不同品种百香果果实转色期糖酸品质性状评价

吴 斌1,2,苏金生3#,邢文婷1,2,宋 顺1,2,马伏宁1,2,黄东梅1,2*

1中国热带农业科学院热带作物品种资源研究所·农业农村部华南作物基因资源与种质创制重点实验室·海南省热带作物资源遗传改良与创新重点实验室,海口 571101;2海南省省级西番莲种质资源圃,海南儋州 571737;3云南农业大学热带作物学院,云南普洱 665099)

摘 要:【目的】 研究黄果百香果和紫果百香果等主栽品种和自育品种果实转色过程中糖酸组分的动态变化,对培育优质品种、优质果品生产、果实的适时采收具有重要意义。【方法】以钦蜜、壮乡蜜宝、中百6号、黄香1号、台农、满天星等品种为供试材料,按果实转色的5个主要时期进行取样。并对糖酸组分含量进行相关性分析。【结果】随着果实转色成熟,百香果果肉可溶性固形物含量呈先升高后降低的趋势,壮乡蜜宝、中百6号、黄香1号、台农和满天星的可滴定酸含量呈逐渐降低的趋势。除钦蜜的固酸比随着果实转色逐渐增大外,其余品种的固酸比均呈先上升后下降的趋势。在百香果果实转色过程中蔗糖含量均呈先上升后下降的趋势,柠檬酸含量变化均随着果实转色呈现出逐渐下降的趋势。不同百香果品种成熟期的糖酸组分均呈现出显著差异,其中中百6号果实中的果糖和葡萄糖含量显著高于其他品种。6个百香果品种的果实中酸组分以柠檬酸为主,占比达到68.27%~84.22%,其中台农果实中的柠檬酸、总酸和可滴定酸含量高于其他品种。固酸比分析结果表明,黄果百香果的固酸比高于紫果,固酸比从高到低依次为钦蜜>壮乡蜜宝>黄香1号>中百6号>台农>满天星。【结论】百香果不同品种的糖酸组分比例在果实不同发育期中存在差异。紫果百香果和黄果百香果均属于柠檬酸优势型。转色期T2~T4是百香果果实品质变化的关键时期。随着果实成熟均出现退糖现象,且黄果百香果的固酸比大于紫果。果实完全成熟时,钦蜜果实中的固酸比显著高于其他品种。百香果果实固酸比主要受柠檬酸含量的影响,且成反比。

关键词:百香果;转色期;可溶性糖;有机酸;固酸比

百香果学名西番莲,是西番莲科西番莲属多年生草质藤本植物。西番莲属的种质资源丰富,主要集中在南美洲亚马逊河流域,西番莲属(Passiflora Lim)有520 多种,其中果实可食用的约60 种[1]。在我国作为商业性栽培的品种主要有紫色百香果(P.edulis Sims)(2n=2x=18)、黄色百香果(P.edulis f.flavicarpa)(2n=2x=18)及其杂交种[2],广泛种植于我国广西、福建、云南、海南、台湾等地。近年来,随着人们对果品营养的要求越来越高,加之百香果独特的口感和风味,可鲜食,可调果汁,也可用于加工,因此市场对鲜食百香果的需求显著增加,产业得到迅速发展。据不完全统计,截至2021 年,全国百香果种植面积已突破6.67万hm2,年产量达到100万t,产值超过100 亿元。然而,目前百香果优质鲜食品种较少,难以满足市场需求,且对百香果的研究多集中于香气方面[3-4],关于果实糖酸组分方面的研究尚显不足,导致对产业的支持力度也相应匮乏。因此,研究不同栽培品种的百香果果实糖酸组分的动态变化规律,对培育优质品种、优质果品生产、果实的适时采收具有重要意义。

糖酸的种类、含量及比例是对果实品质和口感影响最大的因素,在很大程度上决定了果实的商品价值,一直以来深受人们关注,也是广大科研工作者一直致力于品种改良的重要指标之一。百香果果实中可溶性糖以葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖为主[5],有机酸以柠檬酸、苹果酸和琥珀酸为主[6]。前人在对黄色和紫色百香果的代谢组和转录组联合分析中发现,可溶性糖和有机酸的积累在黄色和紫色百香果间有显著差异[7],同时对紫色百香果的3个不同成熟时期研究发现,果肉中大量的有机酸在果实成熟过程中显著减少,葡萄糖在果实成熟过程中显著积累[8]。而柠檬酸是黄色和紫色百香果果实发育过程中的主要有机酸[9]。邝瑞彬等[10]研究表明,台农、满天星、芭乐黄金、大黄金等4 个品种(系)中影响百香果果实品质最大的指标是可溶性固形含量和可滴定酸含量及糖酸比等。刘文静等[11]研究表明,台农、紫香、满天星、芭乐黄金果、实生株系紫果等5个品系中能够反映百香果品质特征的成分主要有可溶性糖和有机酸含量等。

从过去的研究中不难发现,糖酸组分的种类和含量的差异直接影响果实的风味和品质。目前我国关于百香果果实的研究主要集中在挥发性物质方面,对于百香果果实转色期糖酸组分的相关性分析较少。明确百香果果实转色过程中的糖酸变化规律,是优质百香果高效生产的基础。黄色百香果和紫色百香果是我国百香果的主栽品种,其中黄色百香果口感偏甜,以鲜食为主,紫色百香果口感偏酸,以加工为主。笔者以钦蜜和壮乡蜜宝等2个黄色百香果、台农和满天星等2 个紫色百香果、黄香1 号和中百6号等2个自主选育的黄色百香果品种为试材,对6个百香果品种的果实在转色关键期的糖酸组分及含量进行测定,对成熟期果实品质性状进行剖析,明确百香果不同种及不同品种间的糖酸代谢特征,以期为百香果适时采收及品种选育提供理论基础。

1 材料和方法

1.1 试材及取样

以钦蜜(QM)、壮乡蜜宝(ZXMB)、中百6 号(ZB-6)、黄香1 号(HX-1)、台农(TN)、满天星(MTX)等6 个百香果品种为试验材料,供试品种包括黄色百香果(黄果)和紫色百香果(紫果)两大主栽类型,而且选取了新优品种和经典品种进行比较。所有材料均保存于海南省省级西番莲种质资源圃(儋州),管理水平趋于一致,长势相近。按果实转色程度不同分为5个时期:T1(花后12周):果皮绿色,果肉浅黄色;T2(花后13 周):果皮微黄/微紫红,果肉黄色;T3(花后14 周):果皮半黄/半紫红,果肉黄色;T4(成熟期,花后15周):果皮全黄/全紫红色,果肉黄色;T5(花后16 周):果皮微皱,果肉黄色。每一时期采摘6 个生长情况一致的果实,测量果实基础指标后取出果肉,分装入50 mL 的离心管中,放入-80 ℃的超低温冰箱中保存备用。

1.2 可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量的测定

从备用果浆中吸取1 mL,用糖酸仪(ATAGO PAL-BX/ACID 1)测量可溶性固形物含量,采用ZDJ-4B 自动电位滴定仪(上海雷磁)测定可滴定酸含量。固酸比为可溶性固形物含量/可滴定酸含量。

1.3 有机酸组分及含量的测定

采用高效液相色谱法测定百香果果浆中有机酸组分及含量,参考王琴飞等[12]方法,并加以改良。

样品预处理:量取百香果果浆1.0 mL用0.1%的H3PO4溶液定容至20 mL,放入超声波清洗器中超声提取30 min(超声频率为360 kHz,温度为30 ℃),过滤后取滤液离心(10 000g,20 min),上清液经0.22 μm滤膜过滤后直接进样,上机待测。每个样品设3次重复。总酸含量=柠檬酸+苹果酸+酒石酸+乳酸。

色谱条件:色谱柱为Polaris C18-A 色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm);检测器为紫外检测器;流动相为98%0.1%磷酸-2%甲醇;流速为0.5 mL·min-1;进样量为20 μL;检测波长为210 nm;柱温为紫果30 ℃,黄果40 ℃。

1.4 可溶性糖组分及含量的测定

样品预处理:取百香果果浆1.2 mL 于2 mL 离心管中,室温8000 r·min-1,离心10 min,0.22 μm 滤膜过滤后直接进样,上机待测,每个样品设3 次重复。总糖含量=蔗糖+果糖+葡萄糖。

色谱条件:色谱柱为ZORBAX NH2 色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm);流动相为乙腈-水(75∶25,V/V);流速为1 mL·min-1;柱温为30 ℃;进样量为10 μL;示差折光检测器温度为30 ℃。

1.5 数据分析

利用Microsoft Excel 2016 进行数据处理与绘图,应用IBM SPSS Statistics 22 进行差异显著性分析,采用Origin 2021进行相关性分析及图表的制作。

2 结果与分析

2.1 百香果果实转色过程中的可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量分析

钦蜜(QM)、壮乡蜜宝(ZXMB)、中百6 号(ZB-6)、黄香1号(HX-1)、台农(TN)、满天星(MTX)等6个百香果品种的可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)随着果实转色均呈先升高后下降的趋势(图1-A),且在T3 时期达到最高值,分别为18.20%、19.13%、18.00%、18.57%、18.60%、17.38%。可滴定酸含量随着壮乡蜜宝、中百6 号、黄香1 号、台农和满天星的果实转色均呈逐渐降低的趋势(图1-B),钦蜜则呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,在T2 时期达到最大值4.88 g·100 g-1。随着百香果果实转色,6个百香果品种中,除钦蜜的固酸比逐渐增大外,壮乡蜜宝、中百6号、黄香1号、台农、满天星等5个品种的固酸比均呈先上升后下降的趋势,并在T4 时期达到最大值,分别为6.22、4.65、5.75、4.56、4.03(图1-C)。

图1 6 个百香果品种在果实转色过程中物质含量的变化
Fig.1 Changes in substance content during fruit coloration in 6 passion fruit varieties

不同小写字母表示同一品种不同发育阶段在p<0.05 水平差异显著。下同。
Different small letters indicated significant difference between development periods of the same variety at p<0.05 level.The same below.

2.2 百香果果实转色过程中可溶性糖组分及含量的变化

百香果在果实转色过程中蔗糖含量(ρ)整体上呈先上升后下降的趋势(图2-A),但蔗糖含量在果实转色过程中的最高值因品种而异,其中钦蜜、壮乡蜜宝、黄香1 号和满天星在T3 时期蔗糖含量最高,分别为37.45、40.49、37.39 和20.30 mg·mL-1,中百6号在T2时期蔗糖含量最高(34.40 mg·mL-1),台农在T4 时期蔗糖含量最高(49.98 mg·mL-1)。果糖和葡萄糖在6个品种中的果实不同转色时期的变化趋势相一致(图2-B~C),钦蜜、中百6号、黄香1号和满天星随着果实转色,果糖和葡萄糖含量均呈先升高后降低的趋势,其中钦蜜的果糖和葡萄糖含量在T3时期达到最高,分别为43.96 mg·mL-1和37.45 mg·mL-1,中百6 号、黄香1 号、满天星的果糖和葡萄糖含量在T4 时期达到最高,果糖含量分别为48.76、42.19、36.51 mg·mL-1,葡萄糖含量分别为45.57、35.88、31.94 mg·mL-1。随着台农果实的转色,其果糖和葡萄糖含量在T5 时期最高。而壮乡蜜宝果实转色期的果糖和葡萄糖含量变化趋势均呈先降低后升高再降低的趋势,但变化幅度均较小。

图2 6 个百香果品种在果实转色过程中可溶性糖含量的变化
Fig.2 Changes in soluble sugar content during fruit coloration in 6 passion fruit varieties

2.3 百香果果实转色过程中有机酸组分及含量的变化

百香果果实转色期的有机酸含量变化如图3所示。不同品种的有机酸组分的含量及其变化趋势不同,整体来看,柠檬酸为百香果果实有机酸的主要成分(13.80~36.89 mg·mL-1),其在不同时期的含量均远高于苹果酸、琥珀酸、乳酸和酒石酸,占总酸的58.69%~87.12%,且6个百香果品种的柠檬酸含量变化均随着果实转色呈逐渐下降的趋势(图3-A)。其次为苹果酸含量,在2.29~8.67 mg·mL-1之间,其中中百6号的苹果酸含量高于其他品种(图3-B),并随着果实转色呈现下降的趋势。百香果果实中琥珀酸、乳酸和酒石酸含量较低,分别为0.29~3.46、0.16~2.23、0.14~1.10 mg·mL-1,且在T5 时期壮乡蜜宝和满天星未检测出乳酸,中百6 号未检测出琥珀酸。满天星和钦蜜的琥珀酸含量高于其他品种,并在果实转色过程中呈先上升后下降的趋势(图3-C),在T3 和T4 时期达到最高,分别为3.46 mg·mL-1 和3.27 mg·mL-1。钦蜜的乳酸含量高于其他品种。整体上看,随着果实转色呈现升高的趋势(图3-D)。

图3 6 个百香果品种在果实转色过程中有机酸含量的变化
Fig.3 Changes in organic acid content during fruit coloration in 6 passion fruit varieties

2.4 不同品种百香果果实成熟期糖酸组分及含量差异性和相关性分析

由表1可知,在成熟期的6个百香果品种糖酸组分均呈现出品种间的显著差异。中百6号果实中的果糖和葡萄糖含量显著高于其他品种,虽然台农果实中的蔗糖含量显著高于其他品种,但中百6 号果实中的总糖含量显著高于其他品种,而壮乡蜜宝的可溶性固形物含量高于其他品种。6个百香果品种的果实中酸组分以柠檬酸为主,占比达到68.27%~84.22%,其中台农果实中的柠檬酸含量显著高于除中百6 号外的其他品种,总酸含量显著高于其他品种,可滴定酸含量与满天星无显著差异,但显著高于其他品种。由此可见,紫色百香果果实中的可滴定酸含量均显著高于黄色百香果品种。固酸比是对果实口感起决定性作用的理化指标,从6个百香果品种的固酸比分析发现,钦蜜果实的固酸比显著高于其他品种,且黄色百香果的固酸比高于紫色百香果,固酸比从高到低依次为钦蜜>壮乡蜜宝>黄香1号>中百6号>台农>满天星。

表1 6 个百香果品种果实成熟期糖酸组分含量的比较(平均值±标准误差)
Table 1 Comparison of sugar and acid contents at maturity in 6 passion fruit varieties(mean±SE)

注:不同小写字母表示同一组分在品种间差异达到显著水平(p<0.05)。
Note:Different small letters indicate significant differences in the same component among varieties(p<0.05).

品种Variety钦蜜QM壮乡蜜宝ZXMB中百6号ZB-6黄香1号HX-1台农TN满天星MTX品种Variety钦蜜QM壮乡蜜宝ZXMB中百6号ZB-6黄香1号HX-1台农TN满天星MTX ρ(果糖)Fructose content/(mg·mL-1)36.01±0.03 e 44.16±0.22 b 48.76±0.12 a 42.19±0.34 c 28.35±0.04 f 36.51±0.04 d ρ(琥珀酸)Succinic acid content/(mg·mL-1)3.27±0.19 a 1.46±0.12 c 0.29±0.01 e 1.04±0.06 d 1.87±0.06 b 3.09±0.17 a ρ(葡萄糖)Glucose content/(mg·mL-1)32.84±0.18 d 38.96±0.12 b 45.57±0.17 a 35.88±0.36 c 25.07±0.16 f 31.94±0.07 e ρ(总糖)Total sugar content/(mg·mL-1)100.58±0.24 e 118.28±0.19 b 125.86±0.12 a 107.05±1.11 c 103.40±0.13 d 83.69±0.10 f ρ(蔗糖)Sucrose content/(mg·mL-1)31.72±0.06 c 35.17±0.15 b 31.53±0.24 c 28.98±0.47 d 49.98±0.07 a 15.24±0.01 e ρ(总酸)Total acid content/(mg·mL-1)22.88±0.40 d 24.54±0.71 c 28.16±0.58 b 23.93±0.03 c 30.78±0.72 a 28.88±0.26 b ρ(酒石酸)Tartaric acid content/(mg·mL-1)0.23±0.01 f 0.49±0.03 d 0.92±0.03 b 1.00±0.03 a 0.62±0.02 c 0.40±0.01 e w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solid content/%17.80±0.20 b 19.17±0.90 a 17.47±0.15 b 18.13±0.58 ab 18.13±0.21 ab 16.10±0.70 c ρ(苹果酸)Malic acid content/(mg·mL-1)2.08±0.07 d 2.33±0.05 c 2.28±0.05 c 2.96±0.01 b 4.01±0.10 a 2.08±0.02 d ρ(乳酸)Lactic acid content/(mg·mL-1)1.68±0.04 a 0.18±0.01 d 0.95±0.03 b 0.31±0.01 c 0.34±0.01 c 0.18±0.01 d ρ(柠檬酸)Citric acid content/(mg·mL-1)15.62±0.24 e 20.08±0.50 c 23.72±0.51 ab 18.61±0.01 d 23.95±0.58 a 23.13±0.13 b w(可滴定酸)Titratable acid content/(g·100 g-1)2.40±0.07 d 3.09±0.05 c 3.76±0.03 b 3.16±0.07 c 3.98±0.11 a 4.00±0.08 a固酸比Solid acid ratio 7.44±0.30 a 6.22±0.38 b 4.65±0.04 c 5.75±0.31 b 4.56±0.18 cd 4.03±0.25 d

为探明6个百香果品种果实转色过程中各糖酸组分间的关系,对6 个百香果品种果实成熟期的固酸比和可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、总糖、总酸含量及各糖酸组分含量进行相关性分析。由图4 可知,果糖含量与葡萄糖含量呈极显著正相关;琥珀酸含量与酒石酸和总糖含量呈显著负相关;总酸含量与柠檬酸和可滴定酸含量呈极显著正相关,与固酸比呈显著负相关;可滴定酸含量与柠檬酸和总酸含量呈极显著正相关,与固酸比呈极显著负相关;固酸比与柠檬酸和可滴定酸含量呈极显著负相关,与总酸含量呈显著负相关。由此表明,柠檬酸是影响百香果果实固酸比的重要因素,即百香果果实中的柠檬酸含量越高,可滴定酸含量就越高,而固酸比则越低,口感越酸。

图4 6 个百香果品种成熟期糖酸组分含量的相关性分析
Fig.4 Correlation analysis of the contents of sugar and acid components in the mature fruit of 6 passion fruit varieties

*代表显著相关(p<0.05);**代表极显著相关(p<0.01)。
*indicates significant correlation(p<0.05);**indicates extremely significant correlation(p<0.01).

3 讨 论

百香果作为我国近年来备受瞩目的新兴热带水果,其独特的香气、酸甜的口感和丰富的营养赢得了广泛的赞誉。笔者选取主栽品种、自育品种等6 个百香果品种,进行果实转色期的品质特征分析,发现随着百香果果实转色,6 个百香果品种均出现“退糖”现象,即随着百香果果实的成熟,可溶性固形物含量降低。可溶性固形物是评价果实品质的一个重要指标,其主要成分是可溶性糖[13]。生产上常用可溶性固形物含量来代替果实中可溶性糖含量,吴芳芳等[14]研究发现不同发育期黄金百香果果实中可溶性固形物含量与可溶性糖含量呈极显著正相关,且变化趋势一致,出现退糖现象,与本研究结果相一致。百香果的口感主要受固酸比的影响,比值越大,果实越甜,比值越小,果实越酸[15]。虽然6个百香果品种果实中的可溶性固形物含量和可滴定酸含量在果实转色后期均出现不同程度的下降,但其固酸比呈现上升的趋势,与吴斌等[16]在黄金百香果果实不同发育期固酸比变化趋势的研究结果相一致。由此可见,百香果完全成熟至果皮微皱时期(T4~T5 时期),果实口感逐渐变甜,其中钦蜜果实的固酸比最高。

糖酸是影响果实口感的决定性因素。前人研究表明,果实可溶性糖组分及含量因不同作物而异,葡萄果实中葡萄糖含量最高[17],荔枝[18]、杧果[19]、桃[20]等果实中蔗糖含量最高,苹果[21]、梨[22]等果实中果糖含量最高。笔者在本研究中对钦蜜、壮乡蜜宝、中百6号、黄香1号、满天星等5个百香果果实成熟期的糖组分分析,发现果糖含量均最高,而台农果实成熟期的蔗糖含量最高。前人对紫香果实中的糖组分分析发现蔗糖含量最高[5],与本研究台农果实糖组分的结果相一致,主要原因可能在于紫香是从紫果与黄果的杂交种台农1号中筛选出的品种。王宇等[23]对紫香、黄金和满天星等3 种百香果果实糖组分进行研究,发现含量最高的是葡萄糖,与本研究中的黄果和满天星果实糖组分的结果相一致。由此可见,同一作物不同品种间可溶性糖组分含量存在差异,造成这一结果的原因主要是可溶性糖的相互转化与品种密切相关[24]。果实中的有机酸组分因不同品种而异,按照果实中积累主要有机酸的含量,可将果实分为苹果酸型、柠檬酸型和酒石酸型三大类[25]。王琴飞等[12]对紫色百香果和黄色百香果中的有机酸含量进行检测,结果表明,柠檬酸含量最高。袁启凤等[5]对紫香1号百香果果实有机酸分析,发现柠檬酸含量最高,与本研究结果相一致。本研究中6种百香果果实成熟期柠檬酸含量占总酸的68.27%~84.22%,因此紫色百香果和黄色百香果均属于柠檬酸优势型。

此外,不同品种的糖酸组分比例在果实不同发育期中存在差异。赵爱玲等[26]采用超高效液相色谱法对20 个枣品种果实中的主要糖和有机酸组分进行分析,发现糖组分及其含量在不同品种果实发育期存在显著差异,柠檬酸含量在不同发育时期无显著差异。本研究中除壮乡蜜宝在5个果实转色期果糖含量一直保持最高外,其余5 个品种在前期以蔗糖为主,后期以果糖为主,与梨成熟果实中的糖以果糖为主的结果相一致[27]。柑橘等柠檬酸优势型的果实在生长转色过程中柠檬酸含量呈先升高后降低的趋势[28]。本研究中6个百香果品种的果实柠檬酸含量随着果实成熟逐渐降低,主要是样品采集从转色初期(膨大期)开始,即T1时期果肉已经转成黄色而导致柠檬酸含量逐渐降低。

前人在枣[29]、葡萄[30]等多种作物中的研究表明,固酸比与可滴定酸含量呈极显著负相关,笔者在本研究中对果实糖酸组分进行相关性分析,发现百香果固酸比与柠檬酸、可滴定酸含量呈极显著负相关(p<0.01),这与前人的研究结果基本一致,由此可见,固酸比受柠檬酸含量的影响最为显著。李慧敏等[31]对蜜奈夏橙的研究也表明,固酸比与可滴定酸、柠檬酸含量呈极显著负相关。

4 结 论

百香果不同品种的糖酸组分及比例在果实不同发育期中存在差异。转色期T2~T4 是钦蜜、壮乡蜜宝、中百6 号、黄香1 号、台农、满天星等6 个百香果品种果实品质变化的关键时期,随着果实成熟均出现退糖现象,且黄果的固酸比大于紫果。果实完全成熟时,固酸比从高到低依次为钦蜜>壮乡蜜宝>黄香1 号>中百6 号>台农>满天星。紫果和黄果均属于柠檬酸优势型,百香果果实固酸比主要受柠檬酸含量的影响,且成反比。通过上述研究,6个不同品种的百香果最佳食用期为果实完全成熟至果皮微皱期,其中满天星、黄香1 号及壮乡蜜宝这3 个品种的果实,在达到半转色阶段后,其酸甜口感的平衡已相当接近完全成熟时的状态,因此这一阶段也同样适宜品尝和食用。

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Evaluation of sugar and acid quality traits of different passionfruit varieties during coloration period

WU Bin1,2,SU Jinsheng3#,XING Wenting1,2,SONG Shun1,2,MA Funing1,2,HUANG Dongmei1,2*
(1Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute,Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rual Affairs/Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources Genetic Improvement and Innovation of Hainan Province, Haikou 571101, Hainan, China;2 Germplasm Repository of Passiflora,Hainan Province,Danzhou 571737,Hainan,China;3College of Tropical Crop Science,Yunnan Agricultural University,Puer 665099,Yunnan,China)

Abstract: 【Objective】To study the dynamic changes in sugar and acid components during fruit coloration of the main passionfruit cultivars and some self-bred varieties including yellow varieties and purple varieties, in order to determine the appropriate harvest time, produce high-quality fruits and cultivate high-quality varieties of passionfruit.【Methods】The tested varieties included Qinmi (QM),Zhuangxiang Mibao (ZXMB), Zhongbai No. 6 (ZB-6), Huangxiang No. 1(HX-1), Tainong (TN) and Mantiaxing(MTX)for the trial materials,and the samples were collected at the five stages according to the degree of fruit color change and ripeness.The five stages were:T1(12 weeks after flowering),with green fruit skin,pale yellow flesh;T2(13 weeks after flowering):yellowish fruit skin and yellow flesh;T3 (after 14 weeks after flowering), with half-yellow fruit skin and yellow flesh;T4 (ripe period, after 15 weeks after flowering), with yellow fruit skin and yellow flesh;T5 (after 16 weeks after flowering),with slightly wrinkled fruit skin and yellow flesh.The soluble solid content was measured using a sugaracid meter(ATAGO PAL-BX/ACID 1);the acid content was determined using a ZDJ-4B automatic potentiometric titrator (Shanghai Lei-ci), and the solid to acid ratio was calculated.The organic acids and soluble sugar components and content were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).【Results】As the fruits matured and changed color, the soluble solid contents in the flesh of QM,ZXMB,ZB-6,HX-1,TN and MTX varieties displayed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing,and reached peak values at T3,when the fruit peel was half-yellow and the flesh yellow.The titratable acid content of ZXMB,ZB-6,HX-1,TN and MTX decreased gradually as the fruits changed color,while that of QM showed an up-and-down trend.Except for QM,solid to acid ratio increased gradually during fruit coloration. The solid to acid ratios of ZXMB, ZB-6, HX-1, TN and MTX varieties all showed an up-and-down trend.The sucrose content during coloration of the fruit in all varieties showed an up-and-down trend, but the highest value of sucrose content varied among the varieties.The change trends of fructose and glucose during coloration period were consistent in the six varieties, among which QM,ZB-6,HX-1,and MTX increased first and then decreased.Citric acid is the main organic acid component in passionfruit, and the change trend of citric acid of the six passionfruit varieties all showed a gradual decrease as the fruits changed color. Malic acid is the second major organic acid,while the contents of succinic acid, lactic acid and tartaric acid were very low. There were significant differences in sugar and acid components among the six passionfruit varieties at mature stage.The contents of fructose and glucose in the fruit of ZB-6 was significantly higher than that of the other varieties at mature stage, while ZXMB had a significantly higher soluble solid content than the other varieties.The major acid components in the mature fruits of the six passion fruit varieties was citric acid, which accounted for 68.27%-84.22%of the total.Citric acid,total acid and titratable acidity in TN were significantly higher than those in the other varieties.QM had a significantly higher solid to acid ratio than the other varieties, and the solid to acid ratio of yellow passionfruit was higher than that of the purple passionfruit varieties. The solid to acid ratio from high to low was: QM >ZXMB >HX-1 >ZB-6 >TN >MTX.【Conclusion】Sugars, acids and sugar to acid ratio in different passionfruit varieties vary at different stages of fruit maturation. T2-T4 is the key period of fruit quality formation for QM, ZXMB,ZB-6,HX-1,TN and MTX.With fruit maturation,reducing sugars tend to reduce,and the solid to acid ratio of yellow passionfruit varieties is greater than that of purple passionfruit.When the fruit is fully ripe, the solid to acid ratio from high to low is as follows: QM >ZXMB >HX-1 >ZB-6 >TN >MTX.Both purple and yellow varieties belong to the citric acid dominant type,and the fruit solid to acid ratio is mainly influenced by citric acid content.Through the above research,the optimal harvest period of the six passionfruit varieties is from the complete maturity to the stage of slightly wrinkled skin.Among them, the fruits of MTX, HX-1, and ZXMB, have a fairly balanced sour and sweet taste at the stage of half-color change quite close to the state of full maturity, so this stage is also suitable for harvesting.

Key words: Passion fruit;Color-changed period;Soluble sugar;Organic acid;Solid-acid ratio

中图分类号:S667.9

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2024)12-2532-11

DOI: 10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20240276

收稿日期:2024-05-28

接受日期:2024-08-06

基金项目:2024年海南育种联合攻关项目(百香果育种联合攻关);海南省科技专项(ZDYF2024XDNY281)

作者简介:吴斌,男,助理研究员,主要从事百香果新品种选育及配套栽培技术管理。E-mail:wubin520327@163.com。#为共同第一作者。

*通信作者 Author for correspondence.E-mail:huangdm@catas.cn