不同温度条件下两种贮藏方式对阳桃花粉活力的影响

朱杨帆,欧景莉,刘 映,黄雪梅,陈 燕,何 江,陈豪军,黄显雅,莫德原,荣 涛*

(广西壮族自治区亚热带作物研究所·广西亚热带特色水果质量安全控制重点实验室,南宁 530001)

摘 要:【目的】 探究阳桃花粉保存的适宜方法,为阳桃的花粉贮藏和阳桃杂交育种奠定基础。【方法】以阳桃品种夏威夷的花粉为试验材料,分别对花粉进行真空处理和硅胶干燥后置于不同温度条件下(25 ℃、4 ℃、-20 ℃和-40 ℃),利用花粉离体萌发培养法,连续测定阳桃花粉不同保存时间(0、1、3、7、10、15、30、90 d)后的花粉萌发率和花粉管长度,比较不同贮藏方式对阳桃花粉活力的影响。【结果】在25 ℃条件下,真空处理后的阳桃花粉在第10天的萌发率为0;在4 ℃条件下,真空处理后的阳桃花粉在第15天的萌发率约为20%,然后萌发率快速降低;在-20 ℃条件下,真空处理后的花粉保存90 d时萌发率为24.13%,花粉管长度为231.99 μm;在-40 ℃条件下,真空处理后的花粉保存90 d时萌发率为56.33%,花粉管长度为246.76 μm;硅胶干燥处理后的阳桃花粉在各温度条件下保存3 d花粉萌发率皆为0。【结论】真空和低温均能有效延长阳桃花粉的贮藏期,在-20 ℃和-40 ℃条件下,真空处理能有效保存阳桃花粉长达90 d。

关键词:阳桃;花粉;活力;贮藏

阳桃(Averrhoa carambola L.)为酢浆草科阳桃属多年生常绿乔木,原产于东南亚,是一种南方的特色水果,在中国南部诸多省份均有栽培[1]。阳桃果实清甜多汁,风味可口,果形独特,有早产、丰产、寿命长的特点,具有重要的经济价值[2]。然而,市场上良种的缺乏制约产业发展,加快优良品种的选育是产业持续健康发展的关键。在杂交育种过程中,杂交亲本间常存在花期不遇、远距离杂交的问题,花粉贮藏能在一定时间内保持花粉的生活力,解决杂交过程中的时空障碍和亲本选配问题[3]。因此,花粉贮藏条件的研究对杂交育种的成功具有重要意义。研究表明,花粉生活力除受自身遗传因素决定外,外界环境也是影响花粉生活力的重要因素,低温、较低的相对湿度、低压尤其真空的条件下能适当延长花粉贮藏时间[4]。花粉在温度条件下的贮藏研究发现,在-20 ℃下能够有效保存大多数植物的花粉,如白扦花粉在-20 ℃下保存1 a(年)花粉萌发率仍达到80%,但也有花粉不耐低温,如禾本科植物玉米花粉在低温环境(低于-17 ℃)就不易贮藏[5];在湿度条件下的贮藏研究发现,在-18 ℃条件下,仙人掌花粉随着相对湿度增加而花粉贮藏时间缩短,相对湿度降低而花粉贮藏时间延长[6];在低压条件下的贮藏研究发现,在-21 ℃的真空条件下,紫苜蓿花粉贮藏11 a 仍有生活力,柑橘属(Citrus)和百合属(Lilium)的花粉在真空条件下贮藏效果也较好,但也有植物花粉在减压条件下就会立刻死亡,如大麦属(Hordeum)和甘蔗属(Saccharum)植物的花粉[7]。关于植物花粉贮藏前人已有大量报道,然而,南方小宗果树阳桃的花粉贮藏却鲜见研究,仅有关于阳桃花粉营养成分[8]、扫描电镜观察[9]、花粉离体萌发配方[10]等方面的研究。夏威夷阳桃从美国夏威夷引入,果肉淡黄,风味清甜,渣少汁多,品质优,果棱带绿,外观漂亮[11],朱杨帆等[10]在阳桃花粉离体萌发研究时发现,夏威夷阳桃的新鲜花粉活力较强,且在蔗糖和氯化钙浓度过高的BK培养液中依旧能保持较高的萌发率,花粉萌发的抗逆性较强,是较好的杂交育种父本材料。因此,笔者在本研究中以夏威夷阳桃花粉为试验材料,采用花粉离体萌发培养法,探究不同贮藏温度在干燥和真空处理条件下对阳桃花粉活力的影响,以期获得阳桃花粉保存的适宜方法,为阳桃杂交育种以及花粉保存相关研究提供理论依据。

1 材料和方法

1.1 材料

以阳桃品种夏威夷为试验材料,样品采自广西壮族自治区亚热带作物研究所阳桃种质资源圃。

1.2 方法

早晨采摘当日开放的发育良好的花朵,轻取花药并用硫酸纸装好。将花粉进行干燥和真空处理。干燥处理:将花粉放入50 mL 冻存管并用硅胶干燥剂填满;真空处理:将花粉装上真空专用袋,并用真空机(美吉斯MS1160)抽真空。以未做处理的花粉为对照。分别将干燥、真空和对照处理的样品储存在25 ℃恒温箱,4 ℃、-20 ℃和-40 ℃冰箱中保存,并在保存的第0、3、7、15、30、90 天测定花粉萌发率和花粉管长度。

1.3 测定项目

花粉萌发率采用花粉离体萌发法,参照朱杨帆等[10]的方法进行测定。花粉管长度使用Image-Pro Plus 6.0软件进行测量。

1.4 数据分析

利用Excel 和IBM SPSS 18.0 软件对数据进行整理和方差分析,利用Excel软件制作图表。

2 结果与分析

2.1 在25 ℃下阳桃花粉萌发率和花粉管长度的变化

由图1可知,新鲜花粉,即各处理的花粉保存0 d时的花粉萌发率为79.56%,花粉管长度为295.07 μm。硅胶干燥和对照处理的阳桃花粉在25 ℃下保存3 d花粉萌发率为0,真空处理的阳桃花粉保存10 d 花粉萌发率为0,此时花粉已失活。由此可见,在25 ℃贮藏温度下,各处理的花粉保存时间较短,硅胶干燥和对照处理的阳桃花粉保存3 d后花粉失活,真空处理的阳桃花粉保存10 d后花粉失活。

图1 在25 ℃下不同处理对花粉萌发率和花粉管长度的影响
Fig.1 Effects of different storage methods on pollen germination rate and pollen tube length at 25 ℃

不包含相同字母的任意2 组数据代表达到5%差异显著水平(p<0.05)。下同。
Each two group of data that do not share same letters indicate significant difference of 5%between the two groups(p<0.05).The same below.

2.2 在4 ℃下阳桃花粉萌发率和花粉管长度的变化

从图2可知,在4 ℃下硅胶干燥和对照处理的花粉保存3 d后花粉萌发率为0;真空处理的花粉保存90 d花粉萌发率为6.18%,花粉管长度为107.16 μm。由此可见,在4 ℃贮藏温度下,硅胶干燥和对照处理的阳桃花粉保存时间较短,保存3 d后花粉失活,而真空处理的阳桃花粉保存时间较长,保存90 d 仍有花粉活力,但花粉萌发率较低,为6.18%。

图2 在4 ℃下不同处理对花粉萌发率和花粉管长度的影响
Fig.2 Effects of different storage methods on pollen germination rate and pollen tube length at 4 ℃

2.3 在-20 ℃下阳桃花粉萌发率和花粉管长度的变化

由图3可知,在-20 ℃下硅胶干燥和对照处理的花粉保存3 d花粉萌发率为0;真空处理保存90 d的花粉仍然具有萌发力,花粉萌发率为24.13%,花粉管长度为231.99 μm。可见,在-20 ℃贮藏温度下,硅胶干燥和对照处理的阳桃花粉保存时间较短,保存3 d后花粉失活,而真空处理的阳桃花粉保存时间较长,保存90 d花粉萌发率为24.13%。

图3 在-20 ℃下不同处理对花粉萌发率和花粉管长度的影响
Fig.3 Effects of different storage methods on pollen germination rate and pollen tube length at-20 ℃

2.4 在-40 ℃下阳桃花粉萌发率和花粉管长度的变化

从图4 可知,在-40 ℃下硅胶干燥和对照处理的花粉保存3 d花粉萌发率为0;真空处理的花粉保存90 d 仍具有花粉萌发力,花粉萌发率为56.33%,花粉管长度为246.76 μm。可见,在-40 ℃贮藏温度下,硅胶干燥和对照处理的阳桃花粉保存时间较短,保存3 d后花粉失活,而真空处理的阳桃花粉保存时间较长,保存90 d花粉萌发率在50%以上。

图4 在-40 ℃贮藏温度下不同处理对花粉萌发率和花粉管长度的影响
Fig.4 Effects of different storage methods on pollen germination rate and pollen tube length at-40 ℃

3 讨 论

花粉保存的目的是延长花粉的寿命,解决杂交育种中亲本花期不一致或亲本存在地理隔离的限制问题,从而更好地利用花粉进行杂交育种,提高果实产量等。影响花粉寿命的因素除了自身的遗传因素外,环境因素也有很大影响[12]。研究表明,保存温度影响花粉的寿命,一般来说,温度越低越有利于花粉的贮藏。花粉在极低的温度下(-180 ℃到-270 ℃)一切生化活动几乎停止,理论上讲,花粉的生活力可以长期保存[13]。根据有关观察推论,羽扇豆花粉在-180 ℃条件下能够保存一百万年[13]。斑叶堇菜花粉在25 ℃下贮藏120 d花粉萌发率为0,而在-80 ℃下贮藏360 d 依然具有40.50%的萌发率[14]。文冠果花粉在25 ℃下仅能储存15 d,而在-80 ℃条件下保存1 a花粉萌发率接近50%[15]。在本研究中,硅胶干燥和对照处理的花粉,在25 ℃保存1 d 花粉萌发率分别为12.12%和9.57%,而在-40 ℃下保存1 d花粉萌发率分别为35.68%和32.59%;真空处理的花粉,在25 ℃保存10 d 花粉萌发率为0,而在-40 ℃下保存90 d花粉萌发率仍在50%以上。这些结果说明低温可以有效延长阳桃花粉的生活力,这可能是由于低温降低了阳桃花粉的呼吸作用和生命代谢活动。

相对湿度是影响花粉寿命的另一重要因素。较低的相对湿度能够抑制代谢,降低酶的活性和呼吸速率,使花粉能够维持较长时间的生活力[6]。风铃木花粉在相同的贮藏温度条件下,通过干燥处理能够抑制花粉活力的下降速度[16]。在香花油茶无性系花粉研究中,发现低温和适度干燥可大大延长花粉的寿命[17]。但也有研究指出,有些植物的花粉贮藏时的水分含量要高于40%,否则花粉活力会快速降低,如君子兰、郁金香和梅花草等[18]。在本研究中,通过硅胶干燥处理来降低花粉保存环境的空气相对湿度,以达到延长花粉寿命的目的。然而,硅胶干燥和对照处理的花粉在各温度下保存3 d萌发率皆为0,说明硅胶干燥处理对阳桃花粉的有效贮藏无显著促进作用,这可能是由于硅胶干燥处理降低了花粉的含水量,而阳桃花粉的萌发需要一定的含水量,因此干燥处理不利于阳桃花粉的萌发,这在上述君子兰、郁金香和梅花草等[18]的研究中已有类似报道。

研究发现,花粉在低压环境下有利于花粉的长期保存,通过抽真空等方式,降低保存环境中的氧气浓度(甚至无氧),其原因在于低压环境抑制了呼吸作用,从而达到延长生活力的目的[12]。如对西南桦花粉低温贮藏的研究中发现,在-10 ℃和-20 ℃下真空保存,能有效保持其花粉的活力[19]。关于魔芋花粉的研究发现,在-20 ℃条件下,普通干燥处理的花粉保存100 d萌发率为15.77%,而真空干燥处理花粉萌发率为26.43%[20]。在西瓜花粉研究中,在-18 ℃和-25 ℃温度条件下,采用真空方式保存,保存期186 d以上的花粉活力仍在50%以上,低温真空保存能有效保持西瓜花粉生活力[21]。在本研究中,真空处理的阳桃花粉,在25 ℃下保存7 d 仍有近20%的萌发率,而在-40 ℃保存90 d 花粉活力可在50%以上,对照处理的花粉在各温度下保存3 d花粉萌发率皆为0,说明真空处理是阳桃花粉有效贮藏中的重要因素,能有效维持花粉生活力。研究结果表明,真空处理和低温(-20 ℃或-40 ℃)贮藏条件组合能有效贮存阳桃花粉。

4 结 论

真空和低温均能有效延长阳桃花粉的贮藏期,在-20 ℃和-40 ℃条件下,真空处理能有效保存阳桃花粉长达90 d。

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Effects of two storage methods on pollen viability of Carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.)under different temperature conditions

ZHU Yangfan,OU Jingli,LIU Ying,HUANG Xuemei,CHEN Yan,HE Jiang,CHEN Haojun,HUANG Xianya,MO Deyuan,RONG Tao*
(Guangxi Subtropical Crops Research Institute/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruits, Nanning 530001,Guangxi,China)

Abstract: 【Objective】During crossbreeding, there are problems of asynchronous flowering and longdistance hybridization. Pollen storage, which keeps its viability for a period of time, helps to overcome the temporal and spatial barriers and enables free parental selection, contributing a lot to success in crossbreeding. Studies have shown that besides pollen genetic factors, pollen viability is also determined by external factors including low temperature, low relative humidity and low pressure. Vacuum conditions can help to extend the pollen storage time.Although there have been many studies probing into plant pollen storage, not much attention have been paid upon the storage of pollen of carambola,which is a minor fruit crop produced in southern China.There have been some studies related to nutrient composition,scanning electron microscopy(SEM)observation and in vitro germination of carambola pollen. In this study, carambola pollen preservation methods were investigated for storage of carambola pollen for crossbreeding.【Methods】“Hawaii”carambola, introduced from Hawaii, has light yellow flesh, sweet flavor, less pomace, ample juice and excellent quality. A previous study found that fresh“Hawaii”pollen had high viability and resistance and could be a good pollen parent for crossbreeding.This study used“Hawaiian”carambola as the experimental material.Well-developed flowers were collected in the morning, and their anthers were taken and wrapped with sulphate paper. For drying treatment,the pollen grains were put into 50 mL frozen storage tube and filled with silica gel desiccant. For vacuum treatment, pollen grains were packed in a bag and vacuumed with a vacuuming machine (MeGIS MS1160). Pollen grains without drying and vacuum treatment were used as the control(CK).The dried,vacuumed and control samples were stored in incubators at 25 ℃or in refrigerators at 4 ℃,-20 ℃or-40 ℃.Pollen germination rate and pollen tube length were measured at 0,3,7,15,30 and 90 d of storage.【Results】In the drying treatment and control, the germination rates of pollen preserved at 25 ℃for 1 day were 12.12%and 9.57%,respectively,and those preserved at-40 ℃for 1 day were 35.68%and 32.59%,respectively.The germination rate of pollen preserved at 25 ℃for 10 d was 0 in vacuum treatment, while that of pollen preserved at-40 ℃for 90 d was over 50%, indicating that low temperature could effectively prolong the viability of carambola pollen. The germination rates of pollen in drying treatment and control were 0 under 25 ℃for 3 day, indicating that silica gel desiccant had no significant effect on carambola pollen storage.The germination rate of vacuumed carambola pollen was nearly 20% when stored at 25 ℃for 7 d; the viability of the pollen stored at-40 ℃for 90 d was more than 50%;the germination rate of the pollen treated without vacuum was 0 when stored at all temperatures for 3 d, indicating that vacuum treatment was an important factor in the effective storage of carambola pollen. In summary, the combination of vacuum treatment and low temperature (-20 ℃or-40 ℃) can effectively improve storage of carambola pollen.【Conclusion】At 25 ℃and 4 ℃, both silica gel desiccant and vacuum treatments fail to prolong carambola pollen preservation. At-20 ℃and-40 ℃,silica gel desiccant treatment does not help long-term carambola pollen preservation,while vacuum treatment can effectively preserve carambola pollen for up to 90 d.Both vacuum and low temperature can effectively extend the storage period of carambola pollen.

Key words: Carambola;Pollen;Vitality;Storage

中图分类号:S667.9

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2024)12-2512-06

DOI: 10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20240249

收稿日期:2024-05-29

接受日期:2024-09-03

基金项目:广西农业科学院院发展基金项目(桂农科2024ZX02);广西农业科学院基本科研业务专项(桂农科2021YT146)

作者简介:朱杨帆,女,农艺师,研究方向为果树栽培与育种。E-mail:1029424970@qq.com

*通信作者 Author for correspondence.E-mail:fdrt818@163.com