再植桃园不同改良方式对解磷微生物组成及黄桃产量和品质的影响

王庆峰1,2,周德平1,赵 峥1,2,吴淑杭1,2*,褚长彬1*

1上海市农业科学院生态环境保护研究所,上海 201403;2农业农村部东南沿海农业绿色低碳重点实验室,上海 201403)

摘 要:【目的】减轻桃树再植障碍对新植桃树生长的影响,了解不同改良措施对土壤性质、解磷微生物群落组成以及桃产量和品质的影响,探究桃产量和品质-土壤性质-解磷微生物的相互作用关系。【方法】通过设置不改良老桃园(CK),深翻闲置1 a(年)(DT),深翻结合种植水稻淹水1年(DT+RP)3种老桃园土壤改良措施,并利用Miseq测序,偏最小二乘路径等分析老桃园土壤改良4年后土壤理化性质、解磷微生物组成以及桃产量和品质的相互影响关系。【结果】不同改良方式改变了土壤理化性质,深翻结合种植水稻使土壤pH 显著提高了4.2%,土壤EC 值显著降低了74.7%。单独深翻后,土壤中解磷微生物多样性指数(Shannon指数)降低了1.68%,绝对丰度变化不明显;而深翻结合种植水稻使解磷微生物多样性(Shannon指数)提高1.68%,但使土壤解磷微生物绝对丰度显著降低了51.8%。深翻结合种植水稻后土壤中解磷微生物以慢生根瘤菌属、类诺卡氏菌属、贪铜菌属和根瘤杆菌属为优势菌群,其中深翻结合种植水稻提高了慢生根瘤菌属和贪铜菌属的相对丰度。利用偏最小二乘路径分析影响黄桃产量和品质的因素发现,不同改良方式引起的土壤理化性质改变直接影响黄桃的产量和可溶性固形物含量,也可通过影响土壤中解磷微生物的丰度和组成间接改变黄桃产量和可溶性固形物含量。【结论】深翻结合种植水稻可通过改变土壤理化性质,缓解长期桃树种植引起的酸化问题,提高土壤解磷微生物多样性,改变解磷微生物组成,并进一步提高黄桃的产量和品质。

关键词:黄桃;再植障碍;解磷微生物;土壤改良

桃富含维生素C、抗氧化剂以及膳食纤维等营养元素,是一种兼具营养价值和经济价值的水果[1],深受国人喜爱。鲜食桃消费量的上升促进了其种植面积的持续扩大[2]。然而,由于不合理的农艺措施,如过量施用化肥、农药以及不合理的控产措施等,导致桃树寿命普遍较短,一般10 a(年)左右便需要更新种植。在土地资源紧缺的背景下,农民往往在老桃园中种植新桃苗。然而,新种的树往往生长迟缓、植株矮小、抗性降低甚至死亡,称之为桃树再植障碍[3]

目前,针对桃树再植障碍已有的调控措施主要包括深翻客土、土壤灭菌以及选用抗性砧木等。深翻客土常被看作是一种克服果树再植障碍的有效措施[4],但此法费时费工,在生产上不易大面积应用。土壤灭菌主要采用化学药剂或物理方法(蒸汽、太阳能等),然而针对土传病害的化学药剂存在使用量偏大、防治效果不佳、药剂高残留等问题[5],且化学药剂也会杀灭土壤中有益微生物,破坏土壤微生态环境[6]。选用抗性砧木可能缓解再植桃园中桃树生长过程中的某些问题,如提高桃树对线虫的抗性等[7],然而,桃树再植障碍是多种原因引起的,而绝大多数砧木的抗病性只针对单一问题起作用,加上对引起桃树再植障碍的原因还没有完全了解,因此很难筛选出符合要求的抗性砧木。鉴于上述各种方式的缺陷,目前缓解桃树再植障碍的合理措施依然短缺。

土壤深翻是农业生产中重要的耕作方式,可以促进土壤养分循环、调节养分利用效果、提高作物产量和品质[8-9]。Hu 等[10]研究发现深翻可以降低深层土壤的紧实度、提高土壤的pH、促进土壤微生物的均一性等。老桃园经过深翻后若再种植一年水稻,土壤性质可能因为淹水产生还原条件等因素而发生改变。水稻种植生产过程中,淹水为土壤提供了厌氧环境,能够改善因长期作物种植导致的土壤劣化。Wang等[5]研究表明,利用淹水能够提高长期连作土壤的pH,降低土壤电导率(electrical conductivity,EC)值,对土壤酸化和次生盐渍化具有明显的改良作用。另外,有研究表明,利用淹水创造厌氧环境可以改善土壤结构[11-12]。然而,土壤经过深翻后,底层土壤因未经过耕作,养分贫瘠,其中土壤中磷的有效性是影响作物生长的限制性因素[13]。尽管为促进桃树生长而施用大量磷肥,但是仅仅只有13%的磷被当季作物吸收[14]。Peng 等[15]分析指出,被人们忽略的自然溶磷作用对土壤有效磷的影响巨大。在自然界中影响磷素有效性的因素包括磷素浸出量低,磷对土壤矿物的亲和力强,以及解磷微生物组成和丰度等[16]。土壤中解磷微生物能够分泌磷酸酶,促进土壤磷素的释放。研究表明,phoD是编码磷酸酶的重要基因,是指示土壤中解磷微生物组成和丰度的主要参考基因[17-19]。土壤深翻结合种植水稻会改变土壤性质、微生物群落组成,然而,如何改变土壤解磷微生物以及对黄桃品质的影响还有待于进一步解析。

笔者利用深翻结合种植水稻的方式改良种植10 a 以上的黄桃园土壤,研究不同改良方式对黄桃再植土壤理化性质与土壤中磷代谢相关的微生物组成的影响,并进一步分析解磷微生物多样性、丰度和组成与黄桃产量和品质的关系,以期为后期改良黄桃再植土壤提供参考,同时为黄桃产业的可持续发展提供技术支撑。

1 材料和方法

1.1 试验地概况

试验地位于上海市奉贤区青村镇吴房村黄桃种植区内(30°58′N,121°20′E),海拔7 m,年降水量和年平均温度分别为1200 mm 和16 ℃。吴房村种植黄桃的历史悠久。所选试验地于2006 年开始种植黄桃,2016年出现老化症状:桃树生长势减弱,流胶严重,产量降低等。

1.2 试验设计

于2017年选取地势平坦的老桃园(其初始理化性质为pH 6.78;EC 值496 μS·cm-1;碱解氮含量(w,后同)110.5 mg·kg-1;速效钾含量783.5 mg·kg-1;有效磷含量116.9 mg·kg-1;有机质含量2.48%),选取20棵老桃树挖掉,不进行再植改良,闲置1 a 作为对照(CK)。选取40棵桃树挖掉,将土壤进行深度为50 cm的深翻,并进行土地平整,其中20 棵桃树的面积经过深翻后闲置1 a(DT),另外20棵桃树种植1 a水稻进行淹水处理(DT+RP)。于2018 年种植新桃苗。农业管理措施主要依据当地果农的管理习惯。桃树品种为锦绣黄桃,平均每666.7 m2种植40 棵。在生长第四年,为控制变量,对每棵桃树进行疏果(每棵桃树留120个果实)。

1.3 样品采集

黄桃样品于2022 年10 月采集。分别于3 种不同处理中采集土壤。在黄桃树滴水线左右50 cm处,采集深度为40 cm,采集同一处理3 棵桃树土壤混合作为1个土样,因此每个处理采集6个重复。土壤采集后置于冰上运回实验室,一部分保存于-80 ℃冰箱中,用于分子生物化学分析;一部分于室温下自然风干,用于测定土壤理化性质。

1.4 土壤理化性质和果实品质测定

土壤pH 以土水质量比1∶2.5 混合后测定[20];电导率(EC)以土水质量比1∶5 混合后测定;土壤有机质含量采用重铬酸钾容量法测定[21];土壤碱解氮含量利用碱解扩散法进行测定[22];土壤有效磷含量采用0.5 mol·L-1 NaHCO3浸提-钼锑抗比色法测定[23];土壤速效钾含量采用乙酸铵浸提-火焰光度法测定[24]。平均单果质量:果实成熟后,在每株桃树上随机摘取黄桃果实5个,同一处理的3株桃树共摘取15 个果实,称质量并计算每个重复的平均单果质量;黄桃666.7 m2产量采用单果质量×留果数×每666.7 m2株数进行换算;可溶性固形物含量采用手持糖量计测定;可滴定酸含量采用滴定法测定。

1.5 土壤总DNA提取与高通量测序

土壤总DNA 提取采用Power Max Soil DNA Isolation Kit 试剂盒(MOBIO,USA),每个样品称取0.25 g 土壤,按照试剂盒说明步骤进行。提取的土壤总DNA 分别经过1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳和Nano Drop测定DNA完整性、纯度和浓度。土壤解磷微生物的扩增引物为phoD-F733(TGG GAY GAT CAY GAR GT)/phoD-R1083(CTG SGC SAK SAC RTT CCA)[13]。扩增引物连接接头A、B 和样品识别序列。扩增体系为5 μL 10×Pyrobest缓冲液,4 μL dNTPs(2.5 mmol·L-1),上下游引物各2 μL(10 μmol·L-1),0.75 U Pyrobest DNA聚合酶和30 ng模板DNA。使用ABI GeneAmp® 9700 型PCR 仪进行扩增,扩增程序为:95 ℃预变性5 min,27 个循环包括95 ℃变性30 s,55 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸30 s,最后72 ℃延伸10 min[25-26]。全部PCR产物经2%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测,并利用AxyPrepDNA 凝胶回收试剂盒(AXYGEN 公司)切胶回收。制备Amplicon 文库后,应用Illumina MiSeq PE250平台测序。

1.6 荧光定量PCR测定解磷微生物绝对丰度

解磷微生物绝对丰度采用SYBR Green法测定,反应在罗氏LightCycler 480 ⅡPCR(Roche Diagnostics,Indianapolis,IN,USA)仪器上进行。反应体系为FastFire qPCR PreMix 10 μL,10 nmol·L-1上下游引物,ROX Reference Dye 0.4 μL,1 μL DNA,补加ddH2O至终体积为20 μL。以含有phoD基因的重组pGEMR-T载体为标准质粒,质粒制备和后续方法参照文献[27]。

1.7 数据处理和分析

通过Illumina Miseq平台测序所得的原始数据经过QIIME(v1.8.0)软件进行质量控制。根据文献[28]所示具体过程为:1)过滤reads 尾部质量值20 以下的碱基,设置50 bp 的窗口,如果窗口内的平均质量值低于20,从窗口开始截去后端碱基,过滤质控后50 bp 以下的reads,去除含N 碱基的reads;2)根据PE reads 之间的overlap 关系,将成对reads 拼接(merge)成一条序列,最小overlap 长度为10 bp,最大错配率不超过20%;3)根据序列首尾两端的barcode 和引物区分样品,并调整序列方向,barcode 允许的错配数为0,最大引物错配数为2;去除引物序列,并根据GenBank 数据库检测并去除嵌合体,获得高质量序列。利用CROP 软件将核苷酸相似度大于97%的序列作为一个分类操作单元(ASⅤ)[29],利用GenBank 数据库对物种进行注释,并去除所有处理中只有一条序列的ASⅤ,将所有样品序列进行抽平。利用Mothur 软件(Ⅴ1.31.2)计算样品α 多样性。

利用Excel 2020、SPSS 24 和R 语言等进行数据分析。利用单因素方差分析(ANOⅤA,Tukey’s test)分析不同改良方式解磷微生物α 多样性、丰度、不同分类水平下解磷微生物相对丰度以及功能变化的差异。基于weighted Fast UniFrac 距离矩阵,运用非度量多维标度(non-metric multidimensional sealing,NMDS)对不同改良方式解磷细菌β多样性进行分析。利用偏最小二乘路径对土壤理化性质,解磷微生物丰度、组成和多样性以及黄桃产量、品质等指标的相关性进行分析。该分析利用R 语言中“plspm”程序包,模型的拟合度利用GOF(goodness-of-fit)进行评估,当GOF>0.7 可认为拟合度较好[30]

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同改良方式对再植黄桃土壤理化性质的影响

不同改良方式改变了再植黄桃土壤的理化性质。如表1所示,再植桃园深翻(DT)和深翻结合种植水稻(DT+RP)两种改良方式均显著提高了土壤pH,DT处理使土壤pH提高了8.7%,而DT+PR处理使土壤pH提高了4.2%。两种改良方式均显著降低了土壤的EC 值,DT 和DT+PR 处理分别降低了21.2%和74.7%。对土壤养分而言,两种改良方式均降低了土壤的有机质和有效养分含量。

表1 不同改良方式对土壤理化性质的影响
Table 1 The influence of different treatments on soil physical and chemical properties

注:数据后不同小写字母表示差异显著(p<0.05)。下同。
Note:Ⅴalues followed by different small letters indicate significant difference(p<0.05).The same below.

处理Treatment CK DT DT+RP w(速效钾)Available K content/(mg·kg-1)850±17 a 543±14 b 311±10 c pH 电导率EC/(μS·cm-1)6.46±0.05 c 7.02±0.04 a 6.73±0.05 b 514±12 a 405±7 b 130±7 c w(有机质)Organic matter content/%2.59±0.08 a 1.46±0.02 b 2.55±0.05 a w(碱解氮)Alkali-hydrolysable N content/(mg·kg-1)115.2±3.0 a 31.2±1.0 c 59.5±2.5 b w(有效磷)Available P content/(mg·kg-1)101.7±6.0 a 74.1±2.0 b 77.1±7.0 b

2.2 不同改良方式对解磷微生物丰度的影响

不同改良方式改变了再植桃园土壤解磷微生物的丰度(图1)。DT 处理对土壤中解磷微生物丰度没有显著影响,而DT+PR处理显著降低了土壤中解磷微生物丰度,比CK 处理降低了51.8%(图1-A)。相关性分析表明,土壤中解磷微生物丰度与土壤的EC值和有效磷含量呈显著正相关,而与土壤中有机质含量呈显著负相关(图1-B)。

图1 不同改良措施对土壤解磷微生物丰度(A)的影响及解磷微生物丰度与土壤理化性质的关系(B)
Fig.1 The influence of different treatments on soil phosphorus microbial abundance(A)and correlation of soil properties and phosphorus microbial abundance(B)

2.3 不同改良方式对再植桃园土壤解磷微生物多样性的影响

不同改良方式对再植桃园土壤微生物多样性的影响见表2。由表2可知,不同改良方式对土壤中解磷微生物丰富度指数(ACE 和Chao)和Sobs 的影响不显著(p>0.05),但显著改变了解磷微生物的均匀性指数和多样性指数。与CK 相比,不同改良方式对Shannoneven 均匀度指数和Shannon 多样性指数影响不显著,而与DT 相比,DT+RP 显著提高了Shannoneven 均匀度指数和Shannon 多样性指数。与CK 相比,DT 处理使土壤Shannoneven 指数降低了1.96%,而DT+PR 处理使Shannoneven 指数提高了1.44%;同样,DT处理使土壤Shannon指数降低了1.68%,而DT+PR处理使Shannon指数提高了1.68%。

表2 不同改良方式对黄桃土壤解磷微生物多样性的影响
Table 2 The influence of different treatments on phosphorus-dissolving microbial diversity

处理Treatment CK DT DT+RP ACE指数ACE index 1099±126 a 1127±142 a 1117±161 a Chao指数Chao index 1094±123 a 1123±141 a 1113±160 a Shannon指数Shannon index 5.97±0.11 ab 5.87±0.14 b 6.07±0.12 a Shannoneven指数Shannoneven index 0.85±0.01 ab 0.84±0.01 b 0.87±0.01 a Simpson指数Simpson index 0.007±0.002 b 0.012±0.003 a 0.009±0.002 b Coverage 指数Coverage index 0.998±0.001 a 0.998±0.001 a 0.999±0.001 a Sobs指数Sobs index 1087±116 a 1109±136 a 1109±159 a

2.4 不同改良方式对再植黄桃土壤解磷微生物群落组成的影响

不同改良方式对解磷微生物β 多样性的影响见图2,其中第一排序轴解释了解磷微生物48.27%群落组成变异,而第二排序轴解释了27.33%群落组成变异。不同改良方式改变了黄桃土壤解磷微生物群落组成,其中DT+RP处理解磷微生物主要在第一排序轴上显著差异,而DT处理解磷微生物组成与CK在第二排序轴上显著差异,说明DT+PR处理对解磷微生物群落组成的影响大于DT处理。

图2 不同改良措施对土壤解磷微生物β 多样性的影响
Fig.2 The influence of different treatments on soil phosphorus-dissolving microbial β-diversity

不同改良方式改变了再植桃园土壤中解磷微生物的群落组成。在属水平上,与CK相比,DT+PR改良方式提高了BradyrhizobiumCupriavidusRhizobacterSulfuricaulisMethylibium 的相对丰度,而降低了MarichromatiumMycobacteriumMesorhizobiumNitrobacterPolaromonasThioalkalivibrio 的相对丰度。与CK 相比,DT 改良方式提高了NocardioidesCupriavidusMycobacteriumRhizobacterStarkeyaMethylibiumActinomadPolaromonasSulfuricystis的相对丰度,降低了MarichromatiumMesorhizobiumNitrobacterThioalkalivibrioBurkholderia的相对丰度(图3)。

图3 不同改良措施对土壤解磷微生物属组成的影响(属水平)
Fig.3 The influence of different treatments on soil phosphorus-dissolving microbial composition(genus level)

2.5 不同改良方式对黄桃产量和品质的影响

不同改良方式改变了黄桃果实产量和果实品质(图4)。不同改良方式提高了黄桃产量,DT和DT+PR处理使黄桃产量比CK分别提高了7.1%和13.8%(图4-A)。对果实可溶性固形物含量而言,DT处理影响最大,比老桃园果实显著提高18.8%,而DT+PR处理仅显著提高了5.4%(图4-B)。不同改良方式都显著降低了黄桃果实的可滴定酸含量,DT 和DT+PR处理果实可滴定酸含量比CK分别降低了21.5%和27.9%(图4-C)。

图4 不同改良措施对黄桃产量(A)、可溶性固形物(B)和可滴定酸含量(C)的影响
Fig.4 The influence of different treatments on yellow peach yield(A),soluble solids content(B)and titratable acid content(C)

2.6 土壤理化性质、解磷微生物结构以及黄桃产量和品质的相关性分析

通过偏最小二乘路径分析影响黄桃产量和品质的因素发现(图5),不同改良方式通过改变土壤理化性质直接改变黄桃的产量和品质(R=-0.855,p<0.05),也可以间接通过影响土壤中解磷微生物的丰度和组成改变黄桃产量和品质。土壤理化性质可以直接改变土壤中解磷微生物丰度(R=1.30,p<0.05)和群落组成(R =-0.890,p<0.05),土壤解磷微生物丰度(R =-0.614,p<0.05)和群落组成(R=0.953,p<0.05)又分别显著影响黄桃的产量和可溶性固形物含量。

图5 PLS-PM 分析不同改良措施下影响黄桃产量和品质的因素
Fig.5 PLS-PM describing the biotic and abiotic factors that affect yellow peach yield and quality

3 讨 论

本研究结果表明,不同改良方式显著提高了再植桃园土壤pH,其中深翻处理使土壤pH 提高了8.7%,而深翻结合种植1 a水稻处理仅使土壤pH 提高了4.2%。前人研究表明,土壤深翻有助于土壤pH 上升[31]。在本研究中,新种桃苗前经过50 cm 的深翻,使原先因施肥等原因酸化的土壤得到改良。而DT+PR处理比DT处理土壤pH低,可能是因为淹水处理促进了枯枝、落叶的腐解,加速了有机酸等物质的释放,进而降低了土壤的pH[32]。对于土壤EC值而言,不同改良措施显著降低了土壤EC值,其中DT 处理降低到405 μS·cm-1,而DT+PR 处理降低到130 μS·cm-1。这可能是因为深翻使土壤盐渍化土壤进入下层,从而使上层土壤的EC值降低;而DT+PR处理可能使盐分溶解到水中,使土壤的EC 值进一步降低。根据土壤次生盐渍化程度标准[33],深翻处理使黄桃园土壤次生盐渍化程度降低,但还处于中盐度水平;而深翻结合种植水稻处理使土壤次生盐渍化水平显著降低,达到低盐度水平。本研究表明,通过深翻和种植水稻等措施能够降低老桃园土壤的酸化和盐渍化程度,有利于桃园的更新换代。然而,不同桃园改良措施,包括深翻和种植水稻,均降低了土壤中养分含量,包括土壤中有效磷含量,这可能是因为深翻导致深层养分含量低的土壤上移,使耕层土壤养分降低。因此,深翻改良老桃园应配合有机物料等的施用,以促进有机质等养分的积累。

在本研究中,笔者发现不同改良措施没有显著改变再植桃园解磷微生物的丰度指数(Chao和ACE指数)(p>0.05),但显著改变了解磷微生物的多样性指数(Shannon和Simpson指数),其中深翻结合种植水稻比单独深翻显著提高了土壤中解磷微生物多样性,该研究结果说明不同改良方式通过改变解磷微生物的均匀度而改变其多样性。笔者的研究也表明,深翻结合种植水稻比单独深翻显著改变了土壤解磷微生物的Shannoneven 均匀度指数,说明不同改良方式通过改变不同种类解磷微生物的相对丰度,从而使解磷微生物的多样性发生改变。

不同改良方式改变了解磷微生物的群落组成,其中深翻结合种植水稻提高了BradyrhizobiumCupriavidus 的相对丰度。Bradyrhizobium 除了与大豆共生为植物提供氮素外,还具有显著的溶磷作用[34]。在本研究中,淹水改良再植桃园土壤显著提高了慢生根瘤菌属丰度,说明淹水有助于土壤中根瘤菌属的生长,促进土壤中磷元素的活化,提高植物可利用养分含量。最近研究同样表明,根瘤菌属的微生物含有与磷代谢相关的基因,并在土壤有机磷和磷活化方面发挥重要作用[35]。在本研究中,DT+PR处理使Cupriavidus的相对丰度显著提高,可能促进了土壤中磷的代谢。该研究结果表明不同改良方式改变了土壤中与磷代谢相关微生物的群落组成,可能对黄桃生长、产量和品质产生影响。

土壤微生物丰度、群落组成以及多样性等对土壤功能改善具有重要意义[5]。在本研究中,不同土壤改良方式提高了黄桃产量和可溶性固形物含量,显著降低了可滴定酸含量,使黄桃品质得到改善。利用偏最小二乘路径分析表明,不同改良方式可以直接改变土壤理化性质从而对黄桃产量和品质产生影响,也可以间接通过影响土壤中解磷微生物丰度和组成对其产生影响。Fan等[36]研究表明,微生物群落结构改变可以改变植物生长状态,可能是因为微生物群落结构的改变对土壤元素循环产生影响,如与磷元素相关微生物的增多可以促进土壤磷素的释放以被植物利用。

4 结 论

相较于不改良处理,深翻结合种植水稻使土壤pH显著提高了4.2%,EC值显著降低了74.7%,但降低了土壤养分的含量;深翻结合种植水稻虽然使土壤解磷微生物绝对丰度显著降低了51.8%,但提高了解磷微生物多样性(Shannon指数)。不同改良方式可以通过直接改变土壤理化性质影响黄桃的产量和品质,也可以间接通过影响土壤中解磷微生物的丰度和组成改变黄桃产量和品质。

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Influence of different amelioration methods for replant peach orchards on phosphorus-dissolving microbial composition as well as yield and quality of yellow-fleshed peaches

WANG Qingfeng1,2,ZHOU Deping1,ZHAO Zheng1,2,WU Shuhang1,2*,CHU Changbin1*
(1Eco-Environmental Protection Research Institute,Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Shanghai 201403,China;2Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture in Southeastern China,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Shanghai 201403,China)

Abstract:【Objective】Peach,which is rich in vitamin C,antioxidants,dietary fiber and other nutritional elements, is a favorite fruit of Chinese people. Peach is grown in a large area and is a kind of fruit with both nutritional and economic values. However, peach industry is suffering from serious restricts by continuous cropping obstacle.Due to the short economic life of peach trees,most peach orchards require annual renewal. Thus, we need to overcome the obstacles of peach tree replanting disease. Although deep tillage could expand the shallow tillage layer, facilitate deeper rooting and increase resource availability in the subsoil layer, subsoil may not undergo weathering and lack of available nutrients. In addition, the primary plant productivity is typically limited by bioavailability of soil P, despite the abundant total P, after soil was deeply tilled. The aim of the experiment is to reduce the effect of peach replant obstacle on the growth of newly planted peach trees, and understand the soil properties,phosphorus microbial community composition and the interaction between peach yield and quality,and soil properties-phosphorus microbial composition.【Methods】In this study, three treatments, including untreated old peach orchard (CK), deep tillage and one year fallowing (DT) and deep tillage combined with one year rice planting (DT + RP) were applied to evaluate the effect of different methods on soil physical and chemical properties, and phosphorus-dissolving microbial composition. We analyzed soil physical and chemical properties, fruit weight and sugar content of yellow-fleshed peach with different treatments after four years. In addition, Illumina Miseq sequencing was applied to determine soil phosphorus-dissolving microbial composition and diversity by targeting phoD gene. In addition, the partial least squares path modeling was applied to analyze the relationship among soil physical and chemical properties,phosphorus-dissolving microbial composition,and peach yield and quality.【Results】The results showed that different treatments changed the physical and chemical properties of soil, and increased soil pH by 4.2%and reduced soil EC value by 74.7%,compared with CK treatment,respectively.But we did not find that soil nutrients contents significantly changed among different treatments(p>0.05). DT treatment did not significantly affect soil absolute abundance of phoD gene, while DT + PR treatment significantly reduced the abundance of phoD gene in soil by 51.8%compared to the CK.Correlation analysis showed that phoD gene abundance was significantly and positively correlated with EC value and available phosphorus content, while significantly and negatively correlated with soil organic matter content.The different improvement methods did not significantly change the soil phosphorus-dissolving microbial richness index (ACE and Chao) and Sobs, but significantly changed the diversity index. DT treatment reduced the soil Shannoneven index by 1.96%, while DT + PR treatment increased the Shannoneven index by 1.44%. Bradyrhizobium, Nocardioides, Cupriavidus and Rhizobacter as the dominant phoD were contained in the microorganisms, and the relative abundance of Bradyrhizobium and Cupriavidus increased. Different improved methods increased the yield of yellow-fleshed peach,with DT and DT + PR treatments increasing the yield by 7.1% and 13.8% than CK, respectively. DT treatment increased fruit sugar content by 18.8%, while DT + PR treatment only increased by 5.4%,compared with CK treatment. Different improved methods decreased the titratable acid of yellowfleshed peach fruit,and DT and DT+PR fruits decreased by 21.5%and 27.9%compared with CK,respectively. Partial least squares path modeling showed that different improvement methods can directly change the yield and sugar content of yellow-fleshed peach by changing the soil physical and chemical properties(R=-0.855,p<0.05),or indirectly affect the abundance and composition of soil phosphorusdissolving microorganisms to affect the yield and sugar content of yellow-fleshed peach. In addition,soil physicochemical properties can directly change the abundance of microorganisms (R = 1.30, p<0.05)and composition(R=-0.890,p<0.05),which in return,the abundance of soil phosphorus microorganisms (R =-0.614, p<0.05) and composition (R = 0.953, p<0.05) significantly affected the yield and sugar degree of yellow-fleshed peach, respectively.【Conclusion】This study showed that the combination of deep tillage and rice plantation can changed soil physical and chemical properties,improved the microbial diversity of phoD containing microorganisms and changed the composition of phoD containing microorganisms. Different improvement methods changed the community composition of phosphorus microorganisms, and the deep tillage combined with planting rice improved the relative abundance of Bradyrhizobium and Cupriavidus,which may play an important role in improving soil nutrient content.In addition,our results also showed that the soil physical and chemical properties caused by different improvement methods directly affected the yield and sugar content of yellow-fleshed peach,which can be also affected indirectly by the changing of abundance and composition of phoD containing microorganisms caused by different improvement methods. Our results provide reference for soil improvement of yellow-fleshed peach replanting,and provide a viable method for the sustainable development of yellow-fleshed peach industry.

Key words:Yellow-fleshed peach; Replant problem; Phosphorus-dissolving microbes; Soil improvement

中图分类号:S662.1

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2025)06-1200-11

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20240544

收稿日期:2024-10-24

接受日期:2025-03-20

基金项目:上海市科委农业领域项目(23N61900200);上海市科委农业领域重点攻关项目(18391902600);上海市农业科学院卓越团队建设计划(沪农科卓2022-004);国家重点研发计划(2018YFD0201408)

作者简介:王庆峰,男,助理研究员,主要研究方向为环境微生物与农业生态。E-mail:wqfcool@126.com

*通信作者Author for correspondence. E-mail:wushuhang88@163.com;E-mail:davidchu_123@sohu.com