伊犁河谷不同林龄树上干杏林土壤线虫的群落特征

王巧莉1,2,3,崔 东1,2*,刘文新1,2,杨延成1,2,杨海军2,4,江智诚1,2,闫江超1,2,曹 敬1,2,3,张敏如1,2,3

1伊犁师范大学资源与生态研究所,新疆伊宁 835000;2伊犁师范大学资源与环境学院,新疆伊宁 835000;3伊犁师范大学生物科学与技术学院,新疆伊宁 835000;4云南大学生态与环境学院,昆明 650000)

摘 要:【目的】 明确伊犁河谷树上干杏林土壤线虫的群落特征。【方法】选取4、8、10和14年生树上干杏林为研究对象,以荒地为对照,分析土壤线虫群落组成、分布、生态指数及其类群组成与土壤理化性质的关系。【结果】4和10年生树上干杏林食细菌线虫占比高于其他线虫类群;8和14年生树上干杏林植物寄生线虫占比高于其他线虫类群。8、10、14年生树上干杏林土壤线虫密度在10~20 cm土层较高,4年生树上干杏林土壤线虫密度在0~10 cm土层较高。H’指数表明,10年生树上干杏林土壤线虫多样性最低;4年生树上干杏林MI指数显著低于其他样地(S10除外),WI指数显著高于其他样地,表明土壤受到的干扰程度大,土壤健康状况良好;8年生树上干杏林MI指数和PPI指数高于其他样地,表明其受到的干扰较小,土壤环境稳定性较低。土壤全钾含量、含水率、pH和钙含量是影响树上干杏林土壤线虫类群组成的主要环境因子。【结论】4和10年生树上干杏林主要营养类群为食细菌线虫,土壤健康状况良好;8和14年生树上干杏林主要营养类群为植物寄生线虫,土壤健康状况较差。研究结果可为树上干杏林合理种植提供理论依据。

关键词:树上干杏林;土壤线虫;群落结构;多样性

土壤线虫是地球上数量最多的后生动物,具有迁移能力弱、世代周期短、功能类群丰富、占据食物网关键链接、对土地利用等变化扰动响应敏感等特点,是最常用的土壤质量与功能指示生物之一[1-2]。土壤线虫丰度、多样性等特征都会随着土壤环境的变化而表现出不同的变化趋势,其生态指数能够反映受扰动后或不同生态系统中土壤线虫群落结构和功能的变化,指示土壤有机物降解路径及食物网结构变化等特征[3]。钟爽等[4]、张雪艳等[5]和高飞等[6]研究均表明,随着种植年限增加,植物寄生线虫将引起连作障碍,对农业可持续发展产生严重的影响。还有研究表明,种植年限增加会使土壤的主要分解途径由细菌转化为真菌,且对土壤肥力、理化性质、酶和微生物群落产生负面影响,从而使土壤食物网遭到破坏,土壤健康状况恶化[7]。同时,人类干扰及环境变化也会对线虫的多样性产生影响[8]。例如,施肥处理会增加食微线虫比例,降低植物寄生线虫丰度,对维持土壤食物网结构与功能的成熟稳定具有正向调节作用[9]。因此,明确土壤线虫的营养类群及其生物多样性对土壤健康状况及农业发展具有重要的意义[10]

树上干杏(Armeniaca vulgaris var.ansu)(俗称吊死干)是新疆伊犁特有的杏资源,具有极高的经济价值和引种价值[11]。在当前农业结构调整和农业多元化发展的大背景下,为推动耕地与果园协调共生,伊宁州霍城县三宫村将荒山改造成杏林等经济林,成为当地农民脱贫致富的主要途径之一[12]。笔者在本研究中依托伊犁霍城县三宫乡树上干杏种植园,选择不同林龄树上干杏林并以周边未开垦的荒地作为对照,通过研究树上干杏林土壤线虫群落结构的变化,分析土壤线虫生态指数、土壤理化性质对树上干杏林土壤线虫营养类群的影响等,评价不同林龄树上干杏林土壤质量的状况,以期为完善树上干杏林合理种植、管理技术和土地可持续利用提供一定的理论依据。

1 材料和方法

1.1 试验区概况

研究地点选择新疆伊犁哈萨克自治州霍城县三宫乡树上干杏种植林地,地理坐标80°09′~84°56′ E和42°14′~44°50′ N。该地区地势起伏不定,三面环山,东高西低,形成一种特殊的“湿岛”结构[13]。土壤为砂壤土,气候类型为温带大陆性半湿润荒漠气候,年平均气温10.4 ℃,年平均降水量417.6 mm,土地肥沃,水源充足[14]。这种地貌特征和气候环境使得该地区的水分蒸发和降水分配表现出显著的地域差异,为树上干杏的种植提供了有利条件[15]。研究区属于个人承包种植林地,施肥、灌溉等管理方法一致,基本条件相同。肥料施用主要依赖于厩肥、堆肥和牛粪尿等,此外还混合施用了钾素肥料和速效氮素化肥等,每株平均施用厩肥50 kg,同时配合1.2 kg N、P、K 三元复合肥。灌溉方式为滴灌,单行种植,种植密度为行株距5 m×4.2 m,每666.7 m2钟植17~19 株。树上干杏林周围大多为尚未开发利用的荒地。

1.2 样品采集与测定方法

1.2.1 土壤样品采集及土壤线虫分离鉴定 试验于2023 年9 月在霍城县三宫乡选择林龄4(S4)、8(S8)、10(S10)、14(S14)年生的树上干杏和周边荒地(对照)为研究样地进行样品采集。用GPS 测定采样地的地理位置与海拔,不同种植年份的树上干杏林分别选取5个树下林地作为样方(20 m×20 m),按0~10、10~20 cm 采集土样,采用五点采样法在每个树下林地距离树干基部0.5 m 的位置分别选择5个小样方(10 cm×10 cm)混合为1 个土样,5 个样地共计50份土样。在每个样方的各层取适量土样,混合均匀后风干,用于测定土壤理化性质。每袋土样称取50 g 新鲜土壤放入4 ℃冰箱中低温保存,并采用蔗糖密度梯度离心法对土壤线虫进行分离。用显微镜计数50 g 鲜土的线虫总数,然后根据土壤含水率将土壤线虫个体数量换算成100 g 干土中含有的线虫数目。用形态学法进行线虫科属的鉴定,随机抽取100 条线虫(不足100 条进行全量鉴定)进行鉴定。鉴定方法参考De Nematoden van Nederland[16]和《中国土壤动物检索图鉴》[17]

1.2.2 土壤理化性质测定 依据《土壤农化分析》[18]测定土壤pH、含水率及铵态氮、全钾、速效磷、速效钾和钙含量。

1.2.3 指数计算 依据土壤线虫食性可将其分为食细菌线虫(bacterivores,Ba)、食真菌线虫(Fungivores,Fu)、植物寄生线虫(plant parasites,Pp)、捕食杂食线虫(predators omnivores,Op)四个营养类群[19];依据土壤线虫r 策略到k 策略的生活史策略将其分为5个类群,分别赋予c-p值[20]

基于此,分别计算不同林龄树上干杏林土壤线虫多样性指数(shannon-weaver diversity index,H’)和生态指数。其中,生态指数包括:植物寄生线虫成熟度指数(plant parasites maturity index,PPI)、自由线虫成熟度指数(free live nematode maturity index,MI)、线虫通路比值(nematode channel ratio,NCR)、瓦斯乐斯卡指数(wasilewska index,WI)、富集指数(enrichment index,EI)和结构指数(structure index,SI[21]

1.2.4 数据分析 使用Excel 2010软件处理原始数据并计算土壤线虫多样性指数和生态功能指数,采用SPSS 26.0对数据进行单因素方差分析和Duncan多重比较,分析不同样地之间土壤线虫群落的差异,并采用独立样本t 检验分析不同土层之间的差异。采用冗余分析(RDA)和蒙特卡洛检验估算土壤环境因子对线虫群落的影响,采用Origin 2021 和CANOCO 5.0绘图。

2 结果与分析

2.1 树上干杏林土壤线虫群落组成

从不同林龄树上干杏林共分离得到土壤线虫7066条,隶属于2纲6目23科52属(表1),优势属为拟丽突属(Acrobeloides)、针属(Paratylenchus)和小矛线属(Microdorylaimus)。其中,荒地土壤线虫优势属为捕食-杂食线虫小矛线属;4 年生树上干杏林优势属为食细菌线虫板唇属(Chiloplacus)、拟丽突属和食真菌线虫真滑刃属(Aphelenchus);8 年生树上干杏林优势属为植物寄生线虫拟盘旋属(Pararotylenchus)和盘旋属(Rotylenchus);10 年生树上干杏林优势属为植物寄生线虫针属和食细菌线虫拟丽突属;14年生树上干杏林优势属为植物寄生线虫拟盘旋属、螺旋属(Helicotylenchus)和盘旋属。

表1 (续) Table 1 (Continued)

注:“-”代表无;“+++”代表优势属,>10%;“++”代表常见属,1%~10%;“+”代表稀有属,<1%。
Note:“-”indicates none;“+++”indicates the dominant genus, >10%;“++”indicates the common genus, 1%-10%;“+”indicates the rare genus,<1%.

拟盘旋属Pararotylenchus盘旋属Rotylenchus肾状属Rotylenchulus具脊垫刃属Coslenchus细纹垫刃属Lelenchus叉针属Boleodorus剑尾垫刃属Malenchus平滑垫刃属Psilenchus头垫刃属Cephalenchus居中属Geocenamus默林属Merlinius那格尔属Nagelus长吻属Dolichorhynchus拟大矛属Paratrophurus五沟属Quinisulcius双垫刃属Bitylenchus短体属Pratylenchus吻球属Hoplotylus中轮属Criconemoides大节片属Macroposthonia鞘属Hemicycliophora毛刺属Trichodorus捕食杂食线虫Predators omnivores小矛线属Microdorylaimus峡咽属Discolaimium牙咽属Dorylaimellus单色矛属Monochromadora中矛线属Mesodorylaimus真矛线属Eudorylaimus盘咽属Discolaimus通俗属Ecumenicus线虫类群个体密度Individual density of nematode taxa/(No.·100 g-1)土壤线虫营养类群及属Soil nematode trophic groups and genera优势度Dominance c-p值c-p value相对丰度Relative abundance/%对照Control S4S8S10S14++++++--0.09 0.53 3.68+++++++++++++++++++1.95 3.53-0.08 1.48--333222222333333333333444534455 27.89 24.67 5.49 0.50-0.15 0.41 0.33 0.14 2.73 0.14 0.05 0.14 23.59 10.02 7.40-0.09 0.09--0.84-0.19 0.42-------0.50 0.88-1.94 0.18 0.51-----0.10 0.34---0.09 0.46 1.92 0.27 0.09 0.27 0.09----0.21 0.10-2.30 0.29 0.36-0.38 0.05 0.09 0.09 0.05--0.27 0.08 0.25 0.99 0.09-0.28-0.19-1.22------0.10-0.10-----+++++++++++26.40 5.65-1.24-0.06 0.28-362.22 5.82 2.95 0.13 0.19 0.13 6.21 4.49-0.12 7.91 8.17-0.09----------252.10 212.82 6.27 3.24-0.10 0.10 0.10 0.05 0.19 752.15 0.86 249.03

表1 不同林龄树上干杏林土壤线虫属的相对丰度
Table 1 Relative abundance of soil nematode genera in Shushanggan apricots plantations at different forest ages

食细菌线虫Bacterivores拟丽突属Acrobeloides盆咽属Panagrolaimus小杆属Rhabditis丽突属Acrobeles板唇属Chiloplacus鹿角唇属Cervidellus真头叶属Eucephalobus三等齿属Pelodera头叶属Cephalobus异头叶属Heterocephalobus Drilocephalobus食真菌线虫Fungivores茎属Ditylenchus真滑刃属Aphelenchus滑刃属Aphelenchoidides拟滑刃属Paraphelenchus膜皮属Diphtherophora垫咽属Tylencholaimus植物寄生线虫Plant parasites针属Paratylenchus巴兹尔属Basiria丝尾垫刃属Filenchus矮化属Tylenchorhynchus螺旋属Helicotylenchus土壤线虫营养类群及属Soil nematode trophic groups and genera优势度Dominance c-p值c-p value相对丰度Relative abundance/%对照Control S4S8S10S14+++++++++++++++14.33 0.43 3.00 4.35 24.16 8.98 0.31--0.83 4.94 1.03 26.72 3.50 6.44 0.81 1.19 2.47 3.55 1.76 1.55 2.82 1.10 2.12 1.46++++++3.19-4.05 4.02 3.13 2.60-0.08--2112222122222333432233---0.19 0.09 0.09------0.10----2.92 0.18-+++++++3.27 4.58 2.08 1.38 0.34-1.01 10.44 5.60 2.06-0.24 0.46 6.52 0.31 0.31 0.10-0.18 1.88 6.75 0.10--0.27 2.40 1.20 0.09-0.90+++++++++++4.99 4.75 8.92 6.45 0.19 5.70-0.22 1.62 0.75 3.30 1.24 0.15 0.10 7.20 27.39 0.19-0.96 0.05 7.78 0.27-0.18 14.23

2.2 树上干杏林土壤线虫营养类群和生活史类群结构

不同林龄树上干杏林土壤线虫营养类群相对丰度存在较大差异(图1-A),荒地的Pp和Op较多,Ba和Fu 较少;4、10 年生树上干杏林Ba 占比高于同一样地其他线虫类群;8、14年生树上干杏林Pp高于同一样地其他线虫类群。

图1 不同林龄树上干杏林土壤线虫营养类群(A)及生活史(B)的相对丰度
Fig.1 Relative abundance of soil nematode tropic groups(A)and life history(B)in Shushanggan apricots plantations at different forest ages

不同林龄树上干杏林生活史的相对丰度也存在较大差异(图1-B),不同林龄树上干杏林以及荒地c-p2 类群或c-p3 类群土壤线虫表现出绝对优势,cp1 类群和c-p5 类群线虫极少。其中,4 年生树上干杏林c-p2 类群最多;8 年生和14 年生树上干杏林cp3类群最多;不同林龄树上干杏林c-p4类群均有所减少。

2.3 树上干杏林土壤线虫垂直分布

不同林龄树上干杏林土壤线虫垂直分布特征见图2,10 年生树上干杏林0~10 cm 土层与10~20 cm土层存在显著差异(p<0.05),10年生树上干杏林与荒地在0~10 cm 土层存在显著差异(p<0.05)。4 年生树上干杏林和荒地土壤线虫密度在0~10 cm土层较高,8、10、14年生树上干杏林土壤线虫密度在10~20 cm土层较高。同时,8年生树上干杏林土壤线虫密度最低,10年生树上干杏林土壤线虫密度最高。

图2 不同林龄树上干杏林各食性土壤线虫类群垂直分布(平均值±标准误)
Fig.2 Vertical distribution of soil nematode with all feeding habits in Shushanggan apricots plantations at different forest ages(mean±SE)

不同大写字母表示同一样地土壤线虫在不同土层间具有显著差异(p<0.05);不同小写字母表示同一土层土壤线虫在不同样地间具有显著差异(p<0.05)。
Different capital letters indicate that nematodes in the same sample plot have significant difference among different soil layers(p<0.05).Different small letters indicate that nematodes in the same soil layer have significant difference among different sample plots(p<0.05).

2.4 树上干杏林土壤线虫群落生态指数分析

不同林龄树上干杏林土壤线虫生态指数存在显著差异(表2),10 年生树上干杏林多样性指数(H′)低于其他样地,不同林龄树上干杏林H′:对照>S4>S14>S8>S10。4 年生树上干杏林MI 与8、14年生树上干杏林呈显著差异(p<0.05),不同林龄树上干杏林MI:S8>对照>S14>S10>S4。不同林龄树上干杏林PPI 与荒地均呈显著差异(p<0.05),所有样地PPI:S8=S14>S10>S4>对照。10年生树上干杏林NCR与8年生树上干杏林呈显著差异(p<0.05),所有样地的NCR:S10>S4>S14>对照>S8。4 年生树上干杏林WI 与其他样地均呈显著差异(p<0.05),所有样地WI:S4>S10>S14>对照>S8,其中,4、10、14年生树上干杏林WI>1,表明土壤健康状况较好。线虫区系分析结果表明(图3),所有样地的土壤线虫区系均位于第二象限,表示土壤食物网的养分状况良好,土壤食物网结构相对来说都比较稳定且成熟。

图3 不同林龄树上干杏林土壤线虫区系分析
Fig.3 Analysis of soil nematode flora in Shushanggan apricots plantations at different forest ages

表2 不同林龄树上干杏林土壤线虫群落生态指数分析
Table 2 The analyses of ecological index of soil nematode community in Shushanggan apricots plantations at different forest ages

注:不同小写字母表示不同林龄树上干杏林土壤线虫群落生态指数具有显著差异(p<0.05)。下同。
Note:Different small letters indicate that ecological index of soil nematode community in Shushanggan apricots plantations at different forest ages have significant difference(p<0.05).The same below.

林龄Forest age/a WI H’MI PPI NCR对照Control S4 S8 S10 S14 0.78±0.05 b 5.78±1.06 a 0.30±0.10 b 2.10±0.69 b 1.61±0.93 b 2.54±0.14 a 2.31±0.07 ab 2.17±0.16 ab 2.09±0.17 b 2.26±0.09 ab 2.97±0.10 a 2.21±0.10 b 2.98±0.21 a 2.65±0.31 ab 2.91±0.23 a 2.47±0.06 b 2.87±0.04 a 2.98±0.03 a 2.92±0.03 a 2.98±0.04 a 0.61±0.02 ab 0.72±0.06 ab 0.52±0.06 b 0.80±0.01 a 0.62±0.13 ab

2.5 土壤理化性质与线虫类群的RDA分析

不同林龄树上干杏林0~20 cm土壤理化性质如表3。其中,8、14年生树上干杏林土壤全钾(TK)含量显著高于4、10年生树上干杏林,14年生树上干杏林pH 显著高于8 年生树上干杏林。10 年生树上干杏林土壤含水率(SM)显著高于荒地;荒地的钙(Ca)含量显著高于不同林龄树上干杏林。

表3 不同林龄树上干杏林0~20 cm 土壤基本特征
Table 3 The basic characteristics of 0-20 cm soil layer of Shushanggan apricots plantations at different forest ages

林龄Forest age/a对照Control S4 S8 S10 S14含水率SM/%3.51±0.75 b 7.26±1.37 ab 8.85±1.30 ab 12.92±4.54 a 7.71±1.43 ab w(铵态氮)NH4--N content/(g·kg-1)6.16±0.36 a 6.84±0.20 a 5.34±0.33 a 6.62±1.71 a 6.24±0.47 a w(全钾)TK content/(g·kg-1)18.46±0.05 c 19.31±0.08 b 19.61±0.07 a 19.21±0.13 b 19.77±0.10 a w(速效磷)R-AP content/(mg·kg-1)4.33±2.39 b 73.15±8.45 a 9.86±2.91 b 5.45±0.46 b 10.64±4.37 b w(速效钾)R-AK content/(mg·kg-1)118.19±32.69 c 658.65±41.20 a 305.16±63.59 bc 267.04±66.41 bc 444.97±87.16 b pH 7.99±0.09 ab 7.86±0.16 ab 7.72±0.08 b 8.10±0.06 ab 8.13±0.17 a w(钙)Ca content/(g·kg-1)2.09±0.36 a 1.02±0.14 b 0.78±0.14 b 0.63±0.04 b 1.13±0.37 b

以不同林龄树上干杏林土壤线虫营养类群和c-p类群为响应变量,以土壤理化性质为解释变量进行冗余分析(图4)。结果表明,前两轴分别解释了土壤线虫类群的26.16%和43.85%。由蒙特卡洛检验可知(表4),土壤全钾含量、含水率、pH和Ca含量是影响土壤线虫类群组成的重要因素(p<0.05)。土壤中全钾含量是解释度最高的环境因子(p<0.05),解释度为27.6%,其次是含水率(23.3%)、pH(17.5%)和钙含量(9.9%)。土壤全钾含量与c-p1和食细菌线虫(Ba)均呈显著负相关;土壤含水率(SM)与所有线虫营养类群和c-p 类群均呈正相关;土壤pH 和钙含量均与食真菌线虫(Fu)呈较显著的正相关,与c-p3和植物寄生线虫(Pp)呈较显著的负相关。

图4 土壤理化因子和土壤线虫群落生态指数的RDA 分析
Fig.4 RDA analysis of soil physicochemical factors and soil nematode community ecological index

表4 不同林龄树上干杏林土壤理化因子和土壤线虫群落的蒙特卡洛检验
Table 4 Monte Carlo test of soil physicochemical factors and soil nematode communities in Shushanggan apricots plantations at different forest ages

注:*.p<0.05.TK.土壤全钾含量;SM.土壤含水率;Ca.钙含量;R-AK.速效钾含量;NH4--N.铵态氮含量;TP.土壤全磷含量;R-AP.速效磷含量。
Note: *. p<0.05. TK. Soil total K content; SM. Soil Moisture content; Ca. Calcium content; R-AK. Rapid-available potassium content;NH4--N.Ammonium nitrogen content; TP. Soil total P content; R-AP.Rapid-available phosphorus content.

环境因子Environment factor TK SM pH Ca R-AK NH4--N R-AP解释率Explains/%27.6 23.3 17.5 9.9 8.8 7.6 2.2 F p 显著性Significance 3.0 3.3 3.3 4.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 0.022 0.040 0.032 0.028 0.150 0.162 0.316****---

3 讨 论

3.1 不同林龄树上干杏林对土壤线虫群落组成及多样性的影响

在不同种植年限和管理措施下,土壤中线虫群落结构及多样性均表现出差异性[22]。笔者在本研究中的结果表明,线虫密度随着林龄增加呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势,10年生树上干杏林线虫密度最大,与王楠等[23]的研究结果一致。在本研究中共鉴定出土壤线虫52 属,优势属为针属、拟丽突属和小矛线属。研究表明,由于不同区域土壤生境以及植物寄主存在差异,导致土壤线虫的生态分布具有一定的地带性,不同区域线虫群落优势属均存在较大差异[24]

8、10和14年生树上干杏林土壤线虫密度在10~20 cm 土层较高,这可能是由于高温干旱以及人为踩踏导致表层土壤空隙变小,含水量下降[25],从而使表层土壤线虫密度降低。相较于表层,深层土壤受到的人为干扰减少,食物网阻力低于表层,能够较为稳定地发挥其生态功能,为土壤线虫生存起到积极的正向作用[26]

8和14年生树上干杏林主要营养类群为植物寄生线虫,4 和10 年生树上干杏林植物寄生线虫占比减少,食细菌线虫占比增大,表明4和10年生树上干杏林土壤线虫营养类群更健康[10]。早在2001 年,Ferris等[27]研究表明,c-p值较大的k策略者对食物网复杂性与稳定性发挥重要作用,但生命周期较长,在干扰后恢复速度较慢;而c-p值较小的r策略者在扰动后能够快速恢复。由于人工种植林地除草和翻耕等人为管理措施,因此对土壤环境的稳定性干扰较大[28]。在本试验中,荒地转种树上干杏林之后,不同林龄树上干杏林耐受性线虫c-p2与c-p3增加,敏感性线虫c-p4减少,说明不同林龄树上干杏林均受到不同程度干扰,其中4 年生树上干杏林受到的扰动最大,10年生次之。

3.2 不同林龄树上干杏林对土壤线虫群落生态功能的影响

10 年生树上干杏林土壤线虫多样性指数(H’)低于其他样地,表明10年生树上干杏林土壤线虫群落的多样性较低。10 年生树上干杏林土壤线虫密度高于其他样地,这可能是由于10年生树上干杏林受到的人为管控力度较大,而其他受扰动较小的样地土壤线虫密度较低,多样性较高,这与刘贝贝等[29]关于滩涂湿地土壤线虫群落特征的研究结果一致。

线虫成熟度指数(MI)越高表明土壤生态系统受干扰程度越小[16];线虫瓦斯乐斯卡指数(WI)反映食微生物线虫对植物寄生线虫的比例,WI<1,表明以植物寄生线虫为主,土壤健康状况差;WI>1,表明以食微线虫为主,土壤健康状况良好[30]。4年生树上干杏林土壤线虫MI指数低于其他样地,表明4年生树上干杏林受到的干扰较大,土壤食物网结构简单。其原因可能是树上干杏是慢生的落叶乔木植物,处于早期发展阶段的树上干杏林下生态系统并不成熟[31]。而4年生树上干杏林WI指数显著高于其他样地,这与4年生食微线虫丰度成正比,这可能是由于4年生树上干杏林施肥等人为农业管理措施较为频繁,肥料丰富了土壤微生物资源,这有助于食微线虫的繁殖发育,从而提高了食微线虫比例[32]。这也表明适度干扰反而更有利于维持树上干杏林土壤生产力和物种共存,这一结果与薛会英等[33]关于藏北高寒草甸土壤线虫群落对围封及自由放牧响应的研究结果一致。

本试验所有样地的NCR指数在0.5~0.8之间,表明细菌是不同林龄树上干杏林土壤有机质的主要分解者,这与刑树文等[34]关于不同种植年限蕉柑根际土壤线虫的研究结果一致。8 年生树上干杏林的NCR指数显著低于10年生树上干杏林,表明8年生树上干杏林土壤食物链较短,土壤富集程度较低,生物转化能力较差,而10 年生正好相反。但8 年生树上干杏林MI指数和PPI指数最高,表明其受到的干扰最小,植物寄生线虫丰度较高。

3.3 土壤线虫群落结构与树上干杏林环境因子的关系

土壤线虫群落的动态不仅取决于植物根系的直接作用,还取决于通过土壤理化性质介导的间接作用[35]。在本试验中,土壤全钾含量、含水率、pH和钙含量是影响树上干杏林土壤线虫类群组成的主要环境因子(p<0.05)。侯磊等[36]在雪被厚度对色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉林的研究表明,土壤全钾含量、pH、含水率等是影响土壤线虫群落的主要因子,这与本研究的结果具有一致性。其中,土壤全钾含量与食细菌线虫(Ba)呈显著负相关,这可能是因为8、14年生树上干杏林土壤全钾含量显著高于4、10 年生树上干杏林,过高的钾含量抑制了c-p1 类群和Ba 类群[37]的形成,进而导致8、14年生树上干杏林Ba类群丰度降低。瞿云明等[38]关于氰氨化钙土壤改良剂的研究以及孙兆凯等[39]关于土壤pH 对根际线虫数量与生姜产量的影响等研究表明,氰氨化钙是一种新型的具有杀菌作用的“生态肥料”,能在阳光照射下产生高温、有毒的氰胺溶液,杀灭绝大多数的植物寄生性线虫及其虫卵,并能有效调控土壤pH,进而抑制植物寄生线虫的滋生,有效地保护作物的地下根系,为食微线虫的生存提供保障。在本研究中,土壤pH和Ca含量均与食真菌线虫(Fu)呈较显著的正相关,与植物寄生线虫(Pp)呈较显著的负相关,且不同林龄树上干杏林Ca 含量均显著低于荒地。可能是施加的钙肥量过少和不当的水肥管理,导致各林龄树上干杏林pH 过高,进而导致植物寄生线虫增多,食真菌线虫数量减少。

4 结 论

笔者在本研究中共分离得到土壤线虫7066条,隶属于2 纲6 目23 科52 属。8、10 和14 年生树上干杏林土壤线虫群落表现为向下递增的趋势,4 年生呈现相反趋势。10 年生树上干杏林土壤线虫多样性最低。4和10年生树上干杏林主要营养类群为食细菌线虫,土壤健康状况良好;8和14年生树上干杏林主要营养类群为植物寄生线虫,土壤健康状况较差。土壤全钾含量、含水率、pH 和钙含量是影响树上干杏林土壤线虫类群组成的主要环境因子。

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Community characteristics of soil nematode in Shushanggan apricot plantations of different ages in the Yili River Valley

WANG Qiaoli1,2,3,CUIDong1,2*,LIU Wenxin1,2,YANG Yancheng1,2,YANG Haijun2,4,JIANG Zhicheng1,2,YAN Jiangchao1,2,CAO Jing1,2,3,ZHANG Minru1,2,3
(1Institute of Resources and Ecology, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, Xinjiang, China;2College of Resources and Environment,Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, Xinjiang, China;3College of Biological Science and Technology, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000,Xinjiang,China;4College of Ecology and Environment,Yunnan University,Kunming 650000,Yunnan,China)

Abstract: 【Objective】Nematodes are one of the classic indicators of soil health. This study aimed to clarify the composition of soil nematode community and its responsive characteristics to soil physicochemical properties in Shushanggan apricot plantations in Yili River Valley, so as to provide a theoretical basis for sustainable management of Shushanggan apricot plantations.【Methods】In this experiment, soil samples of Shushanggan apricot plantations aged at 4, 8, 10 and 14 years and nearly barren land were collected in Sangong township,Huocheng county in September,2023.The geographical location and elevation of the sampling site were determined by GPS.Five undertree forestlands of Shushanggan apricot plantations with different planting years were selected as the quadrates(20 m×20 m),and the soil layers were selected at 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm. Five small samples (10 cm×10 cm) were selected from the plantation land under each tree, 0.5 m away from the base of trunk and mixed into one soil sample by five-point sampling method.A total of 50 soil samples were collected from the five plots.An appropriate amount of soil sample was taken from each layer of each quadrate, mixed evenly and airdried to determine the soil physicochemical properties.Soil nematodes were isolated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation and identified by morphological method. To investigate the number, composition and ecological function index of soil nematode community in Shushanggan apricot plantations,this research was conducted to analyze the relationship between soil nematode groups and soil physicochemical properties.【Results】A total of 7066 nematodes were isolated from all plots,and 52 genera of nematodes were identified, belonging to 2 classes, 6 orders and 23 families, with an average density of 373 nematodes per 100 g of dry soil.The density of soil nematodes in Shushanggan apricot plantations decreased first, reaching the highest in 10 years (752 nematodes per 100 g dry soil), and then increased.The dominant genera in the Shushanggan apricot plantations of different ages were Acrobeloides,Paratylenchus and Microdorylaimus. Among them, the dominant genera of the 4- and 10-year-old apricot plantations are Acrobeloides, Chiloplacus,Aphelenchus and Microdorylaimus. The dominant genera of the 8-and 14-year-old plantations are Pararotylenchus,Rotylenchus and Helicotylenchus.According to the c-p value,c-p2 and c-p3 were the main groups.The density of soil nematode in the 8-,10-and 14-year-old plantations was higher in the 10-20 cm soil layer,and higher in the 0-10 cm soil layer on the 4 years old plantations. There were significant differences in diversity index (H′) between 10 years old Shushanggan apricot plantations and barren land (p<0.05). Soil nematodes diversity index (H′) in Shushanggan apricot plantations decreased first, reaching the lowest in 10-years, and then increased.The plant parasitic index (PPI) in barren land was significantly lower than that in Shushanggan apricot plantations of different ages.The maturity index(MI)of the 4-year-old Shushanggan apricot plantations was significantly lower than that of other plots,while the Wasselska index(WI)was significantly higher than that of other plots.The nematode channel ratio(NCR)of the 8-year-old plantations was significantly lower than that of the 10-year-old Shushanggan apricot plantations, while the MI and PPI of the 8-year-old plantations were the highest. The total kalium (TK), pH and calcium (Ca) content in the soil were the main environment factors affecting the composition of soil community in Shushanggan apricot plantations(p<0.05).Correlation analysis showed that TK was negatively correlated with c-p1 and bacterivores nematodes (Ba). Soil moisture content (SM) was positively correlated with all nematode trophic groups and c-p groups.pH and Ca content were significantly and positively correlated with Fu and negatively correlated with c-p3 and Pp.【Conclusion】After the conversion of barren land to Shushanggan apricot plantations, the tolerance nematodes c-p2 and c-p3 increased and the sensitivity nematodes c-p4 decreased, indicating that Shushanggan apricot plantations were disturbed to varying degrees in different age’s plantations,and Shushanggan apricot plantations were disturbed the most at 4 years old,followed by 10 years old. Although the density of nematode in the 10-year-old Shushanggan apricot plantations was higher than that in other plots, the stability and diversity of nematode community were poor due to human interference, while the diversity and stability in the barren land were higher than those in other plots,indicating that the soil nematode diversity was higher in undisturbed ecosystems.In general, the disturbance of 4- and 10-year-old plantatios was larger, and the disturbance of 8- and 10-year-old ones was smaller.However,the soil enrichment degree in 4-and 10-year-old Shushanggan apricot plantations was higher, and the food web structure was more mature. Instead, the soil food chain of 8- and 14-year-old plantations was shorter, and the soil organic matter conversion ability was poor. In conclusion, the main trophic groups of 4- and 10- year-old plantations were Bacterivores, and the soil health was good. The main trophic groups of 8- and 14-year-old plantations were Fungivores, and the soil health was poor.The results provided theoretical basis for rational planting of Shushanggan apricot plantations.

Key words: Shushanggan apricot plantations;Soil nematode;Community structure;Diversity

中图分类号:S662.2

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2024)12-2543-12

DOI: 10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20240259

收稿日期:2024-05-24

接受日期:2024-09-06

基金项目:第三次新疆综合科学考察项目(2022xjkk0405);伊犁师范大学提升学科综合实力专项-自科重点项目(22XKZZ01)

作者简介:王巧莉,女,在读硕士研究生,研究方向为土壤动物生态学。E-mail:wqiaoli2022@163.com

*通信作者 Author for correspondence.E-mail:cuidongw@126.com