不同类型有机肥对核桃园土壤、生长结果特性和坚果品质的影响

徐永杰1,2,姜德志1,2,李 莉3*,王瑞文1,2,王代全4,王晓飞4,王其竹4

1湖北省林业科学研究院·湖北省木本粮油林工程技术研究中心,武汉 430079;2果树种质创新与利用湖北省重点实验室,武汉 430079;3中国林学会,北京 100091;4保康县核桃技术推广中心,湖北襄阳 441600)

摘 要:【目的】探究不同类型有机肥对核桃园土壤理化性质、树体生长结果特性和坚果品质的影响。【方法】在13年生核桃园按等氮量原则连续2 a(年)施松塔(ST)有机肥、猪粪(ZF)和牛粪(NF)有机肥、有机无机复混肥(HZ)和腐殖酸钾+生物菌肥(FJ)后,分析评价施肥效果。【结果】有机肥改良了核桃园土壤,但不同有机肥改良效果存在差异。5种有机肥均促进了1年生枝增粗生长,但对树体增粗和1年生枝伸长生长的影响存在差异。花后30 d,有机肥对核桃坐果率产生影响,花后120 d时,不同有机肥对坐果率影响存在显著差异。不同有机肥对坚果品质影响存在差异。4个主成分累计贡献率95.05%,利用2 个主成分进行坐标分析,有机无机复混肥(HZ)和牛粪有机肥(NF)处理施肥效果相似。综合评价排序,有机质含量24.00%,有效成分N 6.46%、P2O5 4.16%、K2O 6.00%、S 3.79%的有机无机复混肥(HZ)处理得分最高(40.94)。【结论】核桃园兼顾生长和结果时,宜选择有机无机复混肥。

关键词:核桃;有机肥;土壤理化性质;结果特性;坚果品质

核桃(Juglans regia)是中国林业特色优势树种,在增加农民收入、产业扶贫、山地水土保持等方面发挥了重要作用[1-2]。尽管全国核桃产量逐年攀升,从2011 年的165.55 万t 增长到2020 年479.59 万t[3],但限制核桃产业发展的重要因素依然是单位面积产量过低。据统计,2022年全国核桃干果平均单产仅为3.9 t·hm-2,低于美国平均单产4.2 t·hm-2[4]

施肥是农业生产中补充土壤养分、提高单位面积产量的重要措施[5]。核桃园施肥技术研究是核桃产业研究的热点之一。施肥可通过有效补充土壤养分,改变核桃根系形态和根系养分浓度[6]、改变核桃叶片叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量、影响光合效率[7-8],提高单位面积产量[9]。有机肥因有机质含量丰富,能长久维持地力,近年来备受关注[5]。有机肥原料来源不同,致使其对核桃产量和品质的影响不同,比如植物源有机肥半焦肥在改良土壤和改善果实品质方面较动物源有机肥鸡粪和生物菌肥效果更好[10];动物源有机肥牛粪较鸡粪和牛粪肥效释放缓慢,能显著改善核桃园土壤的理化性质,增加新温185核桃的产量,同时改善核桃仁品质[11];新疆核桃园施入矿源黄腐酸钾和中量元素水溶肥制成的有机无机肥复混肥后,土壤pH值、盐离子含量显著降低,叶片矿质元素含量显著提高,但具有季节性差异[12]。学者们普遍认为,完全施用有机肥不能达到提升作物产量和品质的理想要求[13],而有机-无机肥复混肥保持了养分的足量供应,结合了无机肥的速效性和有机肥的持久性,对培肥土壤、减少环境污染等起到重要作用[14]。当前,系统比较不同原料来源的有机肥对核桃园土壤、树体生长结果特性和果实品质的影响研究较少。

随着核桃坚果产量的增加,作为高含油率作物,核桃油将在植物油占比方面有较大的提升空间[3]。前人对于核桃品质的研究,多集中在外观品质和脂肪酸组分方面[10-11],对于核桃仁是重要的维生素E源[15],且其对维持核桃油的抗氧化性起到重要作用[16]的研究较少,而在施肥条件下关注核桃油抗氧化的研究更少。

笔者在本研究中系统比较了植物源松塔有机肥、动物源猪粪有机肥和牛粪有机肥、有机无机复混肥(当地推广的配方肥)和含有益生菌的腐殖酸钾生物菌肥对核桃园土壤、树体生长与结果特性和果实内外品质的影响,以期为核桃园肥料类型选择和科学施肥提供技术参考。

1 材料和方法

1.1 试验地概况

试验地位于湖北省保康县马良镇张家岭村,年均温15 ℃,年均降水量934.6 mm,年均无霜期240 d,面积1.0 hm2,试验前测定核桃园根系主要分布层[17]土壤理化性质指标见表1。

表1 试验前核桃园土壤理化性质指标
Table 1 Physical and chemical properties of the soil in the walnut orchard before the fertilization

土层深度Soil depth/cm 0~20>20~40土壤容重Soil bulk density/(g·cm-3)1.50 1.64土壤总孔隙度Soil total porosity/%40.96 31.30 pH值pH value 5.76 7.08 w(有机质)Organic matter content/(g·kg-1)36.0 20.0 w(水解性氮)Hydrolyzable nitrogen content/(mg·kg-1)229.0 137.0 w(有效磷)Available phosphorus content/(mg·kg-1)76.5 49.1 w(有效钾)Available potassium content/(mg·kg-1)448.0 133.0 w(有效硫)Available sulfur content/(mg·kg-1)86.6 29.5

1.2 试验材料

供试核桃品种为当地主推品种楚林保魁,于2009 年春栽植,株行距6 m×8 m。于2014 年试果,2018 年进入盛果期,树形为疏散分层形,每年按照湖北省核桃丰产栽培技术规程进行水肥管理。保康县宝康农业科技有限公司提供了4 种有机肥,分别是①松塔有机肥(ST)[pH 值5.5,有机质含量49.70%(w,下同),有效成分N 0.30%,P2O5 0.18%,K2O 1.01%,有效成分S 0.21%],②猪粪有机肥(ZF)[pH值5.3,有机质含量27.30%,有效成分N 0.33%,P2O5 0.22%,K2O 0.51%,有效成分S 0.27%],③牛粪有机肥(NF)[pH值6.1,有机质含量32.20%,有效成分N 0.22%,P2O5 0.20%,K2O 0.76%,有效成分S 0.23%],④有机无机复混肥(HZ)[pH值6.5,有机质含量24.00%,有效成分N 6.46%,P2O5 4.16%,K2O 6.00%,有效成分S 3.79%]。⑤中国林业科学研究院提供了含有淡紫拟青霉(Purpureocillium lilacinum)、红灰链霉菌(Streptomyces rubrogriseus)、黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)、塔宾曲霉(Aspergillus tabingensis)和Phialocephala fortinii 在内的99%矿质腐殖酸钾生物菌肥(FJ)[pH 值6.5,有机质含量59.00%,有效成分N 0.83%,P2O5 0.73%,K2O 8.84%,有效成分S 5.35%]。

1.3 试验方法

在试验地选择树体地径基本一致的核桃单株,在离地面20 cm 处用胸径尺测定地径,试验前测定参试单株平均地径为(138.07±14.13)mm。利用上述5 种有机肥,以不施肥为对照(CK),采用随机区组排列,设置3个区组,每个区组内每种有机肥设置1个处理,每个处理6株重复,处理间以3株不施肥单株隔开。按照当地生产施肥习惯,分别在2022 年5月下旬、2022年9月上旬、2023年5月上旬,采用环状沟方式施肥,沟深30 cm,宽40 cm,施肥量以等氮量1.00 kg·株-1[8]。保果率测定:2023年在每个参试单株树冠东、西、南、北4个方向随机选定3个结果枝挂牌记录果实数量,花后每30 d记录1次,共记录5次。保果率/%=观测果数/第一次果数×100。在每个参试单株树冠东、西、南、北4个方向随机选取10个1年生枝,落叶后测定1年生枝长度和基部1 cm处直径。

2023 年9 月中旬采收各处理成熟果实,脱皮晒干后检测坚果单果质量、壳厚、出仁率、脂肪酸组分和维生素E 含量,同时测定参试单株地径和土壤理化性质。参照廖逸宁等[18]的方法进行样株土样采集,避开施肥环状沟。采用环刀法测定土壤容重(soil bulk density)、土壤总孔隙度(soil total porosity)。参照鲍士旦[19]的方法测定有效硫(available S,AS)含量。参照Bai等[20]的方法测定土壤pH值和水解性氮(hydrolyzable N)、有效磷(available P)、有效钾(available K)、有机质(organic matter)含量,参照刘颖等[21]的方法测定脂肪酸组分,参照GB 5009.82—2016测定维生素E含量[22]

1.4 数据分析

利用Excel 和SAS 8.1 进行数据统计和方差分析,利用Oringin 2021进行主成分分析。

2 结果与分析

2.1 有机肥对核桃园土壤理化性质的影响

2.1.1 对核桃园土壤物理性质的影响 从图1-A不同有机肥对核桃园土壤容重和总孔隙度的影响可以看出,除FJ 处理外,其他4 有机肥均显著降低了0~20 cm土层容重(p<0.05),其中ST处理土壤容重为1.30 g·cm-3,较对照1.50 g·cm-3显著降低13.33%,其次是NF、ZF 和HZ 处理,分别显著降低了8.00%、7.33%和6.00%。从图1-B 可以看出,5 种有机肥均显著提升了>20~40 cm土层总孔隙度(p<0.05),其中HZ处理总孔隙度为40.17%,较对照提升22.62%,其次是NF、ZF、ST 和FJ 处理,分别显著提升了20.37%、18.98%、10.70%和8.44%。说明复混肥、动植物源有机肥对表层土壤容重和深层土壤总孔隙度均有较好的改善作用。

图1 不同有机肥对核桃园地土壤容重(A)和总孔隙度(B)的影响
Fig.1 The effect of different organic fertilizer types on the soil bulk density(A)and total porosity(B)in the walnut orchard

2.1.2 对核桃园土壤pH值和化学性质的影响(1)对核桃园土壤pH值的影响。从图2-A中可以看出,与对照相比,ST、ZF、NF、HZ 4 种处理使0~20 cm土层pH 值分别升高6.56%、2.81%、5.51%、5.34%。相比而言,5种处理对>20~40 cm土层pH值影响相对较小,其中ZF 处理使>20~40 cm 土层pH 值升高2.34%,但不显著,而HZ处理则使pH值显著降低了2.69%(p<0.05)。

图2 不同有机肥对核桃园地土壤pH 值(A)和有机质(B)、水解性氮(C)、有效磷(D)、有效钾(E)、有效硫(F)含量的影响
Fig.2 The effect of different organic fertilizer types on soil pH value(A),content of organic matter(B),hydrolyzable nitrogen(C),available potassium(D),available potassium(E)and available sulfur(F)in the walnut orchard

(2)对核桃园土壤有机质含量的影响。从图2-B 中可以看出,与对照相比,5 种处理对0~20 cm 土层有机质含量变化影响不大,而ST、HZ、NF 3 种处理分别使>20~40 cm 土层有机质含量显著提升了23.82%、20.86%、16.69%(p<0.05)。说明有机肥对深层土壤有机质含量有显著提升效果,且动物源有机肥根据肥料源不同存在差异。

(3)对核桃园土壤水解性氮含量的影响。从图2-C 可以看出,与对照相比,FJ、NF、ZF、ST 4 种处理使0~20 cm 土层水解性氮含量分别显著提升了18.82%、17.69%、13.61%、12.02%(p<0.05)。而HZ处理使>20~40 cm 土层水解性氮含量显著提升了16.94%(p<0.05)。说明复混肥有利于提升核桃园深层土壤水解性氮含量(p<0.05)。

(4)对核桃园土壤有效磷含量的影响。从图2-D 可以看出,与对照相比,ST、NF 和HZ 3 种处理均显著提升了0~20 cm 土层有效磷含量(p<0.05),其中ST处理较对照提高了49.34%。ST、NF、ZF和HZ处理则显著提升了>20~40 cm 土层有效磷含量(p<0.05),而腐殖酸钾生物菌肥对土壤有效磷含量改善没有显著影响。

(5)对核桃园土壤有效钾含量的影响。从图2-E可以看出,与对照相比,ST、FJ、NF、HZ、ZF处理分别使土壤0~20 cm 土层有效钾含量显著提升了25.00% 、19.86% 、15.95% 、15.33% 、13.58%(p<0.05)。除ZF外,NF、ST、HZ、FJ 4种处理使土壤>20~40 cm 土层有效钾含量分别显著提升了59.66%、30.69%、27.47%、22.32%(p<0.05)。说明5 种有机肥对改善土壤有效钾含量均有显著效果,而动物源有机肥则根据肥料源不同存在差异。

(6)对核桃园土壤有效硫含量的影响。从图2-F可以看出,与对照相比,5种处理均显著提升了土壤有效硫含量(p<0.05),其中0~20 cm 土层有效硫含量提升效果表现为FJ>HZ>NF>ZF>ST,>20~40 cm 土层有效硫含量提升效果表现为HZ>FJ>NF>ZF>ST。说明施肥能显著提升土壤有效硫含量,且腐殖酸钾生物菌肥和复混肥效果更为显著。

2.2 有机肥对核桃生长和结果的影响

2.2.1 有机肥对核桃树体生长的影响 从表2可以看出,HZ、NF和ZF处理显著促进了树体地径生长,其中HZ 处理较对照提升46.67%。ZF、NF 和ST 处理在促进1 年生枝伸长生长方面没有显著差异,但均显著高于FJ 和对照(p<0.05)。不同处理对促进1 年生枝增粗生长效果存在显著差异(p<0.05),表现为HZ>ZF>NF>ST>FJ>CK。

表2 不同有机肥对核桃树体生长的影响
Table 2 Effects of different types of organic fertilizers on walnut tree growth

注:不同小写字母表示同列间存在显著差异(p<0.05)。下同。
Note:Different small letters indicate significant differences in the same column(p<0.05).The same below.

有机肥种类Organic fertilizer types ST NF ZF HZ FJ CK地径生长量Ground diameter growth/cm 28.21±5.71 ab 32.55±7.40 a 34.51±5.48 a 35.03±5.33 a 30.00±7.69 ab 23.89±5.96 b 1年生新梢基部粗度Annual branch base roughness/mm 15.94±0.69 c 16.02±0.68 c 17.45±0.38 b 18.47±0.15 a 14.27±0.05 d 13.30±0.38 e 1年生枝长度Annual branch length/cm 55.53±1.21 b 55.09±1.19 b 58.01±2.41 b 65.97±0.55 a 44.57±3.81 c 30.76±4.51 d

2.2.2 有机肥对核桃坐果率动态的影响 图3给出了不同有机肥对核桃坐果率动态的影响,从图中可以看出,花后30 d 时,不同有机肥对核桃坐果率产生了影响。花后90 d时,不同有机肥处理的坐果率均显著高于对照(p<0.05)。花后120 d 时,除FJ 处理外,其他处理的坐果率均显著高于对照(47.47%)(p<0.05),其中HZ 处理的坐果率达到88.19%,说明有机无机复混肥(HZ)更有利于提高核桃坐果率。

图3 不同有机肥对核桃坐果率动态的影响
Fig.3 The effect of different organic fertilizer types on the dynamics of walnut fruiting rate

2.3 有机肥对核桃坚果品质的影响

表3为不同有机肥对核桃坚果品质的影响。从表中可以看出,不同处理对坚果壳厚和出仁率影响不大,而HZ、ZF 和NF 处理显著提升了坚果单果质量(p<0.05),其中HZ 处理提升坚果质量达到8.90%。与对照相比,HZ 处理使核桃仁含油率显著提升了0.44%,ST 处理使核桃仁饱和脂肪酸占比显著提升了1.67%,ZF 处理使核桃仁不饱和脂肪酸占比显著提升了1.09%,ST处理使脂肪酸ω-6/ω-3较对照显著提升了19.87%(p<0.05),更接近中国居民脂肪酸参考摄入量比例(4~6)∶1[23]。而除FJ 处理导致核桃仁维生素E 含量显著下降外(p<0.05),其他4种处理的核桃仁维生素E含量没有显著差异。说明不同肥料对果实品质的作用效果不同,有机无机复混肥提高了果实含油率,植物源有机肥提高了核桃仁饱和脂肪酸占比和调节了不饱和脂肪酸比例,动物源有机肥侧重于提高不饱和脂肪酸占比。

表3 不同有机肥对核桃坚果品质的影响
Table 3 Effects of different types of organic fertilizers on the quality of walnut nuts

有机肥种类Fertilizer types ST NF ZF HZ FJ CK坚果质量Nut mass/g 15.60±0.20 cd 16.09±0.60 bc 16.51±0.12 ab 16.75±0.27 a 15.34±0.31 d 15.38±0.26 d壳厚度Shell Thickness/mm 1.18±0.04 a 1.20±0.04 a 1.18±0.04 a 1.19±0.03 a 1.16±0.02 a 1.18±0.04 a出仁率Kernel percent/%50.54±0.48 a 50.53±0.44 a 50.49±0.55 a 50.83±0.31 a 50.51±0.41 a 50.65±0.77 a核仁含油率Kernel oil content/%55.20±0.28 c 58.32±0.22 a 61.28±0.12 b 64.56±0.35 a 64.36±0.19 b 64.27±0.08 b饱和脂肪酸占比Ratio of saturated fatty acids/%13.95±0.13 a 13.09±0.12 d 12.78±0.06 e 13.19±0.12 cd 13.33±0.18 c 13.72±0.13 b不饱和脂肪酸占比Ratio of unsatur ated fatty acids%86.05±0.13 e 86.91±0.12 b 87.22±0.06 a 86.81±0.12 bc 86.67±0.18 c 86.28±0.13 d ω-6/ω-3 3.51±0.08 a 2.79±0.05 c 2.60±0.03 d 2.74±0.03 c 2.90±0.04 d 2.93±0.02 b w(维生素E)Vitamin E content/(mg·kg-1)45.29±0.25 a 45.00±0.21 a 44.29±0.75 a 44.55±0.26 a 41.87±0.60 b 44.74±0.71 a

2.4 土壤理化性质与树体和果实性状指标的主成分分析

将核桃园土壤理化性质、生长结果特性及果实品质指标标准化后,进行主成分分析,提取特征根大于1且累计贡献率大于85%的4个主成分,其贡献率分别为33.41%、28.72%、18.79%、14.13%,累计贡献率95.05%。利用第1 和第2 主成分基于Bray-Curtis距离作散点图(图4),可以直观地看出,对照和不同有机肥相距较远,说明施肥改变了核桃园土壤理化性质、生长结果特性及果实品质。在5 个施肥处理中,HZ和NF处理距离相近,说明二者的施肥效果较为相似,而ST 处理与其他施肥处理距离较远,说明ST处理与其他处理施肥效果差异较大。

图4 不同类型有机肥肥料施肥效果主成分分析
Fig.4 Principal component load distribution of fertilization effects of different types of organic fertilizers

利用4 个主成分构建评价模型,根据特征根和贡献率对各处理综合评价,计算综合得分并进行排序,从表4 中可以看出,HZ 处理效果综合得分最高(40.94),土壤养分提供及树体、果实生长效果表现最好,其次是NF、ZF处理,综合得分分别为39.94和39.63,而FJ和ST处理效果较差。

表4 有机肥主成分分析及综合得分
Table 4 Principal component analysis and comprehensive scores of organic fertilizer types

处理Treatment ST ZF NF HZ FJ CK PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4排名Rank 17.27 18.41 18.27 19.44 16.02 13.14 12.54 12.31 12.67 12.83 11.69 12.18 5.58 5.37 5.53 5.05 5.28 5.37 3.65 3.53 3.47 3.61 3.51 3.23综合得分Comprehensive score 39.04 39.63 39.94 40.94 36.50 33.91 4 3 2 1 5 6

3 讨 论

3.1 有机肥对土壤理化性质的影响

土壤容重和孔隙度是土壤物理性质的重要指标。有机肥因自身密度低、体积大、空隙率高、营养丰富[24-26],能够提高根系活力和根际微生物活性,显著降低土壤容重和增大土壤孔隙度。本研究中ST、NF、ZF、HZ处理显著降低了0~20 cm土壤容重,使>20~40 cm土层土壤孔隙度显著增加,与上述研究结果相似。有研究报道,牛粪、鸡粪、农家肥、农作物秸秆均可提高土壤pH 值[27-28],而王祺等[12]研究表明,矿源黄腐酸钾和中量元素水溶肥有机-无机肥施入盐碱性核桃园显著降低了土壤pH 值。在本研究中ST、ZF、NF、HZ 4种处理使0~20 cm土层pH值升高2%~6%,腐殖酸钾+生物菌肥对土壤pH值影响不大。导致结论差异的原因,可能是土壤pH值的升降与土壤盐离子浓度有关,有机肥能显著降低盐碱地pH 值[12]。有机肥自身丰富的有机质和较多的活性磷,可明显提高土壤微生物对底物碳源的利用率[29],促进无机磷向有机磷的转化[30],释放土壤中的钾元素,进而提高土壤中有机质和有效N、P、K、S等元素的含量。在本研究中,5种有机肥均使0~40 cm土层中有效硫含量和0~20 cm 土层有效钾含量显著增加,不同程度地增加了土壤中有机质和有效N、P、S等元素的含量,而不同有机肥在提高土壤有机质和有效成分含量方面存在差异,与有机肥原料种类、养分含量、制作工艺和施肥年限有关[12,31]

3.2 核桃园有机肥施肥效果综合评价

有机肥改善果实品质[11]和脂肪酸组分[32-33]已有较多报道,本研究中不同来源有机肥对核桃品质的影响差异较大,有机无机复混肥(HZ)和牛粪有机肥(NF)显著提升了核桃果实含油率,ST 和ZF 改变了脂肪酸组分,这与前人研究结果相似[8,11]。前人研究表明,核桃园土壤中有效N、P、K 含量存在交互作用[34],因此有机肥养分总量仅仅是肥效的决定因素之一。本研究中将土壤因子、生长结果性状和果实品质综合考虑进行评价,有机无机复混肥(HZ)得分最高,但这一处理土壤中单一养分含量在5 种有机肥中并非最大值,说明在土壤肥力较高的基础上,核桃园地土壤养分的吸收存在阈值[35],合理配比才是促进树体生长和结果的关键[36]

另外,在本研究中,松塔有机肥(ST)降低了果实含油率,并使脂肪酸比例发生了变化,而含有益生菌的矿质腐殖酸钾(FJ)降低了核桃果实维生素E含量,其内在机制有待进一步开展研究。

4 结 论

施用有机肥后,核桃园土壤通透性和养分含量显著增加,显著促进了核桃树体地径生长和1 年生枝的生长,提高了坐果率,改善了坚果品质。不同有机肥在增加土壤有机质和有效成分方面存在差异,主成分分析构建的综合评价模型表明,有机质含量24.00%,有效成分N 6.46%、P2O5 4.16%、K2O 6.00%、S 3.79%的有机无机复混肥施肥效果最佳,因此在综合考虑核桃园土壤因子、树体生长结果特性和果实品质时,宜选择有机无机复混肥。

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Effects of different types of organic fertilizers on soil,growth and fruiting characteristics,and nut quality in walnut orchards

XU Yongjie1,2, JIANG Dezhi1,2, LI Li3*, WANG Ruiwen1,2, WANG Daiquan4, WANG Xiaofei4, WANG Qizhu4
(1Hubei Academy of Forestry/Woody Grain and Oil Forest Engineering Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430079,Hubei, China;2Hubei Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Fruit Trees, Wuhan 430079, Hubei, China;3Chinese Society of Forestry,Beijing 100091,China;4Center for Walnut Technology of Baokang County,Xiangyang 441600,Hubei,China)

Abstract:【Objective】The study aimed to explore the effects of different organic fertilizers on the physical and chemical properties of the soil, tree growth, fruiting characteristics, and nut quality in a walnut orchard.【Methods】A randomized block experimental design with a single factor was used to study 13-year-old Chulinbaokui walnut forests.Five organic fertilizers-plant-based Songta(ST),animal-based pig manure (ZF) and cow manure (NF), organic-inorganic compound fertilizer (HZ), and a combination of potassium humate and biological bacteria(FJ)were applied at consistent nitrogen levels over two years.Soil samples from 0-20 cm and >20-40 cm soil layers were collected and analyzed for physicochemical properties, alongside the assessment of tree growth and fruiting traits. EXCEL and SAS 8.1 softwares were used for data statistics,with analysis of variance to compare significant effects of the five fertilizers. Oringin2021 was used for principal component analysis to average the effects of the fertilizers.【Results】①All the five organic fertilizer treatments improved the soil conditions in the walnut orchards.The soil porosity in the >20-40 cm soil layer, the available sulfur content in the 0-40 cm soil layer, and the available potassium content in the 0-20 cm soil layer were significantly increased in the five treatments (p<0.05, the same below). ②Different organic fertilizers exhibited varying effects on soil improvement.Among that,the soil bulk density from 0 to 20 cm was significantly reduced,but soil pH value and hydrolytic nitrogen content significantly increased in ST,NF,ZF,and HZ treatments.The organic matter content and available phosphorus content in the >20-40 cm soil layer were significantly increased in ST, NF, and HZ treatments, with ZF treatment showing a significant increase in available phosphorus content in the same layer.The available potassium content in the >20-40 cm soil layer was significantly increased in NF,ST,HZ,and FJ treatments.③The thickening growth of the annual branches was significantly promoted in all the five treatments.The trunk ground diameter growth was significantly promoted by HZ,NF,and ZF treatments,with a 46.67%increase in HZ treatment compared to the control. In addition, the elongation growth of annual branches was significantly promoted by ZF, NF,and ST treatments. ④The dynamics of walnut fruit setting were impacted by organic fertilizer treatments after thirty days of flowering.One hundred and twenty days after flowering,the fruit setting rates in the four treatments excluding FJ were significantly higher than the control,with HZ treatment achieving the highest fruit setting rate of 88.19%. ⑤Different organic fertilizers had varying effects on nut weight, oil content, and fatty acid composition.Among them, the HZ treatment increased the weight of nuts by 8.90%and kernel oil content by 0.44%; the ST treatment significantly increased the proportion of saturated fatty acids in walnut kernels,and the NF and ZF treatments significantly increased the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in walnut kernels.However,the FJ treatment had little effect on the fatty acid content, but significantly reduced the vitamin E content in walnut kernels. ⑥Principal component analysis showed that the cumulative contribution rate of the four principal components was 95.05%, which reflects the fertilization effect of each treatment. Coordinate analysis using Prin1 and Prin2 showed that HZ and NF treatments had similar fertilization effects, whereas the ST treatment showed significant differences compared to other treatments. A comprehensive evaluation model was constructed using four principal component eigenvalues and contribution rates for scoring and sorting.The result showed that the HZ treatment,with organic matter content of 24.00%,available ingredients N 6.46%,P2O5 4.16%,K2O 6.00%,and S 3.79%,had the highest overall score(40.94).【Conclusion】The effects of different fertilizer types on walnut orchards varied. Considering soil factors, tree growth, and fruiting characteristics comprehensively,organic-inorganic compound fertilizers are recommended.

Key words:Walnuts; Organic fertilizer; Soil physical and chemical properties; Bearing characteristics;Nut quality

中图分类号:S664.1

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2025)01-0141-10

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20240474

收稿日期:2024-09-10

接受日期:2024-10-21

基金项目:中央财政林业科技推广示范资金项目(鄂[2024]TG18 号);国家林业和草原局林业植物新品种及专利保护应用项目(KJZXXP202309);果树种质创新与利用湖北省重点实验室开放基金课题(GSSZ202306);湖北省重点研发计划项目(2022BBA153)

作者简介:徐永杰,副研究员,博士,研究方向为果树栽培生理。E-mail:498674563@qq.com

*通信作者 Author for correspondence.E-mail:122463964@qq.com