观赏桃（Prunus persica）为蔷薇科（Rosaceae）李属（Prunus L.）多年生落叶小乔木，具有花型丰富、花色鲜艳繁多、花期跨度长等观赏性较强的特点，且适应性强、易繁殖，通常作为观赏植物广泛应用于城市景观美化、生态环境改善、观光农业等领域中，还可作为盆栽、切花、插花等使用[1-2]。
中国桃栽培已有4000多年的历史，桃用作观赏栽培始于汉朝[3]，晋葛洪的《西京杂记》是最早关于桃在园林中应用的文字记载[4]。唐朝时已培育出专门的观赏桃品种。现代观赏桃的育种工作开始于20 世纪20—30 年代的欧美国家，中国开始于20 世纪70 年代，随着桃育种技术的发展和完善，杂交育种和胚挽救技术、辐射育种技术相结合应用到观赏桃的选育工作中，观赏桃品种资源被迅速挖掘，育成了一系列观赏桃新品种。据不完全统计，中国观赏桃品种约100 余种[5]，其中直枝桃53 种，垂枝桃15种，寿星桃18种，帚型桃6种，杂种山桃3种。
桃花作为极具中国文化底蕴的古老而优秀的树种，花型丰富、花色艳丽多彩、花期早而长、株型多姿多态，是不可多得的极具观赏价值的花木[6]。近年来，各地纷纷以桃花为主题，并结合当地文化特色，打造桃花节。不仅营造出震撼炫彩的春季花海，同时也为当地居民带来了丰厚的经济收益[7]。
1 选育过程
2013 年在河南省许昌市鄢陵县东华种植农民专业合作社观赏桃种质资源圃收集母本甘肃桃自然杂交种子50粒。2013年秋季，按照常规播种育苗方法，成功繁育种苗30 株。2015 年3 月，30 株苗开花后，从中发现表现特异的优良单株，该单株始花期3月5日左右，花浅粉色，未开时似玫瑰，开时似绢花，有香味，观赏价值高。随后以毛桃为砧木，进行嫁接扩繁。2016 年，嫁接苗开花后，在现蕾期、始花期、盛花期和末花期，观察记录花、叶、果等性状表现，测量花径、节间长度、果实大小等指标。连续5 a（年）进行嫁接繁殖，发现后代性状稳定，与母株表现一致。至2021 年，最终确定育成该品种，定名为粉玉娇香（图1），2024年获得植物新品种权证书（证书号20240229）。
2 主要性状
2.1 花器性状
粉玉娇香桃为梅花型，重瓣，平均花径4.0 cm，平均花瓣数37 枚；中层花瓣长1.50 cm，宽1.22 cm，卵圆形；花浅粉色；有香味；雄蕊短，雌蕊1 枚，长度是雄蕊的2 倍，子房茸毛多；花萼红褐色，有茸毛，2轮，10枚，萼筒内壁绿色（表1）。
表1 粉玉娇香与甘肃桃性状比较
Table 1 Comparation between Fenyujiaoxiang and Prunus kansuensis
品种Cultivar粉玉娇香Fenyujiaoxiang甘肃桃Prunus kansuensis花瓣类型Petal type重瓣型Double petal type单瓣型Single form花色Petal color浅粉色Light pink白色或浅粉色White or Light pink花径Flower diameter/cm 4 3萼片数Sepal number 10平均花瓣数Average petal number 37花期持续时间Flower lasted time/d 26 5 5 10～12
2.2 生长成花习性
粉玉娇香树势中等，树体半开张，枝条长直，小枝红褐色，节间中等，平均长2.9 cm；以长花枝为主，成花容易，花芽数中多；花芽起始节位为第3～4 节，单枝着花数平均11朵。
2.3 物候期
在河南省许昌地区，3月1日现蕾，始花期3月5日，盛花期3月中旬，末花期3月下旬，开花持续时间26 d左右，持续时间长。少有果实。
3 栽培技术要点
3.1 建园
适宜栽培的范围很广，横跨亚热带及北温带两个气候带，适应性、抗逆性强。喜光，不耐阴，耐寒，需冷量较低，在满足需冷量300 h以上的地区均可栽植。对立地条件要求不严，耐干旱，耐瘠薄，但不耐水湿，怕渍涝，适宜在土层深厚、富含腐殖质、排水良好、疏松肥沃及保水、保肥能力强的土壤中种植。
3.2 水肥管理
定植时穴内要施充分腐熟的有机肥，配施少量复合肥，并疏松改良定植点周围土壤。按照2 m×3 m或2 m×4 m 株行距栽植。前期修剪以培养树形为主，后期控制旺长，促进花芽分化。早春硬枝接，5—7月芽接，以毛桃为砧木。嫁接成活后，结合旋、耕、耙，每666.7 m2施50 kg复合肥。6—7月花芽分化之前可以结合浇水增施磷钾肥，以提高花芽质量及数量。
粉玉娇香桃喜干怕涝，由于其耐干旱、不耐水湿、更怕渍涝，平日注意适时中耕、锄草，视干旱情况及时浇水。一般情况，在每年的早春和秋末各浇一次萌芽水和封冻水即可，灌水要灌足灌透，确保萌芽及冬季所需水分。雨季注意排水，勿使土壤积水，以免烂根。日常浇水按照“见干见湿”“干透浇透”的原则即可。
3.3 病虫害防治
平时要注重树木的管理，加强光照和通风，科学增加营养，提高树势和抗病力。针对根腐病，常用代森铵200～250 倍液、硫酸铜150～200 倍液、2 °Bé 的石硫合剂等；针对炭疽病，定期喷洒杀菌剂（如甲基托布津、代森锰锌和苯醚甲环唑）；针对流胶病，涂抹石硫合剂或生石灰粉，再刷70%甲基托布津或50%多菌灵20～30倍液；针对常见虫害如桃蚜、桃小绿叶蝉、桃蛀螟，定期喷洒氟啶虫胺腈（主要针对桃蚜）、高效氯氰菊酯（主要针对桃小绿叶蝉、桃蛀螟）等。
参考文献References：
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Breeding report of a new ornamental peach cultivar Fenyujiaoxiang
SUN Yining1,MA Hongping2,QIAO Yuxuan1,YUE Changping3,JIAO Xuehui1*,SHI Xibing1*
(1Zhengzhou Academy of Agricultural Science and Technology,Zhengzhou 450005,Henan,China;2Yanling County Seed Industry Development Center,Yanling 461200,Henan,China;3Yanling Donghua Planting Farmers’Professional Cooperative,Yanling 461200,Henan,China)
Abstract：Fenyujiaoxiang is a new ornamental peach variety selected from natural hybrid peach trees in Gansu province.Gansu peach is a small tree in the peach genus,with slender and hairless branches that turn green brown when exposed to sunlight. It has a single petal, 5 petals and 5 sepals, with a diameter of 3 cm.The flowering period starts on March 6th and lasts for 10-12 days. In 2013, 50 natural hybrid seeds from the mother plant of Gansu peach were collected from the Ornamental Peach Germplasm Resource Garden of Donghua Planting Farmers Professional Cooperative in Yanling county, Xuchang City, Henan province. In the autumn of 2013, 30 seedlings were successfully bred using conventional sowing and seedling cultivation methods. In March 2015, after 30 seedlings bloomed, a unique and excellent individual plant was discovered. The individual plant started flowering around March 5th, with light pink flowers that looked like roses before blooming and silk flowers when in full blooming,with a fragrant aroma and high ornamental value.Compared with similar varieties of Gansu peaches,the flowering period is significantly longer,the number of petals and sepals is higher,and the flower diameter is larger,showing obvious specificity.Subsequently,grafting and propagation were carried out using common peach as the rootstock. In 2016, after the grafting seedlings bloomed, the budbreak period, initial flowering period, peak flowering period and final flowering period were observed and recorded. The characteristics of flowers,leaves,fruits and other traits were recorded,and indicators such as flower diameter, internode length and fruit size were measured. Continuous grafting propagation for 5 years revealed stable traits in the offspring, consistent with the performance of the mother plant. By 2021, it was finally determined to develop this variety.This tree has moderate vitality and is in a semi-open posture. Its branches are long and straight, with reddish brown color and medium internodes. The average length is 2.9 cm.Fruiting branches are mainly composed of long flower branches,easy to flower,with a moderate number of flower buds. The starting node bearing flower buds is at the 3rd to 4th node, and the average number of flowers on a single branch is 11.The flower is plum-blossom-shaped,double petaled, with an average diameter of 4.0 cm and an average of 37 petals.The petals are 1.50 cm long and 1.22 cm wide,and are oval in shape.Flower color is light pink with fragrance.The stamen is short,with one pistil, twice longer than the length of the stamen, and the ovary is hairy. Calyx is reddish brown with fuzzy hairs, 2 whorls and 10 petals, and the inner wall of the calyx tube is green. It is blooming very early.In Xuchang area of Henan province,buds appear on March 1st,with the first flowering period on March 5th, the peak flowering period in mid March, and the last flowering period in late March.The flowering period lasts for about 26 days, which is a long duration. There are few fruits. It has strong drought and cold resistance. It can safely overwinter when planted in the open field in Zhengzhou area,with a wide adaptability and strong stress resistance.It requires low cooling capacity and can be planted in areas where it can meet the cooling capacity of more than 300 hours.
Key words：Ornamental peach;New cultivar;Fenyujiaoxiang;Few fruits
