观赏桃新品种鄢粉1号的选育

乔雨轩1,焦雪辉1,岳长平2,史喜兵1*

1郑州市农业科技研究院,郑州 450005;2鄢陵县东华种植农民专业合作社,河南鄢陵 461200)

摘 要:鄢粉1号是以嫣红早花桃为母本、早甜桃为父本进行杂交,从其杂交后代中选育出的观赏桃新品种。树势中等,树姿开张;枝条长直,花枝绿具红斑纹,花芽量中等,单枝着花数平均50朵,节间长度中等,均长1.53 cm;花蕾深粉色,卵圆形;花型为月季型,深粉色,重瓣,平均花径37.79 cm;平均花瓣数29枚,中层花瓣长17.64 mm,宽9.36 mm,长卵圆形;雄蕊数平均47条,长度短于花瓣;雌蕊2~4枚,与雄蕊近等长;花药橘红色;萼片2轮共10枚。在河南省许昌地区,始花期3月3日,开花持续时间22 d左右。果实绿白色,圆形,果皮有毛。耐旱耐寒,抗性较强。需冷量较低,在满足需冷量300 h以上的地区均可栽植。

关键词:观赏桃;新品种;鄢粉1号;早花

桃(Prunus persica)为蔷薇科(Rosaceae)李属(Prunus L.)多年生落叶小乔木,以果实品质和观赏特性分为果桃和观赏桃两大类[1]。桃起源于中国,后传入日本、欧洲,具有丰富的种质资源[2]。目前,观赏桃以花型丰富、花色艳丽多彩、花期早而长、株型多姿多态以及美好深厚的文化内涵成为中国著名的春季赏花树种之一,应用场景逐步增多,开发覆盖面日益扩大。然而在生产实践中,观赏性状优良的桃花品种相对较少,一直以来,选育开花早、花形优美、香气宜人、花朵稠密、花色喜人的优良观赏桃品种是科研工作的重点[3]

中国观赏桃育种工作始于20世纪70年代,近年来陆续培育出红线菊、粉垂菊、万重粉、玲珑红及嫣红早艳等品种[4-8],极大地增加了观赏桃在花型和株型的丰富性。但观赏桃始花期跨度较短,通常集中在3月中下旬,导致桃花景观的延续性不足,因此培育低需冷量的早花品种,对满足群众冬季赏花的热切需求、扩展年宵花市场、提高观赏桃产业附加值具有重要意义[9]

1 选育过程

2013 年3 月,以嫣红早花桃为母本、早甜桃为父本进行杂交,采收果实并当年播种,成功繁育种苗30株。2015年3月,实生苗开花后,从中选出优良单株,该单株始花期3月3日左右,比母本嫣红早花桃早14 d,并且在花型、花色、萼片数量等方面表现出明显的特异性。随后以毛桃为砧木,进行嫁接扩繁。2016年,嫁接苗开花后,观察记录现蕾期、始花期、盛花期和末花期,记录花、叶、果等性状表现,测量花径、节间长度、果实大小等指标。连续几年进行嫁接繁殖,发现后代性状稳定,与母株表现一致,初步定名为鄢粉1号桃(图1)。2024年国家林业和草原局审查授予植物新品种权(品种权号:20240220)。

图1 观赏桃新品种鄢粉1 号
Fig.1 A new ornamental peach cultivar Yanfen No.1

2 主要性状

2.1 植物学特征

鄢粉1号桃树势中等,成花容易,树姿开张;枝条长直,花枝绿具红斑纹,花芽量中等,以长枝着花为主,花芽起始节位为第3~4 节,单枝着花数平均50朵;节间长度中等,平均长1.53 cm;花蕾深粉色,卵圆形;花型为月季型,深粉色,重瓣,平均花径37.79 cm;平均花瓣数29枚,中层花瓣长17.64 mm,宽9.36 mm,长卵圆形(表1);雄蕊数平均47枚,长度短于花瓣;雌蕊2~4 枚,与雄蕊近等长;花药橘红色;花萼红褐色,有茸毛,萼片2轮共10枚,萼筒内壁黄绿色;叶片绿色,平展,披针形,叶缘具细锯齿;幼树和成年树均以长、中果枝为主,自然结实,结果量中等,果实绿白色,圆形,个大,果皮有毛;核椭圆形,核纹数量中等。

表1 鄢粉1 号与相似品种的性状对比
Table 1 Comparation between Yanfen No.1 and similar cultivar

品种Cultivar鄢粉1号Yanfen No.1嫣红早花Yanhongzaohua始花期First blooming date 3月3日Mar.5 3月17日Mar.17花型Flower type月季型Chinese rose type梅花型Plum blossom type花瓣形状Petal shape长卵圆形Long oval shape阔卵圆形Broad oval shape花色Flower color深粉色Dark pink红色Red萼片数Sepal number 10需冷量Chilling requirement/h 300 5 400

2.2 物候期

在河南省许昌地区,2 月中下旬叶芽膨大,2 月27日现蕾,始花期3月3日,盛花期3月8—20日,末花期3 月底,开花持续时间22 d 左右,花期较长。6月中下旬果皮底色转为绿白色,果实成熟,果实生育期95 d左右。落叶期始于11月初,生长发育期275 d左右。

3 栽培技术要点

鄢粉1号桃在培育期间表现出优异的适应性和抗逆性,适合在露地条件下栽培。需冷量较低,在满足需冷量300 h以上的地区均可栽植。忌涝喜疏松肥沃、排水良好的土壤,建议起垄嫁接繁殖。早春硬枝接,5—7月芽接,以毛桃为砧木,砧木株行距按照2 m×3 m 或2 m×4 m 进行栽植。嫁接成活后,结合旋、耕、耙,每666.7 m2施50 kg复合肥。早春浇一次开冻水,秋末浇一次封冻水。夏季连续干旱时适当浇水。8 月后,控制肥水。雨季及时做好排水防涝工作。定期修剪,控制树形,防止徒长,有利于促进花芽分化,增加来年花量;在花芽膨大期应及时喷洒石硫合剂、氟啶虫胺腈等,以防蚜虫、螟虫及根腐病等病虫害的侵蚀。

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Breeding report of a new ornamental peach cultivar Yanfen No.1

QIAO Yuxuan1,JIAO Xuehui1,YUE Changping2,SHI Xibing1*
(1Zhengzhou Academy of Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhengzhou 450005, Henan, China;2Yanling Donghua Planting Farmers'Professional Cooperative,Yanling 461200,Henan,China)

Abstract: Yanfen No. 1 is a new ornamental peach cultivar selected from the progeny of a cross between Yanhongzaohua as the maternal parent and Zaotiantao as the paternal parent. In 2013, the hybrid fruits were harvested and the seeds were sown that year,successfully breeding 30 seedlings.In 2015,after the seedlings flowered,excellent individual plants were selected.The initial flowering period of this individual plant is around March 3rd, 14 days earlier than the maternal parent Yanhongzaohua. The peak flowering period is spectacular,with high ornamental value.Subsequently,using peach as the rootstock, grafting propagation were carried out year after year. Characteristics such as flowers, leaves and fruits were recorded, and indicators such as flower diameter, internode length and fruit size were measured. It was found that the progeny traits were stable and consistent with the maternal plant’s performance,and it was tentatively named Yanfen No.1.In 2024,the National Forestry and Grassland Administration reviewed and granted the new plant cultivar right.This cultivar has a medium tree vigor and an open tree shape. The branches are long and straight, and the flower branches are green with red spots.The number of flower buds is medium, with an average of 50 flowers per branch.The internode length is medium,with an average length of 1.53 cm.The buds are deep pink and oval.The flower type is Chinese rose shaped and deep pink, with multiple petals and an average flower diameter of 37.79 cm.The average number of petals is 29, with the middle petals being 17.64 mm long and 9.36 mm wide, in the shape of an elongated oval.The average number of stamens is 47,shorter than the petals.There are 2 to 4 pistils,which are almost the same length as the stamens.The anther is orange-red.There are 10 sepals in two rounds.In Xuchang,Henan province,the initial flowering period is March 3rd,the peak flower-ing period is from March 8th to 20th,and the post flowering period is at the end of March,with a flowering duration of about 22 days.The fruit is greenish-white, round, and hairy on the skin. It is resistant to drought and cold, with strong resistance. It requires a low amount of chilling, and can be planted in areas where the chilling requirement is 300 to 500 hours.

Key words: Ornamental peach;New cultivar;Yanfen No.1;Early flowering

中图分类号:S662.1

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2025)05-1116-03

DOI: 10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20240657

收稿日期:2024-12-15

接受日期:2025-01-14

基金项目:中原学者工作站项目(ZYGZZ2022073);河南省林业局科技兴林项目(YLK202410);河南省乡村振兴科技计划项目(豫科〔2024〕95号)

作者简介:乔雨轩,男,研究实习员,硕士,主要从事园林植物育种及应用研究。E-mail:294694128@qq.com

*通信作者 Author for correspondence.E-mail:madary@163.com