两种叶面肥对金黄金桃果实品质和挥发性风味物质的影响

杨兴旺1,王志强2#,段晨磊3,王莹莹1,薛桂红2,庞灵枝3,时 梦1,冀晓昊1,张德燕2,王孝娣1*,王海波1*

1中国农业科学院果树研究所,辽宁兴城 125100;2沂源县农业技术服务中心,山东沂源 256100;3淄博数字农业农村研究院,山东淄博 255035)

摘 要:【目的】研究两种叶面肥对沂源地区金黄金桃果实品质及挥发性风味物质的影响,以期对沂源县桃树产业提质增效提供理论依据。【方法】在2023和2024年,以沂源县特色品种金黄金桃为试材,采用叶面喷施氨基酸硒肥、水溶性硅肥和清水(对照)3个处理,研究两种叶面肥对金黄金桃果实品质和挥发性风味物质的影响。【结果】喷施两种叶面肥处理能有效提高金黄金桃叶片发育质量、单株产量、单果质量、果实挥发性风味物质种类及含量。其中氨基酸硒肥的叶片叶绿素a含量、类胡萝卜素含量和比叶重,较对照提高6.43%~8.96%、13.72%~18.29%和4.83%~27.27%;单株产量较对照提高18.95%~18.96%;单果质量较对照提高7.39%~15.54%。水溶性硅肥处理较对照显著提高了叶片厚度和比叶重,叶片厚度较对照提高5.24%~6.43%,比叶重较对照提高14.92%~22.73%;单株产量较对照显著提高13.00%~20.18%;单果质量较对照提高4.76%~19.51%。同时在2024年试验中,两种叶面肥处理均显著提高果实各类型香气的气味活性值,其中氨基酸硒肥处理水果类、植物类、脂肪类和甜香类香气的气味活性值较对照提高56.52%、29.06%、38.86%和91.20%;水溶性硅肥处理水果类、植物类、脂肪类和甜香类香气的气味活性值较对照提高30.70%、53.72%、76.41%和35.78%。通过主成分分析法结合隶属函数分析法综合评价的结果显示,2023、2024年综合评价排名均为氨基酸硒肥、水溶性硅肥、对照。【结论】施用氨基酸硒肥、水溶硅肥叶面肥均能够显著提高金黄金桃叶片发育质量;提高单株产量、平均单果质量以及果实酯类、醛类挥发性物质的含量,为果实赋予更强烈的水果类、植物类香气,提高果实综合品质。其中以从末花期开始每15 d喷施1次600倍氨基酸硒肥叶面肥、共喷施7次的效果最佳。

关键词:金黄金桃;叶面肥;叶片发育质量;果实品质;挥发性成分

金黄金桃是沂源县特色农产品,获得“沂源金黄金桃”国家地理标志商标。沂源县地处鲁中山区腹地,以山区地形为主,受地形限制,绝大部分果园为乔砧密植,机械化程度和集约化程度较低,栽培管理技术落后,以传统家庭小果园为主,存在着果园树龄大、园区密闭、土壤盐渍化、生产的果品质量连年下降、种植效益下降等问题。同时,当地还易受到干旱、连阴天、倒春寒、冰雹等极端天气的影响。

叶面肥直接用于作物叶片表面,通过叶片吸收发挥作用。因具有施肥量小、肥效迅速、肥料利用率高、施用简便、用工量小、受土壤环境影响小等特点,在机械化程度低、集约化程度低、劳动力老龄化的果园,以及土壤环境不适宜、根系吸收能力差的一些逆境环境(低温、涝害)需要迅速补充营养的情况下具有重要的应用价值。叶面肥产品大致可以分为5类[1]:(1)无机营养型:选取一些水溶性好的化肥原料单一或复配而成叶面肥产品。包括一些大中微量的营养元素、镧系稀土元素[2]和部分螯合铜、铁、锌等。(2)有机加营养元素型:采用腐殖酸、氨基酸、多糖等有机物质,吸附或利用其存在的氨基、羧基、羟基、醛基、酮基和甲氧基等官能团络合中微量营养元素制成。(3)植物生长调节剂加营养元素型:天然或人工合成的植物生长调节剂添加中微量元素。(4)微生物加营养元素型:采用具有促生、抗病等功能的微生物菌剂添加营养元素制成。(5)其他类型:纳米增效肥料[3]等。随着叶面肥产品在果树生产中的广泛应用和不断发展,从最初作为果树钙、硼、锌、铁等中微量元素的快速补充手段,逐步发展至具有调节植物生长、提高果树抗逆性[4]、提高果品鲜食及加工品质[5-6]、提高果品贮藏及保鲜能力[7-8]、生产功能性果品等多种作用。

氨基酸螯合肥在果树利用微量元素的同时可被果树直接吸收,肥料利用率高。硅肥在缓解植物渗透胁迫、重金属离子胁迫、营养胁迫、极端温度胁迫、紫外线胁迫等非生物胁迫和生物胁迫方面起到重要作用,对逆境条件下果树的生长发育有着重要的应用潜力和前景。笔者在本研究中立足沂源县桃树产区的立地条件和产业发展情况,选用中国农业科学院果树研究所研发的氨基酸硒叶面肥、淄博乐悠悠农业科技有限公司研发的水溶硅肥两种叶面肥产品,观察其对金黄金桃果实品质和其挥发性风味物质的影响,以期助力沂源县桃树产业提质增效。

1 材料和方法

1.1 材料

试验在2023 年于山东省淄博市沂源县东里镇马家沟村果园(Majiagou orchard),在2024年于山东省淄博市沂源县东里镇福禄坪村果园(Fuluping orchard)开展。气候类型均为温带季风区域大陆性气候,年降水量600~700 mm,降雨分布不均匀,主要集中在夏季。春季易受干旱、倒春寒、冰雹等极端天气影响。

供试果树:分别以11 年生金黄金桃(树形均采用开心形,行株距4.5 m×4 m)和4年生金黄金桃(高干Y形,行株距4 m×1 m)为试材。

氨基酸硒叶面肥为中国农业科学院果树研究所研发,安丘鑫海生物肥料有限公司生产:硒含量(w)3%;水溶性硅肥为淄博乐悠悠农业科技有限公司提供:Si含量(ρ)≥100 g·L-1,K2O含量(ρ)≥45 g·L-1

1.2 试验方法

试验采用随机区组设计,共设3个处理,每个处理选取长势均匀一致的30 株桃树,各3 次重复。分别为处理1(氨基酸硒肥):叶面喷施氨基酸硒叶面肥(600 倍喷施);处理2(水溶性硅肥):叶面喷施水溶性硅肥(300 倍喷施);对照(喷清水)。各处理自末花期开始每15 d喷1次,共7次。

1.3 样品采集

果实成熟期(马家沟村试验园2023 年8 月29日,福禄坪村果园2024 年8 月28 日)进行叶片和果实采样,每个处理随机采集20个果,30片叶(位于枝条中部功能叶片)。

1.4 指标测定及方法

1.4.1 叶片指标测定 叶片厚度采用游标卡尺测定,叶片比叶重采用称量法测定,叶绿素含量参考《植物生理学实验指导》[9]测定。

1.4.2 果实品质指标测定 用BL-500S型电子天平称量单果质量;用果实硬度计GY-3(托普云农,中国)测定果肉硬度;用折光仪PAL-1(ATAGO,日本)测定可溶性固形物含量;采用氢氧化钠滴定法测定可滴定酸含量;采用钼蓝比色法测定果实维生素C含量[9]。3次重复,计算平均值。

香气测定采用固相微萃取结合气相质谱联用仪,具体方法参照Ji 等[10]的报道。Agilent 7890A-5975C气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定香气组分,采用2-辛醇内标法对香气成分进行定量分析。

1.5 数据分析

采用Excel 2021、SPSS 等软件对试验数据进行整理和统计分析。

2 结果与分析

2.1 叶面肥处理对金黄金桃叶片发育质量的影响

比较两种叶面肥处理下金黄金桃叶片发育质量(表1),综合来看,氨基酸硒肥叶面肥处理有效提高叶片叶绿素a含量、类胡萝卜素含量和比叶重,较对照提高6.43%~8.96%、13.72%~18.29%和4.83%~27.27%。水溶性硅肥处理较对照显著提高了叶片厚度和比叶重,叶片厚度较对照提高5.24%~6.43%,比叶重较对照提高14.92%~22.73%。

表1 不同年际各处理对金黄金桃叶片发育质量的影响
Table 1 Effects of different treatments across different years on leaf development quality

注:不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(p<0.05)。下同。
Note:Different small letters indicate significant difference at 0.05 level.The same below.

年际/地点Year/Site selection 2023年马家沟村果园Majiagou orchard in 2023 2024年福禄坪村果园Fuluping orchard in 2024比叶重Leaf mass per area 5.28±0.49 b 6.72±0.89 a 6.48±0.51 a 4.76±0.19 b 4.99±0.13 b 5.47±0.19 a处理Treatment对照Control氨基酸硒肥AA-Se水溶性硅肥WSF-Si对照Control氨基酸硒肥AA-Se水溶性硅肥WSF-Si w(叶绿素a)Chlorophyll a content/(mg·g-1)3.73±0.04 ab 3.97±0.22 a 3.50±0.15 b 2.68±0.04 c 2.92±0.03 b 3.25±0.11 a w(叶绿素b)Chlorophyll b content/(mg·g-1)1.35±0.02 a 1.36±0.08 a 1.18±0.06 b 0.92±0.01 b 0.98±0.02 b 1.13±0.06 a w(类胡萝卜素)Carotenoid content/(mg·g-1)1.02±0.02 b 1.16±0.07 a 0.99±0.01 b 0.82±0.03 b 0.97±0.04 a 0.82±0.01 b叶片厚度Blade thickness/mm 0.171±0.008 b 0.168±0.010 b 0.182±0.008 a 0.210±0.006 b 0.209±0.009 b 0.221±0.010 a

2.2 叶面肥处理对金黄金桃果实品质的影响

喷施氨基酸硒肥、水溶性硅肥两种叶面肥均能够提高单株产量和单果质量(表2),单株产量较对照显著提高13.00%~20.18%;单果质量提高4.76%~19.51%。但对果实可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量和果肉硬度影响较小。

表2 不同年际各处理对桃果实品质的影响
Table 2 Effects of different treatments across different years on fruit quality

年际/地点Year/Site selection 2023年马家沟村果园Majiagou orchard in 2023 2024年福禄坪村果园Fuluping orchard in 2024果实硬度Fruit firmness/(kg·cm-2)11.69±2.99 a 12.50±2.03 a 11.62±3.01 a 6.84±1.08 ab 6.26±1.51 b 7.94±1.20 a处理Treatment对照Control氨基酸硒肥AA-Se水溶性硅肥WSF-Si对照Control氨基酸硒肥AA-Se水溶性硅肥WSF-Si单株产量Yield per tree/kg 92.98±4.25 b 110.62±2.07 a 111.75±3.39 a 33.45±1.76 b 39.79±1.02 a 37.80±2.27 a单果质量Single fruit mass/g 293.75±22.61 b 315.45±9.69 ab 351.08±50.03 a 300.51±28.68 b 347.20±57.98 a 314.80±14.12 b w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solids content/%10.46±0.09 b 10.28±0.18 b 11.18±0.13 a 14.18±0.30 a 13.90±0.45 a 13.90±0.13 a w(可滴定酸)Titration acid content/%0.269±0.008 a 0.274±0.003 a 0.268±0.003 a 0.386±0.008 a 0.354±0.012 a 0.360±0.022 a

2.3 叶面肥处理对金黄金桃果实挥发性物质的影响

2.3.1 叶面肥处理对金黄金桃果实挥发性物质组成成分及含量的影响 通过对不同叶面肥处理金黄金桃果实的挥发性成分进行测定(表3),累计检测出16种成分,包括6种醛类、6种酯类、2种萜烯类、1种醇类物质和2-辛酮。试验发现各年际处理间金黄金桃果实的挥发性成分种类存在一定差异,但均体现为醛类物质是金黄金桃果实的主要挥发性成分,其含量明显高于其他类型,在所有样品的挥发性成分含量中占比达到47.04%~83.02%,其中青叶醛为主要的醛类物质。

表3 不同年际各处理金黄金桃果实挥发性物质组成成分及含量
Table 3 Major volatile components in Jinhuang Jin peach under different treatments across different years

注:ND 代表没有检测到。
Note:ND means not detected.

年际/地点Year/Site selection挥发性成分Volatile substances种类Type 2023年马家沟村果园Majiagou orchard in 2023萜烯类Terpenes醛类Aldehydes酯类Esters 2024年福禄坪村果园Fuluping orchard in 2024水溶性硅肥WSF-Si 30.35±0.42 c 30.35 24.42±2.83 a 193.86±3.48 b 15.97±5.09 b 2.62±0.91 b ND 236.87 63.83±1.19 a 25.96±0.79 b 16.42±0.74 a 2.97±0.20 b 3.52±1.10 112.70 11.26±2.33 a 11.26 249.18±31.73 b 249.18 158.92±11.21 a 1.25±0.12 a 160.17 160.64±15.67 a 344.76±34.60 a 28.20±3.58 a 4.29±0.19 537.89 50.01±2.75 a 29.61±8.52 b 21.52±3.96 a 5.35±0.41 106.49 6.34±0.82 a 6.34其他Others醇类Alcohols萜烯类Terpenes醛类Aldehydes酯类Esters其他Others芳樟醇Linalool合计Summation己醛Hexanal青叶醛2-Hexenal,(E)-苯甲醛Benzaldehyde糖醛Furfural 5-羟甲基糠醛2-Furancarboxaldehyde,5-methyl-合计Summation乙酸叶醇酯cis-3-Hexenyl Acetate乙酸己酯Hexyl acetate乙酸反-2-己烯酯(E)-2-Hexenyl acetate γ-己内酯γ-Hexalactone γ-癸内酯γ-Decalactone合计Summation 2-辛酮2-Octanone合计Summation正己醇1-Hexanol合计Summation芳樟醇Linalool α-松油醇α-Terpineol合计Summation己醛Hexanal青叶醛2-Hexenal,(E)-苯甲醛Benzaldehyde(E,E)-2,4-己二烯醛2,4-Hexadienal,(E,E)-合计Summation乙酸叶醇酯cis-3-Hexenyl Acetate乙酸乙酯Ethyl acetate乙酸己酯Hexyl acetate γ-己内酯γ-Hexalactone合计Summation 2-辛酮2-Octanone合计Summation果实中质量浓度Concentration in grape/(μg·kg-1)对照Control 70.25±1.03 a 70.25 22.58±4.29 a 137.82±0.34 b 18.53±0.60 b ND ND 178.93 67.95±4.09 a 30.12±2.61 a 17.30±1.59 a ND ND 115.37 15.83±1.97 a 15.83 317.51±17.51 a 317.51 143.20±4.25 a 1.02±0.08 b 144.22 87.74±6.50 b 255.56±18.67 b 39.23±14.03 a ND 382.53 50.81±11.96 a ND 20.22±3.01 a ND 71.03 7.20±0.96 a 7.20氨基酸硒肥AA-Se 45.90±6.86 b 45.90 32.03±7.18 a 326.49±56.70 a 24.66±2.54 a 6.68±1.45 a 22.31±0.30 412.17 51.45±9.70 a 28.32±3.73 ab 17.63±0.24 a 6.37±1.56 a ND 103.77 16.03±4.19 a 16.03 334.36±8.57 a 334.36 166.56±14.68 a 1.18±0.22 ab 167.74 124.98±23.18 ab 318.57±33.46 ab 34.81±7.71 a ND 478.36 45.18±3.11 a 89.42±19.34 a 25.05±2.04 a ND 159.65 6.84±0.53 a 6.84

2023 年马家沟果园试验中氨基酸硒肥、水溶性硅肥叶面肥处理的果实,醛类物质含量较对照提高130.35%、32.38%,酯类物质含量与对照无显著差异。此外,氨基酸硒肥叶面肥处理的果实较对照多检测出糖醛、5-羟甲基糠醛和γ-己内酯3种挥发性物质;水溶性硅肥叶面肥处理的果实较对照多检测出糖醛、γ-己内酯和γ-癸内酯3种挥发性物质。

2024 年福禄坪村果园试验中氨基酸硒肥、水溶性硅肥叶面肥处理的果实醛类物质含量较对照提高25.05%、40.61% ;酯类物质含量较对照提高124.76%、49.92%;萜烯类物质含量较对照提高16.31%、11.06%。此外氨基酸硒肥叶面肥处理的果实较对照多检测出乙酸乙酯,水溶性硅肥叶面肥处理的果实较对照多检测出(E,E)-2,4-己二烯醛、乙酸乙酯和γ-己内酯3种挥发性物质。

2.3.2 不同处理金黄金桃果实的活性呈香成分气味活性值及香气轮廓 果实风味取决于香气种类、浓度和气味活性值(OAV),OAV≥1的成分才被认为具有芳香活性(表4)。在2023 年试验中,各处理的金黄金桃果实筛选出OAV≥1 的香气活性成分为:芳樟醇、己醛、青叶醛、乙酸叶醇酯、乙酸己酯、γ-癸内酯(水溶性硅肥)和2-辛酮。其中水溶性硅肥处理的果实较对照多检测出γ-癸内酯,这是一种具有桃、杏、椰子、果香,甜香的物质。

表4 不同年际各处理果实挥发性物质成分的香气、气味阈值及气味活性值(OAV≥1)
Table 4 Description,threshold,and OAV of volatiles in Jinhuang Jin peach under different treatments across different years

注:香系数字1.甜香;2.花卉类;3.水果类;4.植物类;5.脂肪类;6.香料类。
Note:Odour series 1.Sweet;2.Floral;3.Fruity;4.Vegetal;5.Fatty;6.Spicy.

年际/地点Year/Site selection挥发性物质成分Volatile substances香气描述Odor description香系Odour series阈值Odor threshold/(μg·kg-1)2023年马家沟村果园Majiagou orchard in 2023 2,36[12]芳樟醇Linalool己醛Hexanal青叶醛2-Hexenal,(E)-乙酸叶醇酯cis-3-Hexenyl Acetate乙酸己酯Hexyl acetate γ-癸内酯γ-Decalactone 2-辛酮2-Octanone芳樟醇Linalool己醛Hexanal青叶醛2-Hexenal,(E)-乙酸叶醇酯cis-3-Hexenyl Acetate乙酸乙酯Ethyl acetate乙酸己酯Hexyl acetate 2-辛酮2-Octanone花香,果香,甜味[11]Floral,fruity,sweet鱼腥味,青草,动物油脂[13]Fishy,grassy,tallow青草、绿叶、果香[14]Grassy,leaf,fruity果香、药香[15]Fruity,herbs梨,果香[16],花香Pear,fruity,floral桃、杏、椰子、果香,甜味[17]Peach,apricot,coconut,fruity,sweet奶香味[18]Creamy花香,果香,甜味[11]Floral,fruity,sweet鱼腥味,青草,动物油脂[12-13]Fishy,grassy,tallow青草、绿叶、果香[14]Grassy,leaf,fruity果香、药香[15]Fruity,herbs菠萝,溶剂,香料[13],甜香[19]Pineapple,solvent,spicy,sweet梨,果香[16],花香Pear,fruity,floral奶香味[18]Creamy气味活性值Odor activity values(OAV)对照Control 11.71氨基酸硒肥AA-Se 7.65水溶性硅肥WSF-Si 5.06 4,55[12]4.526.414.89 3,417[13]8.1119.2111.40 3,4[15]12.1[15]5.624.255.28 2,310[12]3.012.832.60 1,31[17]ND ND 3.52 55[13]3.173.212.25 2024年福禄坪村果园Fuluping orchard in 2024 1,2,36[12]23.8727.7626.49 4,55[12]17.5525.0032.13 3,417[13]15.0318.7420.28 3,412.1[15]4.203.734.13 1,3,65[19]ND 17.885.92 2,310[12]2.022.512.15 55[13]1.441.371.27

在2024年试验中,各处理的金黄金桃果实筛选出OAV≥1 的香气活性成分为:芳樟醇、己醛、青叶醛、乙酸叶醇酯、乙酸乙酯(氨基酸硒肥、水溶性硅肥)、乙酸己酯和2-辛酮。其中氨基酸硒肥和水溶性硅肥处理的果实均对照多检测出乙酸乙酯,这是一种具有菠萝、香料和溶剂味的物质。

香气轮廓图(图1)能够简单、直观反映出果实的呈香类型。金黄金桃果实的呈香类型主要为水果类、植物类、脂肪类和花卉类。其中水果类、植物类气味最为突出,水果类的气味活性值在两地试验分别达到27.86~33.94和45.12~70.62;植物类的气味活性值达到18.25~29.87和36.78~56.54。

图1 不同年际各处理金黄金桃果实香气轮廓图
Fig.1 Aroma profile in Jinhuang Jin peach under different treatments across different years

氨基酸硒肥和水溶性硅肥处理没有明显改变果实的呈香类型,但影响了果实各类型香气的气味活性值。2023年试验中仅氨基酸硒肥处理较对照提高了水果类、植物类香气的气味活性值。2024年试验中氨基酸硒肥和水溶性硅肥处理均提高了各类型香气的气味活性值,其中氨基酸硒肥处理水果类、植物类、脂肪类和甜香类香气的气味活性值较对照分别提高56.52%、29.06%、38.86%和91.20%;水溶性硅肥处理水果类、植物类、脂肪类和甜香类香气的气味活性值较对照分别提高30.70%、53.72%、76.41%和35.78%。同时氨基酸硒肥、水溶性硅肥处理均检测出对照不含有的香料类气味类型,使处理后的金黄金桃果实香气更复杂浓郁、更具风味。同时发现2024年试验中的金黄金桃果实的气味活性值远高于2023年,体现出果实香气品质受年际效应、气候因素和栽培条件[20]的影响较大。

2.4 金黄金桃果实品质的主成分分析及综合评价

根据主成分分析结果,结合隶属函数分析,综合评价两种叶面肥对金黄金桃果实品质的影响。结果显示两地试验中均为氨基酸硒肥效果最好(表5)。

表5 不同年际各处理金黄金桃果实品质综合评价
Table 5 Comprehensive evaluation of fruit quality of Jinhuang Jin peach under different treatments across different years

年际/地点Year/Site selection 2023年马家沟村果园Majiagou orchard in 2023 D 排名Rank 2024年福禄坪村果园Fuluping orchard in 2024处理Treatment对照Control氨基酸硒肥AA-Se水溶性硅肥WSF-Si对照Control氨基酸硒肥AA-Se水溶性硅肥WSF-Si x1-0.38 1.14-0.75-1.14 0.43 0.72 x2-1.09 0.21 0.88-0.17 1.07-0.91 f1 0.19 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.84 1.00 f2 0.00 0.66 1.00 0.37 1.00 0.00 0.12 0.86 0.40 0.15 0.90 0.61 312312

3 讨 论

叶面肥作为一种高效的植物营养补充方式,在果树上已有广泛应用。不同种类叶面肥对果树生长发育和果实品质的影响存在差异。前人研究表明,喷施氨基酸叶面肥能够显著提高桃[21]、葡萄[5,7,22]、苹果[4,6,8,23]、梨[24]等果树的叶片叶绿体色素含量、单果质量、产量和可溶性固形物含量等指标。在本研究中,氨基酸硒肥处理的金黄金桃的单株产量、单果质量和挥发性风味物质的种类和数量均高于对照,较对照多检测出糖醛、5-羟甲基糠醛和γ-己内酯3种挥发性物质。但可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量等与对照无显著差异,这与史祥宾等[25]在秋白梨上的研究结果类似,喷施氨基酸硒叶面肥显著提高了秋白梨的单果质量,但未对可溶性固形物含量有显著影响。范嘉林等[26]研究发现喷施氨基酸硒叶面肥的浓度过低或过高也会导致果实品质和产量与对照无显著差异。彭智平等[27]研究表明,在沙糖橘叶片上喷氨基酸叶面肥果实增产显著,但对可溶性固形物含量影响较小,部分处理的果实维生素C 含量低于对照。笔者在本研究中发现喷施氨基酸硒叶面肥未对果实可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量造成显著影响,可能是与增产导致稀释效应有关。

硅是地壳中含量最丰富的元素之一,能够提高植物对一系列非生物与生物胁迫的抗性,对植物在逆境中生长有着重要作用[28],相关研究主要集中在提高植物抗逆性和喜硅禾本科植物上,对于硅肥在果树上的应用研究较少。笔者在本研究中发现,水溶性硅肥处理的金黄金桃在叶片厚度、比叶重、单株产量及单果质量和果实挥发性风味物质含量上均有显著提高,较对照多检测出(E,E)-2,4-己二烯醛、乙酸乙酯和γ-己内酯3种挥发性物质,这与唐笑[29]的研究一致,施用水溶硅肥能够增加果实挥发性风味物质的种类和相对含量。

桃果实香气由多种挥发性物质作用而成,各挥发性成分对果实香气的贡献依据气味活性值决定。C6醛、醇类属于植物类香气物质,或称“青香型”,酯类和内酯类属于水果类香气物质,或称“果香型”[30]。金黄金桃果实中的青叶醛是其主要的“青香型”物质;乙酸乙酯、乙酸己酯、乙酸叶醇酯等低阈值类酯类化合物是金黄金桃水果类香气重要成分,而在各类桃果实中普遍存在且阈值低的γ-癸内酯,仅在2023年水溶性硅肥处理中检测到。

果实的成熟度不同,果实释放的香气组分不同,成熟度高,香气更浓,成分更复杂。桃是乙烯跃变型果实,采后成熟过程是桃果实香味急剧增加的时期,以“青香型”香气物质的大量减少和“果香型”香气物质含量的急剧增加为主要特征[30-32]。外源施用氨基酸、硅元素能够缓解植物多种生物以及非生物胁迫,改善植株生长发育状况,使果实更能体现出本身的香气。笔者在本研究中发现醛类物质是金黄金桃果实的主要挥发性成分,含量占比均能达到47.04%~83.02%;其植物类与水果类香气活性在0.64~0.96之间,以水果类、植物类香气类型为主。仅2024 年氨基酸硒肥处理的金黄金桃果实植物类与水果类香气活性值低于对照。考虑到本研究中采用的金黄金桃为商品成熟期,并未达到生理成熟期,而氨基酸硒肥和水溶性硅肥叶面肥处理后能够增加各类香气物质含量和种类,对果实采后成熟中“青香型”与“果香型”物质的转换有重要意义,具体影响有待进一步研究。

4 结 论

施用氨基酸硒肥、水溶硅肥叶面肥均能够显著提高金黄金桃叶片发育质量,提高单株产量、平均单果质量以及果实酯类、醛类挥发性物质的含量,为果实赋予更强烈的水果类、植物类香气,提高果实综合品质。其中以自末花期开始每15 d 喷施1 次600 倍氨基酸硒叶面肥、共喷施7次的效果最佳。

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Effects of two foliar fertilizers on fruit quality and volatile flavor compounds in Jinhuangjin peach

YANG Xingwang1, WANG Zhiqiang2#, DUAN Chenlei3, WANG Yingying1, XUE Guihong2, PANG Lingzhi3,SHI Meng1,JI Xiaohao1,ZHANG Deyan2,WANG Xiaodi1*,WANG Haibo1*

(1Reserach Institute of Pomology,CAAS,Xingcheng 125100,Xingcheng,China;2Yiyuan County Agricultural Technology Service Center,Yiyuan 256100,Shandong,China;3Zibo Institute for Digital Agriculture and Rural Research,Zibo 255035,Shandong,China)

Abstract:【Objective】The cultivation practices for Jinhuangjin peach in Yiyuan County are characterized by family-based operations,with most planting areas being less than 5 acres.The level of mechanization is relatively low,and the average age of fruit farmers exceeds 55 years old.Foliar fertilizer technology is readily adopted in local orchard management, demonstrating high acceptance among fruit farmers.The experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of two foliar fertilizesr on fruit quality and volatile flavor compounds in Jinhuangjin peach in Yiyuan region,so as to provide theoretical ref-erence for enhancing fruit quality and growing efficiency in peach industry in Yiyuan County, Zibo City, Shandong Province.【Methods】In 2023 and 2024, 11-year-old and 4-year-old Jinhuangjin peach trees,a local specialty variety,served as test materials.Three treatments were implemented:amino acid selenium fertilizer (AA-Se), water-soluble silicon fertilizer (WSF-Si), and clear water (control). The aim was to evaluate the impact of these two foliar fertilizers on the fruit quality and volatile flavor compounds of Jinhuangjin peachs.【Results】The results indicated that,compared to the control,foliar application of both types of foliar fertilizers effectively improved the leaf quality, yield per tree, fruit mass and the content and variety of volatile flavor compounds in Jinhuangjin peaches, but had no significant effect on the soluble solids content,the titration acid content or fruit firmness.The AA-Se increased the chlorophyll-a content, carotenoid content, and leaf mass per area from 6.43% to 8.96%, 12.07% to 18.29%,and 4.83%to 27.27%,respectively,compared to the control.The yield per tree increased from 18.95%to 18.96%.The fruit mass per unit increased from 7.39%to 15.54%.The WSF-Si significantly enhanced leaf thickness and mass per area,with leaf thickness increasing from 5.24%to 6.43%and leaf mass per area increasing from 14.92%to 22.73%,compared to the control.The yield per tree increased from 13.00% to 20.18%. The fruit mass increased from 4.76% to 19.51%.A total of 16 volatile flavor compounds were detected in Jinhuangjin peaches,including 6 aldehydes,6 esters,2 terpenes,1 alcohol and 2-Octanone. It was found that there were certain differences in the types of volatile compounds in Jinhuangjin peach fruits between years, but aldehydes were consistently the predominant volatile compounds, with their contents higher than other types, accounting for 47.04% to 83.02% of the total volatile compounds in all samples, with 2-Hexenal, (E)- being the main aldehyde. In the 2023 experiment,the AA-Se and WSF-Si treatments increased the aldehyde contents by 130.35%and 32.38%,respectively,compared to the control,with no significant difference in ester content.Additionally,with the AA-Se treatment, 3 additional volatile compounds were detected (Furfural, 2-Furancarboxaldehyde, 5-methyland γ-Hexalactone) compared to the control; with the WSF-Si foliar fertilizer treatment, 3 additional volatile compounds were detected (Furfural, γ-Hexalactone, and γ-Decalactone) compared to the control. In the 2024 experiment, the AA-Se and WSF-Si treatments increased the aldehyde contents by 25.05%and 40.61%,respectively,compared to the control;the ester content increased by 124.76%and 49.92%,respectively;and the terpene content increased significantly by 16.31%and 11.06%,respectively.Additionally,with the AA-Se treatment,ethyl acetate was detected compared to the control;with the WSF-Si foliar fertilizer treatment, 4 additional volatile compounds were detected ((E, E)-2, 4-Hexadienal,Ethyl acetate and γ-Hexalactone)compared to the control.In the 2023 experiment,only the AA-Se increased the odor activity value (OAV) of fruity and vegetal aromas compared to the control. In the 2024 experiment, both foliar fertilizer treatments significantly increased the OAV of various types of aromas in the fruit, with the AA-Se increasing the OAV of fruity, vegetal, fatty, and sweet aromas by 56.52%, 29.06%, 38.86%, and 91.20%, respectively, compared to the control; and the WSF-Si increased the OAV of fruity, vegetal, fatty, and sweet aromas by 30.70%, 53.72%, 76.41%, and 35.78%,respectively. The comprehensive evaluation using principal component analysis combined with membership function analysis showed that the rankings for comprehensive evaluation in 2023 and 2024 were: amino acid selenium foliar fertilizer (AA-Se), water-soluble silicon fertilizer (WSF-Si), and control.【Conclusion】Application of AA-Se and WSF-Si significantly enhanced the leaf quality in Jinhuangjin peach; increased the yield per tree, fruit mass and the contents of ester and aldehyde volatile substances in the fruit, and imparted a stronger fruity and vegetal-like aroma, thereby improving the overall fruit quality, with AA-Se showing the best effect. Among the treatments, the most effective method was to spray 600-fold AA-Se once every 15 days starting from the end of flowering,for a total of seven applications. Due to the excellent storage and transportation properties of Jinhuangjin peach,which can be stored in cold storage for up to one month,it is essential to fully consider the impact on postharvest ripening when evaluating its volatile flavor compounds.Silicon can enhance plants’resistance to a range of abiotic and biotic stresses and plays a crucial role in their growth under adverse conditions,so that it is hypothesized that water-soluble silicon fertilizers may have even greater application value in orchards prone to drought and high temperatures.The specific impacts await further investigation.

Key words: Jinhuangjin peach; Foliar fertilizer; Leaf development quality; Fruit quality;Volatile compounds

中图分类号:S662.1

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2025)05-0993-10

DOI: 10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20240605

收稿日期:2024-11-29

接受日期:2025-02-25

基金项目:中国农业科学院创新工程项目(CAAS-ASTIP);淄博数字农业农村研究院:沂源果树品种引进及高效栽培技术示范应用(ZNSY-XM-GSYZ-250220)

作者简介:杨兴旺,男,助理研究员,硕士,主要从事桃育种及栽培生理研究。E-mail:yangxingwang@caas.cn。#为共同第一作者。

*通信作者 Author for correspondence.E-mail:wangxiaodi@caas.cn;E-mail:haibo8316@163.com