新疆乡土苹果早熟品种夏立蒙的选育

郭 靖1,2,包安明1,3*,刘豫新1,2*,杨 晶2,陆 彪4,韩政伟2,王 岩5,王宝庆6

1新疆大学,乌鲁木齐 830046;2新疆林业科学院,乌鲁木齐 830092; 3中国科学院新疆分院,乌鲁木齐 830011;4特克斯县林业技术推广站,新疆特克斯 835500; 5新疆林科院佳木试验站核桃、枣国家良种基地、新疆佳木果树学国家长期科研基地,新疆温宿 843101; 6新疆阿克苏森林生态系统国家定位观测研究站,新疆温宿 843101)

摘 要:夏立蒙是在新疆伊犁州发现的通过无性繁殖经7 a(年)区域试验确定的乡土早熟品种,其亲本不详。果实呈圆形、扁圆形或短圆柱形,表皮光滑,呈黄绿色,果肉黄白色,肉质较硬且紧实,散发浓郁且持久的香气,口感甜酸适宜,平均单果质量110 g,果形指数为0.88;可溶性糖含量(w,后同)5.04%,可溶性固形物含量12.9%,总酸含量1.38 mg·g-1,维生素C 含量4.25 mg·100 g-1,果实内含有20 种主要香气挥发物成分。枝条萌芽力和成枝力中等。果实生育期为110~120 d,在北疆于7月底至8月上旬成熟,较不耐贮藏,常温下可存放数日,采收后须及时放置冷库贮藏。该品种耐瘠薄、适应性好、抗寒能力强,在北疆可安全过冬。北疆的苹果种植区均可栽培,丰产期每666.7 m2的产量可以达到2500 kg。

关键词:苹果;乡土品种;夏立蒙;早熟;香气浓郁

新疆苹果生产作为林果产业经济发展的重要组成部分,对新疆经济发展起到了很大的推动作用[1-2]。随着苹果种植面积的逐渐扩增,到2023 年,新疆的苹果种植面积已接近7.22 万hm2,产量也在稳步增长,达到200万t;在优势区域,这一趋势更为显著,阿克苏地区的苹果总产量已达到81.72万t。由于冬季低温等自然气候条件对新疆天山北部及西部地区的限制,苹果栽培种类相对单一、结构搭配并不均衡,晚熟品种占比很大,中熟品种相对较少,早熟品种更是稀缺[3-5]。这导致市场供应期较集中,果品销售具有一定压力,不利于苹果产业发展,因能够延长市场供应期而备受青睐的早熟品种多为引进种[6-7],然而这些地区的本土苹果资源极其丰富,且优良的原生苹果在适应性、生长速度、产量和降低推广风险方面都优于引进种。因此,生产上需要以市场为导向、选育适应新疆不同产地、自主选育的苹果新品种。

为促进新疆苹果产业长远发展,首要任务就是自主选育苹果新品种。以市场为导向,以优质、抗逆、丰产、适合鲜食和加工,又能适宜新疆不同地域环境生长的苹果新品种为育种目标,选育出适宜新疆产区栽培推广的苹果新品种,重视新疆本地特色种质资源,从本土资源中选育符合需求的新品种。基于此,为积极推动新疆的苹果种植品种多样化以及乡土品种的选育和推广,在7 a(年)的栽培试验与调查中,成功选育出了一个早熟乡土品种夏立蒙。

1 选育经过

2006 年在伊犁州和昌吉州附近县市普查时发现夏立蒙广泛分布,已有几十年的栽培历史,其亲本不详,它是新疆北疆优良苹果乡土品种,以其独特的香气和早熟而畅销。经过多年连续观察发现夏立蒙早熟、香气浓烈、丰产、抗寒性强且性状稳定,具有推广价值。随后在已有果园的基础上对该品种开展区域试验,评估它的适应能力。2015—2017 年通过定植嫁接苗或大树改接进行无性繁殖,并在特克斯县、塔城市、奇台县三个试点进行区域试验,全面调研了这个品种的物候期、生物学特性、果实品质、栽培技术等关键点。2015 年在伊犁特克斯县马场四连栽植嫁接苗13 000 m2、特克斯县蒙古乡农户苹果园进行大树改接该品种20株、2016年利用嫁接技术在塔城市嫁接2 666.7 m2、2017 年利用嫁接技术在奇台县嫁接6 666.7 m2进行区试和建园,通过连续7 a 的持续跟踪记录调查研究,发现该品种生物学特性稳定。该品种的栽培管理措施与对照品种奶白果子一致,采取2 m× 5 m株行距,开心形树形。

2021年6月,笔者采用SSR分子标记方法,鉴定了该品种与本土生长的奶白果子以及新疆的主要种植品种富士、国光及海棠等23 个品种的DNA,同时创建了指纹图谱。使用3 个多态性良好的引物(MOG1、MOG6 和MOG19),对这些品种进行了有效区分。结果表明夏立蒙与其中任何一种的种质都不相同,这也说明夏立蒙与同为伊犁州乡土品种奶白果子的种质有着显著差异,因此可以确认它们是独立的种质(图1、图2)。

图1 各引物对24 份苹果样品的SSR 分子标记鉴定Fig. 1 SSR molecular markers identification of 24 apple samples with each primer

图2 24 份苹果样品的指纹图谱
Fig. 2 Fingerprints of 24 apple samples

2023 年,新疆维吾尔自治区林业和草原局对夏立蒙这一优质品种进行了审定,良种编号为新S-SVMP-006-2023(图3)。

图3 苹果新品种夏立蒙
Fig. 3 A new apple cultivar Xialimeng

2 品种特性

2.1 植物学特征

夏立蒙树势中庸,树姿直立,分枝角度中等,发中、长枝居多,树冠中等大,为自然的半圆形。树的主干与多年生枝条均为黄褐色,1 年生枝为深褐色,枝干强壮,外表光滑。新生树梢表面覆茸毛多,节间相对较短,其萌芽力和成枝力中等。叶序为轮生,叶片中大、椭圆形或近圆形,叶面呈淡绿色,叶缘锯齿浅、短尖,叶柄长约3 cm。花蕾为淡粉红色,盛开花呈白色,自花结实率低,应配植授粉树。

2.2 生长结果习性

夏立蒙幼树发育良好,嫁接当年苗高1~1.2 m,而且其嫁接径口粗最高可达8.5 cm。嫁接苗第5年丰产,产量达到2500 kg。以中、长果枝结果为主,每果台着果2~3个。成熟期落果严重,可在落果前10~15 d喷施萘乙酸,并在生理掉落前20~30 d进行追加施肥和叶面喷施,预防果树生理落果和采前落果;可根据果实成熟度不同分期采收,采收后及时放置于冷库中贮藏,保证果品质量。丰产稳产,无明显大小年结果现象。

2.3 物候期

根据2018 年至2021 年夏立蒙的物候期调查数据,新疆北疆地区的夏立蒙在4 月中旬开始萌动,5月中上旬盛开花朵,果实成熟期为7 月底至8 月上旬,果实发育期为110~120 d(表1)。

表1 夏立蒙苹果物候期
Table 1 Phenology of Xialimeng apple

年份Year 2018 2019 2020 2021萌芽期Date of leaf bud sprouting 4月中旬Mid Apr.4月中旬Mid Apr.4月中旬Mid Apr.4月中旬Mid Apr.展叶期Leaf spreading stage 4月下旬Late Apr.4月下旬Late Apr.4月下旬Late Apr.4月下旬Late Apr.初花期Date of initial blooming 5月上旬Early May 5月上旬Early May 5月上旬Early May 5月上旬Early May盛花期Date of full blooming 5月上旬Early May 5月中旬Mid May 5月上旬Early May 5月中旬Mid May新梢生长期Date of shoot growth 5月下旬Late May 6月上旬Early Jun.5月下旬Late May 6月上旬Early Jun.果实着色期Date of fruit coloring 7月上旬Early Jul.7月中旬Mid Jul.7月上旬Early Jul.7月中旬Mid Jul.果实成熟期Date of fruit maturity 7月下旬Late Jul.8月上旬Early Aug.7月下旬Late Jul.8月上旬Early Aug.

2.4 果实经济性状

夏立蒙果实体积中等大,形状为扁圆形、圆形,纵径5 cm左右,横径5.7 cm左右,单果平均质量110 g。表皮黄绿色,光滑,果梗洼处有锈斑,果点较小且密(图3)。黄白色果肉,肉质硬且紧密;其香气浓郁且持续时间久,果梗粗而长,汁液适中量,味甜酸。夏立蒙的果实中,确认含有20 种主要的香气挥发物成分,包括10种酯、2种醛、3种醇、2种酮以及3种其他类;在含有的2-甲基丁酸丁酯、E-2-辛烯醛、1-己醇、2-甲基丁酸己酯等特征香气成分中,前三种被称作“果香”,后一种被称作“肉质果香”。此外,可溶性糖含量(w,后同)5.04%,可溶性固形物含量12.9%,总酸含量1.38 mg·g-1,以及抗坏血酸含量4.25 mg·100 g-1,与同期上架的奶白果子相比,除总酸外其余含量均更高。夏立蒙苹果不耐储藏,在采收期间要注意轻摘、轻放、轻装、轻卸,在室温下可保存数天。主要用于鲜食、闻香、加工、特异资源杂交亲本材料。夏立蒙与对照品种主要经济性状比较见表2。

表2 夏立蒙与奶白果子果实主要经济性状比较
Table 2 Comparison of main economic characters between Naibaiguozi and Xialimeng

品种Cultivar果实形状Fruit shape夏立蒙Xialimeng单果质量Average fruit mass/g 110果实纵径Fruit longitudinal diameter/mm 50果实横径Fruit transverse diameter/mm 57 w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solid content/%12.9 w(可溶性糖)Soluble sugar content/%5.04 w(维生素C)Vitamin C content/(mg·100 g-1)4.25 w(总酚)Total phenol content/(mg·g-1)1.38奶白果子Naibaiguozi品种Cultivar 110 45 68 10.7 2.95 3.22 2.24风味Flavor香气Aroma夏立蒙Xialimeng果实底色Ground color黄绿Green yellow淡绿色Light green果面光滑度Fruit surface smoothness光滑Smooth果点大小Fruit point size较小Lesser汁液多少Amount of juice of flesh中Medium甜酸Sweet and sour浓Rich果肉质地Fruit quality of material硬Hard扁圆形、圆形或不正短圆柱形Flat,round, or short cylindrical扁圆锥形Oblate cone果肉粗细Coarseness of flesh较细Exquisite奶白果子Naibaiguozi光滑Smooth中Medium中浓软Medium较酸Comparative acid Rich Soft较细Exquisite

2.5 特异性及抗逆性

该品种成熟期早、果实香气浓郁持久、对贫瘠土壤耐受性强,对恶劣生境适应性强,能在新疆北部地区直立越冬,北疆苹果适合种植区均可栽培。因其资源特异性,它可作为浓香型品种和抗寒品种杂交选育的亲本材料。

3 果实产量及经济效益

近三年的观测数据表明丰产期夏立蒙产量每666.7 m2可达2500 kg,平均产量高于相同树龄的奶白果子(表3)。该品种果实香气浓郁持久,果肉松脆多汁,可代替香薰、用于制作果干类加工产品;成熟期较早,恰逢新疆旅游旺季,可在北疆旅游城市发展小规模乡土风情的采摘园及农家庭院等;该品种可作为浓香型品种和抗寒品种杂交选育的亲本材料,用于开发和培育更多具有多样化用途和较强抗逆性的新疆本土苹果,具备一定的市场推广潜力。目前市场收购价为12~15元·kg-1,每666.7 m2产生直接经济效益2.85万~3.60万元,经济效益显著。

表3 夏立蒙和奶白果子果实产量相关性状(特克斯县)
Table 3 Investigation on the yield of Xialimeng and Naibaiguozi apple in Tex county

注:特克斯县试验点,株行距2 m×5 m。
Note:Tekes county regional test site,Plant row spacing 2 m×5 m.

年份Year品种Cultivar单株产量Yield per plant/kg 2019 2020 2021折合每666.7 m2产量Yield per 666.7 m2/kg 2 814.0 2 220.0 2 546.0 2 590.0 2 680.0 2 612.0夏立蒙Xialimeng奶白果子Naibaiguozi夏立蒙Xialimeng奶白果子Naibaiguozi夏立蒙Xialimeng奶白果子Naibaiguozi平均单果质量Average fruit mass/g 110.0 98.0 115.0 110.0 118.0 115.0 42.0 30.0 38.0 35.0 40.0 38.0

4 繁殖栽培技术要点

4.1 栽植密度

此品种适合采用嫁接方式进行无性繁殖育苗,选择野苹果+KM23+夏立蒙为矮化中间砧苗木。应选择2 m×5 m 的株行距,授粉树为新苹2号和新苹3号,主栽品种与授粉树的比例控制在5∶1~8∶1之间。

4.2 土肥水管理

秋季需对土壤进行深耕改良,深翻土壤30~50 cm,使土壤颗粒紧密接触根部,从而促进根部发育以及肥料的吸收和利用,同时也能够有效地避免病虫害在冬季的侵扰。3 月中下旬灌萌芽水,一次灌透,促进萌芽。4 月中旬对花进行提前施肥,在距离树干20~30 cm 的区域开沟追施尿素和磷酸二铵以促进苗木营养生长。在果实膨大期追施氮肥、磷肥、钾肥、灌水,叶面施钙钾锌硼等中微量元素肥,增加果实营养,促进果实膨大,保证开花坐果。果实采收后,树冠外围部位挖沟施油渣、农家肥和磷肥等有机肥,以恢复树势,增加树体养分贮存,提高坐果率;施肥后要灌好越冬水,保证果树安全越冬。灌水宜采用沟灌和滴灌,肥料种类及施肥量、需水量可根据夏立蒙生长发育和开花结果实际情况酌情增减。当年栽植可根据土壤质地温度高低应做到适时适量灌水。

4.3 整形修枝

夏立蒙生长势极强,树冠高大,北疆气候寒冷,宜采取控冠致矮技术对夏立蒙进行整形修枝,树形选择中干开心形。初结果树定干高度50~80 cm。选留主枝,春季通过撑枝、拉枝开张角度,保证通风透光;夏季直立旺枝通过撑枝、拉枝、适当扭梢等占位补空组成新的有效结果枝组。夏、秋季对树势弱、发枝少、花芽多的衰老树上的弱枝进行抑顶促萌,以达到更新复壮的目的;新梢摘心以增加树体营养的本质积累,保证休眠期树体可以安全越冬,增强抗寒性,也可缓解树势。夏季对果树强旺枝干适当实施分边环割,既能促进花芽形成,提高花质,减少落花落果,增加产量;又能保证根系正常生长的营养需要。冬季短截,短截程度依据树体情况和短截目的而定;剪除虚旺枝、病弱枝、受损枝、过密枝等,重叠枝保留长势更好的枝条。根据果园实际管护条件选留主枝和侧芽,进行合理整形修剪。

4.4 有害生物防治

通过剪除病虫枝蔓,集中烧毁;喷涂石硫合剂;春季培养健壮的树势,秋季树干涂白等预防和阻止越冬病菌和害虫以及腐烂病对树体的侵害。刮除腐烂病斑,直至刮出新茬,刮后用菌毒清、农抗120等涂抹伤口可防治腐烂病。为防治落叶病、白粉病可喷施戊唑醇、多锰锌、粉锈宁等药剂。防治食心虫、蚜虫、红蜘蛛等可喷施阿维菌素、高效氯氟氰菊酯、烟碱苦参碱悬浮剂等药剂。也可采用物理方法诱控,如太阳能杀虫灯、粘虫板;性诱剂诱杀雄成虫;天敌防治等。

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Breeding report of a native early-maturing apple variety Xialimeng in Xinjiang

GUO Jing1,2, BAO Anming1,3*, LIU Yuxin1,2*, YANG Jing2, LU Biao4, HAN Zhengwei2, WANG Yan5,WANG Baoqing6
(1Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, Xinjiang, China; 2Xinjiang Academy of Forestry Sciences, Urumqi 830092, Xinjiang, China; 3Xinjiang Branch Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, China; 4Tex County Forestry Technology Extension Station, Tex 835500, Xinjiang, China; 5Walnut, Jujube National Improved Seed Base of Xinjiang Academy of Forestry Jiamu Test Station, Xinjiang Jiamu Pomology National long-term Scientific Research Base, Wensu 843101, Xinjiang, China; 6Aksu National Observation and Research Station of Chinese Forest Ecosystem, Wensu 843101, Xinjiang, China )

Abstract:Xialimeng is a native cold-resistant and early-maturing variety in Yili Prefecture, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, but its parents are unknown. It has been cultivated in Yili River basin,Tacheng, Changji and other areas for decades. Since 2006, through the continuous observation on Xialimeng it has been found that it is early-maturing with strong aroma, high yield, strong cold resistance and stable characteristics, which has the value for popularization. Then regional experiments were carried out on the basis of existing orchards to evaluate its adaptability. For seven years, in Tekes county,Tacheng City and Qitai county, the district tests were conducted by transplanting seedlings or tree grafting from 2015 to 2017, and the meticulous records were kept of the phenology, biological traits, fruit quality and cultivation techniques of this variety. The findings revealed that the biological properties of this variety were stable and suitable for promotion, thus leading to its eventual approval in 2023. The variety is a moderate tree, its crown is medium-sized and semicircle, the color of the tree is yellowishbrown, and the tree is thick and strong. The shoot has short internode. Leaf is large, oval or nearly round.Its young trees thrive vigorously, the seedling height at the grafted year is 1.0-1.2 m, and the grafted union diameter can reach up to 8.5 cm. Its fruit is medium in size, flat, round or cylindrical in shape,with a yellow-green surface, long and thick stem, a pit of rust and yellow white flesh, hard, compact,rich aroma, as well as sweet and sour flavor. The average fruit mass is 110 g, and maximum fruit mass is 118 g, with 5 cm longitudinal diameter and 5.7 cm transverse diameter. In Xialimeng fruit, 20 aroma volatile compounds were detected, comprising 10 esters, 2 aldehydes, 3 alcohols, 2 ketones and 3 other types, and the characteristic aroma components were detected, such as Butyl 2-methylbutyrate, E-2-octenal, 1-hexanol and 2-methylbutyrate hexyl ester. The first three of these components were called “fruit aroma”, and the latter is “fleshy fruit”. Soluble sugar content is 5.04%, soluble solid content is 12.9%, total acid content is 1.38 mg·g-1, and ascorbic acid content is 4.25 mg·100 g-1. And the aroma retention time is long. Fruit growth period is 110-120 days, it maturates from the end of July to the beginning of August in northern Xinjiang, and is a precocious variety, the fruit mainly grows on the medium-long fruiting branches. This variety has medium budbreak rate and branching ability. It has strong adaptability and strong resistance to barren and cold, and can overwinter upright in northern Xinjiang. However,the fruit is not suitable for durable storage, ans in the harvesting period fruits must be lightly picked, put,loaded and unloaded, according to the maturity of different harvest stages and the need for timely precooling before cold storage. It is mainly used for fresh fruit with fragrant smell, processing and special germplasm resource for hybridization. It can be cultivated in suitable-apple-producing areas of northern Xinjiang. The grafted seedlings can enter the fertile period in the fifth year, and the yield could reach 2500 kg per 666.7 m2. Direct economic benefits can reach 28 500-36 000 Yuan per 666.7 m2. The variety should be grafted through asexual propagation and wild apple should be used as the rootstock, Xinping 2 and Xinping 3 can serve as the pollinating tree. The ratio of main cultivated variety to pollinated trees should range from 5∶1 to 8∶1. Planting spacing should be 2 m×5 m. When starting an orchard, you should timely prepare the ground to ensure seedling survival, apply appropriate soil, fertilizer and water management technology, and adopt proper dwarf training and pruning technology. Dwarf culture has a certain effect on cold resistance. The appropriate training system should be central-open leader system.

Key words:Apple; Native varieties; Xialimeng; Early maturing; Rich aroma

中图分类号:S661.1

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2025)03-0662-06

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20240498

收稿日期:2024-10-09

接受日期:2024-11-10

基金项目:2023年度第二批重点研发专项——厅厅联动、厅地联动农业农村领域项目(2023B02026)

作者简介:郭靖,研究员,研究方向为苹果良种选育与栽培技术。E-mail:guojing7227279@163.com

*通信作者 Author for correspondence. E-mail:191315471@qq.com