1 确定影响大荔冬枣气候品质的关键气象指标和等级 根据专家意见和实地调查结果,确定影响大荔冬枣气候品质形成的关键气象评估指标,参照农业气象条件定量化等级评价标准,将气候品质指标适宜度划分为3,2,1和0共4个等级,分别代表最适宜、适宜、较适宜和一般,划分标准如下:

式中,Xi为第i个气象指标的实际观测值,Pi01Pi02分别为气候品质为特优的第i个气象指标的下限值和上限值,Pi11Pi12分别为气候品质为优的第i个气象指标的下限值和上限值,Pi21Pi22分别为气候品质为良的第i个气象指标的下限值和上限值。

利用百分位数法划分气象评估指标各等级阈值,首先对历年气象因子从小到大排序,利用总样本数(n)乘以百分位数P(如20%,60%,80%等),得到数值(k),若k为整数,则数值由小到大排列的第k个与第(k+1)个数值的平均数为第P百分位数;若k不是整数,且k的整数部分为a,则第(a+1)个数值为第P 百分位数,由此得到不同百分位数下各气象评估指标的阈值范围。

1.2.2 构建大荔冬枣气候品质评价模型 根据《农产品气候品质认证技术规范》(QX/T 486—2019),应用生态适宜度理论,采用加权指数求和法,建立大荔冬枣气候品质评价模型:

式中,ICQ 为气候品质指数(climate quality index,ICQ),n 为气候品质评价指标的数量,ai为第i 个气候品质评价指标的权重系数,Mi为第i 个气候品质评价指标对应的适宜度。

将各气象评估指标适宜度代入气候品质评价模型,得到ICQ,根据ICQ计算结果,按照百分位数法将其划分为特优、优、良和一般4个等级。

1.2.3 模型验证 首先,选取与气象条件关系密切且能客观代表大荔冬枣品质的指标,将每个品质指标划分为特优、优、良和一般4 个等级,在现有的检测结果中选取品质检测项目相对较完整的年份作为典型年(2019、2023 和2024 年),确认当年大荔冬枣的实际品质等级。其次,根据气候品质评价模型计算得到该年大荔冬枣的气候品质指数(ICQ)和品质等级。最后,将实际品质等级与由模型计算得到的气候品质等级结果进行对比,若等级一致,说明建立的气候品质评价模型科学合理,若等级相差一级及以上,则需对模型继续进行优化和调整。

1.3 数据处理

采用Excel 2013进行数据整理和制表、绘图,采用SPSS 26进行相关分析和差异显著性检验。

2 结果与分析

陈惠等[8]研究发现,果实膨大期是枣果形成的主要阶段,该阶段气象要素适宜,有利于形成大果,成熟期是决定枣果品质的关键时期,该阶段光照时间长,光合作用强,有利于可溶性固形物、可溶性糖等物质的积累。通过实地走访调查大荔冬枣种植企业,广泛征求西北农林科技大学、大荔县农业农村局等多位专家意见,认定对大荔冬枣品质影响较大的生育期是花期、果实膨大期和成熟期,下面对这3个关键生育期的气象条件进行分析。

2.1 关键生育期气象条件分析

2.1.1 气温 从图1 可以看出,1991—2023 年大荔冬枣花期平均气温为15.1(2002 年)~19.9(2005年)℃,多年平均气温为17.8 ℃,年际间变化趋势不明显(p≥0.05)。果实膨大期年际间平均气温为23.1(1993 年)~25.8(1995 年)℃,多年平均气温为24.3 ℃,年际间表现出弱上升趋势,线性升温速率为0.12 ℃·10 a-1p≥0.05)。成熟期年际间平均气温为19.2(2011 年)~23.2(2016 年)℃,多年平均气温为20.9 ℃,年际间表现出弱上升趋势,线性升温速率为0.03 ℃·10 a(-1p≥0.05)。

图1 1991—2023 年大荔冬枣关键生育期气温变化
Fig.1 Temperature change during the key growth periods of Dali Dongzao from 1991 to 2023

2.1.2 日照时数 从图2 可以看出,1991—2023 年大荔冬枣花期日照时数为138.6(2019 年)~299.5(2007年)h,多年平均为215.9 h,年际间线性减少趋势为-17.9 h·10 a-1p≥0.05)。果实膨大期日照时数为415.3(2018 年)~761.1(2001 年)h,多年平均为581.0 h,年际间线性减少趋势为-35.4 h·10 a-1p<0.05)。成熟期年际间日照时数为200.0(2011 年)~418.4(1997年)h,多年平均为282.0 h,年际间表现出极显著下降趋势,线性速率为-64.4 h·10 a-1p<0.01)。

图2 1991—2023 年大荔冬枣关键生育期日照时数变化
Fig.2 Sunshine duration change during the key growth periods of Dali Dongzao from 1991 to 2023

2.1.3 降水量 从图3 可以看出,1991—2023 年大荔冬枣花期降水量为2.9(1994 年)~121.3(1999年)mm,多年平均为40.8 mm,年际间表现出弱上升趋势,线性速率为5.32 mm·10 a-1p≥0.05)。果实膨大期降水量为54.7(1997年)~423.8(2007年)mm,多年平均为209.0 mm,年际间表现出弱上升趋势,线性变化趋势为4.41 mm·10 a-1p≥0.05)。成熟期降水量为19.7(2016年)~381.4(2011年)mm,多年平均为153.7 mm,年际间表现出弱上升趋势,线性变化趋势为18.63 mm·10 a-1p≥0.05)。

图3 1991—2023 年大荔冬枣关键生育期降水量变化
Fig.3 Rainfall change during the key growth periods of Dali Dongzao from 1991 to 2023

2.2 大荔冬枣气候品质评价模型

2.2.1 主要品质指标 大荔冬枣主要为鲜食,参考《冬枣》(GB/T 32714—2016)、《冬枣等级规格》(NY/T 2860—2015)、《果品等级鲜食枣》(DB11/T 1047—2022)等,认为大荔冬枣品质主要包括感官品质、理化与营养品质,感官品质包括单果质量、果实色泽、果实大小、着色面积比等,其中单果质量对冬枣品质较为重要,是影响消费者选择的首要因素;理化与营养品质包括可溶性固形物、维生素C、总糖、总酸、可溶性糖、可滴定酸含量等,这些因素直接影响冬枣的口感和风味,其中可溶性固形物是指果实汁液中所有能溶于水的糖、酸、维生素、可溶性蛋白、色素和矿物质等,是衡量果实营养的重要指标之一。研究表明,影响枣果品质的主要指标为单果质量、可溶性固形物含量、维生素C 含量、固酸比、糖酸比等[23]。大荔冬枣果实中可溶性固形物含量与可溶性糖含量呈极显著正相关,与总酸含量呈显著负相关[27]。枣果中维生素C含量与蛋白质、可溶性糖、可滴定酸和氨基酸含量呈显著或极显著正相关[28]。为避免大荔冬枣品质评价时可能产生信息重叠,提高品质指标评价的科学性,最终确定大荔冬枣果实品质指标由单果质量、可溶性固形物含量和维生素C含量构成。

2.2.2 气候品质评价指标及权重 枣树是喜阳树种,对光照需求较高,充足的光照可使枣树生长发育健壮,提高坐果率,光照度越大,叶片进行光合作用后积累和转化的糖分越高[29]。枣果开花期不宜干燥,当花期空气相对湿度为60%~80%时,利于授粉受精[18,30]。成熟期降水量和气温日较差是影响枣果品质形成的主要气象因子,该阶段雨量过多,影响果实成熟和发育[18,31],气温日较差大可使枣果光合作用增强,呼吸作用减弱,对营养物质(如可溶性固形物、可溶性糖等)积累有利[8],当气温日较差达到10 ℃以上时,有利于枣果品质提升[18]。进一步根据专家意见和实地调查结果,确认影响大荔冬枣品质形成的关键气象评估指标,分别是:花期相对湿度X1(%)、果实膨大期日照时数X2(h)、成熟期气温日较差X3(℃)、日照时数X4(h)、累积降水量X5(mm),将上述5个气象评估指标适宜度划分为3,2,1和0共4个等级,分别代表最适宜、适宜、较适宜和一般;最后,利用百分位数法得到各气象评估指标4 个等级的阈值范围(表1)。

表1 大荔冬枣气象评估指标及各等级阈值
Table 1 Climate quality evaluation indexes and threshold values of Dali Dongzao

气象评估指标适宜度Suitability degree of meteorological assessment indexes 3 2 1 0花期相对湿度X1 Relative humidity X1 in flowering stage/%[60,75][55,60)or(75,80][50,55)or(80,85]<50 or >85果实膨大期日照时数X2 Sunshine duration X2 in fruit expansion stage/h≥700[550,700)[500,550)<500成熟期Ripening stage气温日较差X3 Daily temperature range X3/℃≥11[9,11)[8,9)<8日照时数X4 Sunshine duration X4/h≥350[250,350)[200,250)<200累积降水量X5 Accumulated rainfall X5/mm[150,200][100,150)or(200,250][50,100)or(250,300]<50 or >300

2.2.3 气候品质评价模型构建 根据专家和一线生产人员打分法,确定大荔冬枣花期、果实膨大期和成熟期的权重系数分别为0.3、0.4、0.3,成熟期气温日较差、日照时数和累积降水量的权重系数分别为0.3、0.2 和0.5,采用加权指数求和法,构建大荔冬枣气候品质评价模型:

式中,ICQ为气候品质指数;X1X5为各气象评估指标适宜度,其中X1为花期相对湿度的适宜度,X2为果实膨大期日照时数的适宜度,X3为成熟期气温日较差的适宜度,X4为成熟期日照时数的适宜度,X5为成熟期降水量的适宜度。

将各气象评估指标适宜度代入气候品质评价模型,得到气候品质指数(ICQ),按照百分位数分级法,结合生产实际情况,将ICQ 划分为4 个等级:特优(ICQ≥1.8)、优(1.2≤ICQ<1.8)、良(1.0≤ICQ<1.2)和一般(ICQ<1.0)。

参考《冬枣》(GB/T 32714—2016)、《冬枣等级规格》(NY/T 2860—2015)、《果品等级鲜食枣》(DB11/T 1047—2022)等相关标准,并咨询相关技术人员,根据生产实际,确定将单果质量、可溶性固形物含量、维生素C含量作为大荔冬枣气候品质评价的理化指标,并将其分为4个等级,与ICQ匹配(表2)。

表2 大荔冬枣气候品质指数和品质指标等级划分
Table 2 Classification of ICQand quality index of Dali Dongzao

气候品质等级Climate quality grade气候品质指数Climate quality index(ICQ)特优Excellent优Good良Fair一般Poor>1.8(1.2,1.8](1.0,1.2]≤1.0品质指标Quality index单果质量Mass of single fruit/g(18,22](14,18](10,14]≤10 w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solid content/%>25(22,25](22,25]≤22 w(维生素C)Ⅴitamin C content/(mg·g-1)>3.5(2.5,3.5]≤2.5≤2.5

2.2.4 气候品质评价模型检验 为了验证建立的大荔冬枣气候品质评价模型和等级划分是否合理,将模型等级评价结果与实际品质检测结果(2019、2023、2024年)进行对比验证。结果发现,2019年大荔冬枣花期、果实膨大期和成熟期关键气象因子的适宜度分别为0.9、0.4和0.8,气候品质指数为2.1,达到“特优”级标准。根据品质检测结果,2019年大荔冬枣可溶性固形物含量为36.9%,维生素C 含量为4.88 mg·g-1,单果质量18.9 g,均对应着表2 中品质指标的“特优”等级。2023年大荔冬枣花期、果实膨大期和成熟期关键气象因子的适宜度分别为0.9、0.4和0.6,气候品质指数为1.9,达到“特优”级标准,同年可溶性固形物含量为33.2%,维生素C 含量为3.78 mg·g-1,单果质量24.7 g,均对应着表2 中品质指标的“特优”等级。2024年大荔冬枣花期、果实膨大期和成熟期关键气象因子的适宜度分别为0.3、0.4和0.8,气候品质指数为1.5,达到“优”级标准,同年可溶性固形物含量为22.2%,维生素C 含量为3.28 mg·g-1,单果质量18.5 g,均对应着表2中品质指标的“优”等级。也就是说,笔者在本研究中建立的大荔冬枣气候品质评价模型及气候品质指数等级划分结果和生产实际相吻合,因此认为该模型科学可用。

利用构建的气候品质评价模型计算发现(图4),1991—2024 年大荔冬枣ICQ为0.3~2.9,气候品质“优”及以上年份达到82.4%,其中气候品质等级达到“特优”等级的有13 a(1992、1993、1995、1997、1999、2001、2002、2003、2006、2009、2019、2022、2023年),气候品质等级达到“优”、“良”和“一般”等级的时间分别为15、2和4 a。

图4 1991—2024 年大荔冬枣气候品质指数
Fig.4 ICQ of Dali Dongzao from 1991 to 2024

3 讨 论

冬枣作为品质最好的鲜食枣品种,其酸甜可口的独特风味和丰富的营养物质深受广大消费者欢迎。果品品质是影响果实商品价值的关键因素,在品种、田间管理和种植环境相对稳定的情况下,冬枣的品质形成与气象条件密切相关。研究发现,冬枣果实成熟期气温日较差和降水量直接影响果实中维生素C、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量[18],日照时数不足会降低枣单果质量和可溶性糖含量[32],冬枣花期适宜空气相对湿度至少需超过50%才能保证花粉萌发率[33]。在综合考虑枣果品质和气象要素的基础上,结合生产实际,笔者构建了大荔冬枣气候品质评价模型,提出影响大荔冬枣品质形成的关键气象指标为花期相对湿度、果实膨大期日照时数、成熟期气温日较差、成熟期日照时数和成熟期降水量,与陈惠等[8]选取采收前平均气温、气温日较差和日照时数作为青枣气候品质等级评价的气象评估指标有相似之处。为避免信息重叠,提高品质评价的科学性,将大荔冬枣品质评价指标简化为单果质量、可溶性固形物含量和维生素C 含量,其中单果质量是影响消费者选择的首要感官因素[24-26],可溶性固形物含量影响冬枣的口感风味和果实商品价值[6],维生素C含量是枣果主要的营养成分指标[23]。模型采用气象因子适宜度来估算不同生育阶段气象条件对枣果品质的影响程度,模型简单可靠,可为实际生产中评价和预估大荔冬枣气候品质等级提供依据。

本研究中大荔冬枣品质检测资料较少,后期还需积累长序列的品质检测数据,丰富品质检测指标,不断完善气候品质评价模型,进一步提高气候品质评价的科学性。模型若应用到其他产区时,需进行本地化验证,今后可参照本方法建立基于全国不同产区的冬枣气候品质评价模型,形成定量化和客观化的冬枣气候品质评价模型库。

4 结 论

笔者选取花期、果实膨大期和成熟期作为影响大荔冬枣品质形成的关键生育期,采用实地调查法、专家决策法和百分位数法,确定了影响大荔冬枣品质形成的关键气象指标及不同等级阈值,应用加权指数求和法建立气候品质评价模型,通过典型年份品质检测结果对模型进行验证,结果显示模型评价结果与生产实际基本吻合,能客观反映气象条件对大荔冬枣品质的影响。本研究中的气候品质评价方法和等级分类标准可为不同年份或不同气象条件下大荔冬枣气候品质等级评定提供参考依据,有助于提升品牌知名度,增强市场竞争力。

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Study on climatic quality evaluation technology of Dali Dongzao in Shaanxi based on meteorological factors

SHEN Jiaojiao1,2,DANG Chaoqi1,ZHANG Yuefan1,GUO Qi1,WANG Jingzhong1
(1Shaanxi Meteorological Service Center, Xian 710014, Shaanxi, China;2China Meteorological Administration Eco-Environment and Meteorology for The Qinling Mountains and Loess Plateau Key Laboratory,Xian 710016,Shaanxi,China)

Abstract:【Objective】With the expansion of planting areas and increased yields of Dali Dongzao(Ziziphus jujuba‘Dongzao’)in Shaanxi,the quality of Dali Dongzao has become inconsistent.There is an urgent need to shift the focus from quantity-driven efficiency to quality-oriented efficiency. Under the same field management,the crop quality of a variety is primarily influenced by climatic conditions.The evaluation of crop climate quality could assess the extent to which weather and climate conditions impact crop quality.The establishment of climate quality evaluation model of Dali Dongzao could provide technical guidance for objective evaluation and prediction of the climate quality of Dali Dongzao,which would be of great significance for improving the quality of the fruit and enhancing the market competitiveness.【Methods】Based on the daily meteorological data of Dali from 1991 to 2024 and years of quality inspection results, the key growth stages and weight coefficients affecting the climate quality of Dali Dongzao were determined by field investigation and expert decision method.The SPSS 26 was used to analyze the trend and significance of meteorological factors in the key growth stages of Dali Dongzao from 1991 to 2024.According to the quantitative grade evaluation standard of agro-meteorological standard,the suitability of climate quality evaluation indexes was divided into four grades:3,2,1 and 0,representing the most suitable,suitable,fairly suitable and general,respectively.At the same time, the threshold ranges of four different grades of key meteorological assessment indicators were graded by the percentile method. On the basis of the ecological suitability theory, the climate quality evaluation model of Dali Dongzao was established by weighted index summation method, and the climate quality index (ICQ) was divided into four grades:excellent, good, fair, and poor. For ease of comparison,each of quality indices were graded into four grades,corresponding with the four grades of ICQ.Through the typical-year verification method,the grade results of the model were compared with the actual quality grade. If the grades were consistent, it meant that the model was scientific and reasonable;if the grades were different by one level or more, it meant that the model should be further optimized and adjusted.【Results】The flowering stage, fruit expansion stage and ripening stage were the key growth stages which would affect the quality of Dali Dongzao.Analysis revealed that the average temperature and accumulative rainfall during the three stages all showed no obvious change or weak upward trend (none of which passed p<0.05 significance test), while the sunshine duration showed a downward trend (the downward trends during the fruit expansion stage and ripening stage passed p<0.05 and p<0.01 significance tests,respectively).The relative humidity at flowering stage,sunshine duration at fruit expansion stage,diurnal temperature range at ripening stage,sunshine duration at ripening stage and accumulative rainfall at ripening stage were the five key meteorological evaluation indexes affecting the quality of Dali Dongzao.The model was developed with the five indexes using the weighted index summation method,and ICQ was categorized into four grades:excellent(>1.8),good(>1.2-1.8),fair (1.0-1.2), and poor (<1.0). The three key indicators—single fruit weight, soluble solids content,and vitamin C content—were selected as quality indices for evaluating the climate quality of Dali Dongzao. By comparing and verifying the model evaluation results with the actual quality inspection results in 2019, 2023, and 2024, it was found that the suitability of the key meteorological factors during the flowering period, fruit expansion period and maturity period in 2019 was 0.9, 0.4 and 0.8 respectively,and the ICQ was 2.1, falling into the“excellent”category. The soluble solids and vitamin C contents were 36.9%and 4.88 mg·g-1,respectively,and the single fruit weight was 18.9 g,all of them falling into the“excellent”category,too.In 2023,the suitability of key meteorological factors at flowering,fruit expansion and ripening stages were 0.9,0.4 and 0.6,respectively,and the ICQ was 1.9,falling into the“excellent”category.The contents of soluble solid and vitamin C were 33.2%and 3.78 mg·g-1,respectively,and the single fruit weight was 24.7 g,all of them falling into the“excellent”category,too.In 2024,the ICQ was 1.5,falling into the“good”category,at the same time,the contents of soluble solid and vitamin C were 22.2%and 3.28 mg·g-1,respectively,and the single fruit weight was 18.5 g,all of them falling into the“good”category,too.In summary,the outcomes of the climate quality evaluation model developed in this study were in alignment with the quality inspection results, thereby providing an objective assessment of the role of the meteorological conditions impacting the quality of Dali Dongzao.From 1991 to 2024, the proportion of years with climate quality rated as“excellent”and“good”was 82.4%.【Conclusion】Based on the meteorological data and quality inspection results, this study established a climate quality evaluation model for Dali Dongzao and classified the ICQ into four grades. The typical-year verification results showed that the model and the classification results were consistent with the actual production, which would provide a technical support for the objective evaluation and prediction of the climate quality of Dali Dongzao.However,it should be necessary to accumulate longterm quality inspection data to further optimize the model in the future.

Key words:Dongzao; Dali; Climate quality index; Climatic quality grade evaluation; Meteorological factors

中图分类号:S665.1

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2025)06-1342-10

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20250027

收稿日期:2025-01-24

接受日期:2025-03-24

基金项目:中国气象局秦岭和黄土高原生态环境气象重点开放实验室开放研究基金课题资助(2024G-7);陕西省自然科学基础研究计划(2022JM-161)

作者简介:沈姣姣,女,高级工程师,主要从事农产品气候品质研究和生态气候评价工作。E-mail:jiaojiaoshen19@163.com