葡萄砧木新品种云砧5号的选育

罗仁斌1,张 武2,李永平3,王 娜1,白明第2,夏琼兰5,王 佩1,张永辉2*,侯开雄1*,唐卿雁4

1楚雄彝族自治州农业科学院,云南楚雄 675000;2云南省农业科学院热区生态农业研究所,云南元谋 651300;3云南省绿色食品发展中心,昆明 650000;4云南农业大学食品科学与技术学院,昆明 650201;5楚雄彝族自治州农业技术推广中心,云南楚雄 675000)

摘 要:云砧5 号是以云葡2 号×抗砧3 号杂交选育的葡萄砧木新品种。果穗圆柱形,无副穗,无歧肩。平均穗质量60 g,最大穗质量110 g,平均穗长11.0 cm,平均穗宽8.1 cm,果穗紧密度松。果粒成熟不一致,果粒圆形,极小,平均粒质量0.80 g。蓝黑色,果粒纵径1.15 cm,横径1.09 cm,果形指数1.05,每果粒含种子3~4粒。可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)19.1%,可溶性糖含量9.2%,可滴定酸含量1.8%,出汁率50.8%。生长势较旺盛,雌能花,二倍体。在云南元谋干热河谷地区,2月下旬萌芽,4月中旬开花,7月上中旬成熟,浆果晚熟。节间长,枝条硬度适中。卷须发达。扦插成活率在90%以上,与阳光玫瑰等品种嫁接亲和性好。耐高温,较耐旱,耐盐碱,耐寒,抗病性较强。适宜在云南宾川、建水、元谋、麒麟地区种植。

关键词:葡萄砧木;新品种;云砧5号;抗性

葡萄(Vitis L.)是多年生藤本果树,在中国的栽培历史悠久[1]。葡萄砧木品种可以提高接穗品种的适应性,对其产量和品质也有一定的影响[2-3]。此外,砧木具有易嫁接、管理简便、繁殖方便等优点,砧木嫁接栽培已成为全球葡萄产业的发展趋势,其研究和应用也从最初的防治根瘤蚜危害,扩展到了提高对各种生态逆境(如干旱、寒冷、渍涝、盐碱等)的抗性以及改善果实品质等方面[4]。尽管如此,目前全球范围内主要培育的砧木品种主要集中在抗葡萄根瘤蚜、抗线虫和抗寒方面,耐旱、耐盐碱砧木的育种成果较少。随着葡萄栽培面积的不断扩大,市场对抗逆砧木的需求日益增长。近年来,随着阳光玫瑰、妮娜皇后等高产值品种的推广,对耐高温、耐不同土壤pH 值砧木品种的需求也日益凸显[5]。笔者团队自2015年开始,基于云南地区的土壤特点和葡萄产业形势,开展抗逆葡萄砧木新品种的选育,选育出一系列的葡萄砧木品种并通过农业农村部非主要农作物品种登记,开始在云南相关区域开展推广示范。

1 选育过程

2015 年以云葡2 号作为母本,抗砧3 号作为父本配置杂交组合,收获杂交果穗12 穗,并于秋季获得杂交种子172粒。在2015年10月至翌年1月在冰箱中对种子进行冷藏处理。2016 年3 月,播种杂交种子,获得杂种实生苗71 株。2016 年6 月,将实生苗定植于云南双柏大麦地镇的云南同邦农业公司基地。2018 年,杂种苗开始陆续结果。其中,代号为‘LV28-3’的株系因其生长势旺,扦插生根率,嫁接亲和性好,被初步选为优良单株。2019 年,‘LV28-3’株系继续展现出综合性状的优越性,被复选为优良单株。同年7 月,开始在云南省元谋、宾川、曲靖麒麟区等地对该株系进行布点区域试种。2020—2022年,‘LV28-3’株系在各个试种地点均表现出了良好的综合性状:树势旺盛、扦插生根率高、嫁接亲和性好、产条能力强。此外,该株系还展现出了强大的抗旱和抗盐碱能力,嫁接过程中未出现小脚现象,根系活动早,且接穗品种的产量和品质均比对照品种有显著提升。2023 年通过农业农村部非主要农作物品种登记,命名为云砧5 号(图1),品种登记编号为GPD葡萄(2023)530007。

图1 葡萄砧木新品种云砧5 号
Fig.1 A new rootstock grape variety Yunzhen 5

2 主要性状

2.1 植物学特征

属种间杂种,新梢梢尖轻度闭合,匍匐茸毛密度大,幼叶黄绿色,成龄叶片心形,小,3 裂,叶背匍匐茸毛无或极疏,叶柄洼U 形,开叠类型为半开张,叶缘锯齿两侧直与两侧凸混合。节间长,枝条硬度适中。卷须发达。雌能花,二倍体。

2.2 果实经济性状

果穗圆柱形,平均穗质量60 g,最大穗质量110 g,平均穗长11.0 cm,平均穗宽8.1 cm,果穗紧密度松。果粒呈圆形,平均粒质量0.80 g,纵径1.15 cm,横径1.09 cm,果形指数1.05,蓝黑色,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)19.1%,可溶性糖含量9.2%,可滴定酸含量1.8%,出汁率50.8%(表1)。种子充分发育,平均每果粒有种子3~4粒。

表1 云砧5 号与对照品种主要性状比较
Table 1 Main traits comparison amomg Yunzhen 5 and control varieties

品种Variety云砧5号Yunzhen 5贝达Beta云葡2号Yunpu 2果穗形状Cluster shape圆柱形Cylinder圆柱形Cylinder圆锥形Conical平均穗质量Average bunch mass/g 60 142 78果粒形状Berry shape圆形Round圆形Round圆形Round w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solid content/%19.1 14.5 15.3 w(可溶性糖)Soluble sugar content/%9.2 7.9 7.4 w(可滴定酸)Titratable acid content/%1.8 2.6 2.4出汁率Juice yield/%50.8 42.3 44.8

2.3 主要农艺性状

在云南元谋地区,云砧5 号生长势比抗砧3 号和3309M 强,枝条充实,芽眼饱满,1 年生新梢扦插成活率在90%以上,与阳光玫瑰等品种嫁接亲和性好。植株耐旱和耐盐碱性均较强,较耐寒。阳光玫瑰、巨峰系品种、欧亚种酿酒品种以其作砧木嫁接后,接穗品种长势明显增强,病毒病显著减轻,产量和经济效益明显提高,商品性和品质更好。

2.4 物候期

在云南元谋干热河谷地区,自然条件下2 月下旬萌芽,4 月中旬开花,6 月上中旬着色,7 月上中旬成熟。属于特晚熟砧木品种。

2.5 抗逆性及栽培适应性

长势较旺盛,耐高温,较耐旱,耐盐碱,有利于接穗品种果实着色。在南方诸省区市的各试验点,云砧5 号生长势都较强,而且在元谋干热区的长势也强于抗砧3 号和3309M。由于根系发达,在高温条件下仍然能够吸收水分和养分供给葡萄生长发育,所以用其作砧木嫁接的接穗葡萄果实在高温阶段仍然能够顺利着色。较耐寒,在辽宁绥中县冷棚内,云砧5 号经过了-20 ℃低温考验而安全越冬。抗病性较强,云砧5 号对霜霉病的抗性比传统欧亚种酿酒品种(马瑟兰)强,因此在年降水量小于1000 mm的地区在露地条件下能够繁殖种条,产条率较高。云砧5 号不抗葡萄根瘤蚜,对霜霉病、白粉病、灰霉病和炭疽病表现为抗病。

3 栽培技术要点

3.1 繁殖方法

扦插繁殖。砧木品种与栽培品种不同,不以追求果实经济产量为目的,主要为获得量多、质好的枝条。

3.2 栽培技术要点

3.2.1 种植方式 繁殖种条时,为便于冬季修剪和采集种条,作单壁篱架栽培。也可以利用地块周围的篱笆作架材栽培。其他架式栽培方法也可以,只要便于修剪即可。

3.2.2 种植密度 作砧木嫁接其他品种时,建议按照行株距(2.5~3.0)m×(1.2~1.5)m 栽培,便于机械耕作,每666.7 m2栽培150~222 株。作砧木种条繁殖栽培时,建议按照行距2.0~2.5 m、株距1.5~2.0 m栽培,每666.7 m2栽培150~200株为宜。

3.2.3 整形修剪 繁殖种条时冬季修剪,除留下骨干枝外,1年生新梢留基部1芽修剪。夏季修剪中幼树根据架式培养骨干枝,晚秋对旺长树的新梢摘心,促进枝条成熟。新梢生长至60~70 cm摘心,培养成主干,主干上50 cm 以下的其他副梢留1 叶摘心,同时将副梢叶腋的夏芽和冬芽全部抹除;顶部2 个副梢继续培养,生长至40~50 cm 摘心,培养成主蔓。主蔓上的二次副梢,每株树均匀留6 枝,枝条间隔20 cm,培养成来年结果母枝,留5~7叶摘心,其顶部再留1个三次副梢,留4~5叶摘心。

3.2.4 肥水管理 幼树根据架式培养骨干枝,成龄树第1 年8—9 月份在离树50 cm 开外顺行开挖30~40 cm深、25~30 cm宽的沟施基肥(包括农家肥或有机肥、磷肥、复合肥等)。花前7~10 d,可施用尿素8~10 kg,同时喷施含微量元素的叶面肥,重点补硼、锌、钼等。果实膨大期,每666.7 m2施硝酸铵钙或中氮低磷高钾复合肥10~15 kg,间隔7 d 交替使用,叶面配合使用氨基酸钙、糖醇钙和螯合钙镁等。转色至成熟期每666.7 m2使用硫酸钾10~15 kg,转色初期开始间隔10 d 使用1 次。采果后施采果肥,开深沟每666.7 m2施入10~15 kg 平衡型复合肥和硫酸镁。

4 综合评价

云砧5 号长势比较旺盛,较耐旱,耐高温,耐盐碱,抗病性也比较强,嫁接亲和性好,是南北方较大范围内理想的强势砧木。特别适宜嫁接阳光玫瑰、巨峰类等弱势品种,且嫁接后接穗病毒病明显减轻,长势、产量、品质明显改善。在华北、西北等适宜栽培区域作抗旱、耐高温、耐盐碱强势砧木栽培应用前景广阔,而且作阳光玫瑰和巨峰类等弱势品种的砧木具有推广价值。

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Breeding of a new grape rootstock variety Yunzhen 5

LUO Renbin1, ZHANG Wu², LI Yongping3, WANG Na1, BAI Mingdi², XIA Qionglan5, WANG Pei1,ZHANG Yonghui²*,HOU Kaixiong1*,TANG Qingyan4
(1Chuxiong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Chuxiong 675000,Yunnan,China;2Insititute of Tropical Eco-Agricltural Sciences of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmou 651300, Yunnan, China;3Yunnan Green Food Development Center, Kunming 650000,Yunnan,China;4Yunnan Agricultural University,Kunming 650201,Yunnan,China;5Chuxiong Agricultural Technology Extension Center,Chuxiong 675000,Yunnan,China)

Abstract:Grafting is beneficial for enhancing the adaptability of grapevines, improving grape yield and quality.With the continuous expansion of grape cultivation area in China,the demand for resistance rootstocks in the market is increasing. Yunzhen 5 is a late season rootstock variety bred by Chuxiong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Insititute of Tropical Eco-agricltural Sciences of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences and so on.Its parents were derived from the cross between Yunpu 2 and Kangzhen 3.The hybrid combinations were selected in 2015,and germination and planting were accelerated in 2016, the seedlings came into flowering and fruiting sucessively from 2018. The clone LV28-3 performed well. In 2019, regional planting began in Yuanmou, Binchuan and Qujing of Yunnan province.In 2023, it was registered as a non major crop variety by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and named Yunzhen 5 with a registration number:GPD putao(2023)530007.The variety is an interspecific hybrid, with female flowers, light red brown young leaves and tender canes, large mature leaves,heart-shaped mature leaves,trifid leaves,very dense creeping hairs on the back of leaves,low-lying Ushaped petioles, and slightly overlapped unfolding types. Internode length and cane hardness is good.Tendrils are well developed. The inflorescences are cylindrical, without shoulder, and with an average inflorescence weight of about 60 g and a maximum shoulder weight of about 110 g. The spike shaft is long,with an average inflorescence length of 11.0 cm and an average inflorescence width of 8.1 cm,uniform maturation on same cane,and the berry stalk is difficult to separate.The berry powder is thick.The berry is round,blue black,with a longitudinal diameter of 1.15 cm,a transverse diameter of 1.09 cm,a shape index of 1.05, and an average weight of 0.80 g. There are 3-4 seeds per berry. Juice yield is 50.8%,soluble solid content is 19.1%,titratable acid content is 1.8%,and soluble sugar content is 9.2%.In the dry and hot area of Yuanmou,Yunnan province, it sprouts in late February, blooms in mid April,the berry turns color in mid June and ripens in early to mid July. The internode is long and the cane hardness is good. Tendrils are well developed. The survival rate of cutting is more than 90%, and the grafting compatibility is well with Shine Muscat and Kyoho. It grows vigorously, is resistant to high temperature,drought,salt,alkali and cold,and has strong disease resistance.It is suitable for planting in Binchuan,Jianshui,Yuanmou and Qilin areas in Yunnan,and has broad growing prospects in North China and Northwest China.It is suitable for single stem hedgerow cultivation,base fertilizer should be applied in the first year, and nitrogen fertilizer and medium and trace elements are the main fertilizer for drip irrigation and topdressing in the early stage of the next year. Short-cane pruning system should be applied in winter and more attention should be paid to pest and disease prevention and control.

Key words:Grape rootstock;New variety;Yunzhen 5;Resistance

中图分类号:S663.1

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2025)02-0435-04

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20240333

收稿日期:2024-07-15

接受日期:2024-09-06

基金项目:云南省院士(专家)工作站项目(202405AF140115);楚雄州“兴楚科技领军人才”培养项目(CXKJLJRC2023—06号)

作者简介:罗仁斌,男,高级农艺师,主要从事葡萄育种与栽培研究工作。E-mail:630651535@qq.com

*通信作者 Author for correspondence.E-mail:yonghui996@163.com;E-mail:119587813@qq.com