疏果对寒红梨果实生长发育及品质的影响

李思宇,武春昊,卢明艳,闫兴凯,赵 滢,张茂君,王 强*

(吉林省农业科学院(中国农业东北科技创新中心)果树研究所·农业农村部东北地区(吉林)果树科学观测试验站,吉林公主岭 136100)

摘 要:【目的】 基于寒红梨生产中因花果管理不到位而导致果实着色差、内在品质降低等问题,开展疏果对寒红梨果实生长发育及品质影响的研究,旨在为梨产业提质增效技术研发提供数据支撑。【方法】以20年生寒红梨为试材,花后7 d采用花序留单果、双果和三果进行疏果处理。通过开展果实生长发育动态观察及果实品质指标测定,综合分析疏果对果实生长发育及品质的影响。【结果】不同疏果处理对寒红梨果实大小的影响从果实迅速膨大期开始,内、外层果肉细胞排列疏松,细胞体积大,细胞层数多;不同疏果处理对果实内在品质改善影响显著,果实硬度普遍降低,可溶性固形物、可溶性糖及还原糖含量升高,可滴定酸含量降低。具体表现为G3处理(每花序留3个果实)果实硬度和可溶性糖含量(w,后同)最高,分别为2.54 kg·cm-2、9.29%,G1处理(每花序留1个果实)可溶性固形物含量最高,为14.68%,G2处理(每花序留2个果实)可滴定酸和还原糖含量最高,分别为4.17%、7.01%;疏果后花序产量、单株产量与花序留果数呈正相关,单果质量与花序留果数呈负相关。【结论】疏果可提高寒红梨相应花序保留果实的综合品质,尤其单果质量、可溶性固形物含量、硬度等指标,总体表现为花序留果越少提升效果越好;寒红梨为中大型果,花后7 d疏果,以每花序留1个果实为宜。

关键词:寒红梨;疏果;生长发育;果实品质

梨(Pyrus)是我国主要栽培的果树种类之一,栽培面积和产量均居世界首位。因其果实汁甜味美,富含丰富的维生素和膳食纤维,具有润肺、生津止渴的食用价值,符合现代生活对美味、多样性和功能性水果的消费需求,深受国内外消费者欢迎[1-2]。在产业发展过程中,品种迭代升级对产业发展具有促进作用。其中寒红梨是由吉林省农业科学院果树研究所利用南果梨和晋酥梨杂交选育的抗寒优质梨新品种,因其果阳面着红晕、底色鲜黄、外观艳丽,肉质酥脆、多汁、酸甜可口,现已成为吉林省及周边相似生态区主要栽培的梨品种,种植面积达0.2 万hm2以上[3]。近年来在生产实践中发现,各主栽区出现了花果管理不善而导致果实着色差异大、果个偏小、可溶性固形物含量低、风味不佳等问题,严重影响了区域梨园经济效益提升和梨果产业的可持续发展。因此,开展寒红梨果实品质提升技术研究对促进产业可持续发展意义重大。

花果管理在果树生产中一直被广泛关注,尤其在多花果树种类研究中显得尤为重要。梨作为花序多花的果树,多数梨资源有5~12 朵花/花序,自然坐果≥3 个花序[4]。在栽培过程中,由于梨树具有花量大、花序坐果率高等习性,常因负载量过大,导致生产出的梨果个小、质量次、风味差,严重影响市场竞争力和果园效益[5]。生产上常用人工疏除、机械疏除和化学药剂疏除等方法来提高果实品质,其中机械疏除对果园立地条件、树形结构要求高,化学药剂疏除效果常因品种不同存在差异,且这两种方式无法精准控制花序留果量,无法满足需求[6-8]。人工疏花疏果具有相对精准、稳妥安全等优点[9]。虽然比较费工,但能按人们的意愿留果,有利于果树生长和提高果实品质[10]。留果量一般根据果实大小、坐果率高低、坐果位置、树龄等进行调整,果枝较长时选择保留2~5个果实,中等果枝留1~3个果实,较短果枝留1 个果实,同时需注意定果时多留5%~10%[11]。赵书华[12]、王明芳[13]综述了苹果树疏花疏果“3步法”技术及应用效果,为人工疏花疏果提供了一定的理论基础。孙玉怀[14]推广黄金梨疏花疏果技术,为人工疏花疏果提供了技术支撑。闫帅[15]总结了梨树授粉和疏花疏果技术,在辅助授粉的前提下,配以人工疏花疏果技术,确保梨园连年丰产稳产,提高果实品质和优质果率。

笔者以20年生寒红梨丰产树为试材,开展疏果处理对果实生长发育及品质影响的研究,旨在为建立寒红梨配套的优质丰产栽培技术提供参考,进而达到果园生产高效和农民增收的目的。

1 材料和方法

1.1 试验地点

试验在吉林省农业科学院(中国农业科技东北创新中心)果树研究所试验园进行,该地处于吉林省长春市公主岭市(124°02′E,43°11′N),属中温带大陆性季风气候,四季分明,冬冷夏热,地势相对平坦,土壤为壤砂土。

1.2 试验处理

供试品种为20年生寒红梨,树形为基部三主枝疏散分层形。选择生长健壮、树势一致的植株为试材,挂牌标记。每株以主枝为单位,同时为减少误差,采用随机改变方位及交叉处理进行人工疏果试验,处理与对照均在同一株树上进行,处理时间为落花后7 d(5 月22 日),采用果间距法(15~20 cm),以中短果枝为主,花序内间隔疏果、定果,留边花坐的果。单株重复,3次重复,试验花序留果量处理方案及主枝处理方案见表1、表2。

表1 花序留果量处理方案
Table 1 Inflorescence fruit retention treatment scheme

处理Treatment花序留果量(个/花序)Inflorescence fruit retention G1 1 G2 2 G3 3对照Control自然坐果Natural fruit setting

表2 主枝处理方案
Table 2 Main branch treatment scheme

重复Repeat 123方位Bearing东East G3对照Control G2西West G2 G1 G3南North G1 G2对照Control北South对照Control G3 G1

1.3 试验方法

1.3.1 采样及保存 在果实成熟期,选择树体中上部东、西、南、北四个方位,各采集未做疏果处理的2~3个花序正常果实20个作为对照,同时将每株树的不同疏果处理的果实全部摘除,带回实验室。每个处理随机选取20个果实,放置4 ℃冰箱保存备用。

1.3.2 果实生长发育动态观测 疏果后至果实成熟期,间隔20 d,各处理抽取5个果实,测量单果质量,绘制果实生长发育曲线;在果实膨大期,各处理采用5个果实,用FAA固定后,参照付堯等[16]的方法并进行优化,采用果实石蜡切片法在100 倍显微镜下观察内外层果肉细胞分裂层数、体积。

1.3.3 果实着色调查 在果实成熟期,随机调查各处理果实100个,调查着色情况,计算着色指数。着色指数/%=(各级果数×代表级值)/(总果数×最高级值)×100。

1.3.4 果实品质测定 参照《梨种质资源描述规范和数据标准》[17]进行测定单果质量、果实纵径、横径、硬度及可溶性固形物含量;采用3,5-二硝基水杨酸比色法测定可溶性糖及还原性糖含量[18];采用自动电位滴定法测定果实可滴定酸含量[19];采用2,6-二氯靛酚滴定法测定维生素C含量[20]

1.4 数据分析

采用Excel 和SPSS 27.0.5 软件进行数据处理,其中数据的数值和标准差数值采用Excel计算,差异显著性采用Duncan新复极差法计算。

2 结果与分析

2.1 疏果对寒红梨果实发育及外在品质的影响

2.1.1 疏果对寒红梨处理花序果实生长发育的影响 如图1所示,寒红梨果实生长发育状况与疏果处理密切相关。处理及对照果实生长发育曲线均呈稳定上升趋势,G1、G2、G3处理均高于对照,其中G1果实生长发育表现最好。疏果后60 d内,寒红梨果实发育表现各处理与对照间差异不明显;疏果60 d后,在果实迅速膨大期,生长发育速度明显加快,处理间出现差异。

图1 疏果处理后寒红梨花序果实单果质量变化曲线
Fig.1 Single fruit mass change curve of Hanhongli inflorescence fruit after fruit thinning treatment

由此可知,疏果对寒红梨果实大小的影响从果实迅速膨大期开始,生长发育状况依次为G1>G2>G3>对照。

2.1.2 疏果对寒红梨处理花序果实细胞层数的影响 处理与对照间果肉细胞排列、细胞体积大小存在明显差异(图2)。表现为对照的内、外层果肉细胞排列紧密,细胞层数较少,细胞体积较小;G1、G2和G3 的果肉细胞排列疏松,细胞层数增多,细胞体积变大;G1 与G2 和G3 相比,G1 内、外层果肉细胞排列最为疏松,细胞层数相对多,细胞体积相对大。

图2 疏果处理后寒红梨花序果实细胞层数及体积显微观察
Fig.2 Microscopic observation on the number of cell layers and volume of inflorescence fruit of Hanhongli after fruit thinning treatment

EX.外果皮果肉细胞;EN.内果皮果肉细胞;CK.对照。比例尺为200 μm。
EX.Exocarp pulp cells;EN.Endocarp pulp cells;CK.Control.The scale is 200 μm.

由此可见,疏果影响了果肉内外层细胞发育,表现为疏果后内、外层果肉细胞排列疏松,细胞分裂层数与体积随着留果量的减少而逐渐增加。

2.1.3 疏果对寒红梨处理花序果实着色的影响 疏果处理后花序果实果面着色程度存在较大差异(表3)。着色指数显著高于同组对照。其中G1的果实着色指数最高,其次是G2,着色最差的为对照。可见疏果能促进寒红梨相应花序果实着色,这可能与疏果后花序坐果量的减少导致养分相对集中利用有关。

表3 疏果处理后寒红梨花序果实着色情况
Table 3 Coloring of inflorescence fruit of Hanhongli after fruit thinning treatment

注:0 级.着色面积0~5%;1 级.着色面积6%~25%;2 级.着色面积26%~50%;3 级.着色面积51%~75%;4 级.着色面积76%~100%。不同小写字母表示在0.05 水平上差异显著。下同。
Note: Level 0. coloring area 0-5%; Level 1. coloring area 6%-25%;Level 2. coloring area 26%-50%; Level 3. coloring area 51%-75%;Level 4.coloring area 76%-100%.Different small letters represent significant difference at 0.05 level.The same below.

处理Treatment着色指数Color index/%1.25±2.86 d 32.25±2.49 a 10.75±2.25 b 5.75±2.73 c对照Control G1 G2 G3着色果实等级及数量Number and grade of colored fruits 0级Level 0 97 44 76 84 1级Level 1 2 18 12 12 2级Level 2 0 13 3级Level 3 1 15 4级Level 4 0 10 62 51 11

2.1.4 疏果对寒红梨处理花序果实纵横径及果形指数的影响 各处理与对照间果实纵横径均表现为G1>G2>G3>对照;各处理均显著大于对照,G1、G2 和G3 间无显著差异;果形指数变化不受疏果处理的影响,处理间与同组对照表现基本一致(表4)。

表4 疏果处理后寒红梨花序果实纵横径及果形指数
Table 4 Vertical and horizontal diameter and fruit shape index of Hanhongli inflorescence fruit after fruit thinning treatment

处理Treatment对照Control G1 G2 G3纵径Longitudinal diameter/cm 6.51±0.31 b 7.95±0.41 a 7.47±0.40 a 7.48±0.35 a横径Equatorial diameter/cm 6.63±0.76 b 8.14±0.56 a 7.38±0.30 a 7.40±0.53 a果形指数Fruit shape index 0.98±0.03 a 0.98±0.04 a 1.01±0.02 a 1.01±0.06 a

2.2 疏果对寒红梨花序果实内在品质的影响

由表5可知,疏果处理对寒红梨花序果实内在品质有不同程度的影响。G1、G2处理花序果实硬度低于对照,G3 处理则高于对照,但均与对照差异不显著。结合硬度数据及现场品尝品鉴结果,寒红梨果实硬度相对低,肉质酥脆,口感更好,表明疏果对寒红梨果实硬度有一定的影响。可溶性固形物含量由高到低依次为G1(14.68%)>G2(13.80%)>对照(13.56%)>G3(12.96%),表明疏果对寒红梨可溶性固形物含量具有影响;G2处理的可滴定酸含量最高,为4.17%,对照的可滴定酸含量最低,为2.72%,显著低于G2处理1.45个百分点,G1和G3处理的可滴定酸含量也显著高于对照,表明疏果对寒红梨果实可滴定酸含量不存在降低的效果;不同疏果处理对寒红梨果实维生素C含量存在显著差异,其中G2处理的维生素C含量最高,为2.23 mg·100 g-1,G3处理的维生素C 含量最低,为1.75 mg·100 g-1,两者之间相差0.48 mg·100 g-1;各处理的果实可溶性糖和还原糖含量均无显著差异,但均显著高于对照,表明疏果处理对寒红梨果实可溶性糖及还原糖含量具有提高的效果。

表5 疏果处理后寒红梨花序果实内在品质指标
Table 5 Internal quality indexes of inflorescence fruit of Hanhongli after fruit thinning treatment

硬度Firmness/(kg·cm-2)2.12±0.21 ab 1.79±0.32 b 1.92±0.51 b 2.54±0.66 a处理Treatment对照Control G1 G2 G3 w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solids content/%13.56±0.500 ab 14.68±0.540 a 13.80±1.612 ab 12.96±0.416 b w(可滴定酸)Titratable acid content/%2.72±0.023 d 4.11±0.006 b 4.17±0.006 a 3.81±0.010 c w(可溶性糖)Soluble sugar content/%7.46±0.07 b 9.25±0.33 a 9.17±0.31 a 9.29±0.52 a w(还原糖)Reducing sugar content/%5.96±0.095 b 6.83±0.321 a 7.01±0.465 a 6.82±0.583 a w(维生素C)Vitamin C content/(mg·100 g-1)1.80±0.14 b 1.97±0.21 b 2.23±0.04 a 1.75±0.07 b

2.3 疏果对寒红梨花序果实单果质量及产量的影响

由表6可知,疏果对平均单果质量、花序产量及单株产量的影响差异显著,平均单果质量与花序留果数呈负相关,花序产量及单株产量与花序留果数呈正相关。不同处理花序果实单果质量依次为G1(293.88 g)>G2(257.06 g)>G3(206.72 g)>对照(163.3 g),其中G1、G2 和G3 处理均显著高于同组对照,且以G1 效果最好。与对照相比,G1、G2、G3处理的平均单果质量分别显著提高了79.9%、57.4%和26.6%;花序产量和单株产量皆表现为对照>G3>G2>G1。

表6 疏果处理后寒红梨花序平均单果质量及产量调查
Table 6 Investigation on average single fruit weight and yield of Hanhongli inflorescence after fruit thinning treatment

单果质量Single fruit mass/g 163.30±23.98 d 293.88±25.71 a 257.06±17.07 b 206.72±20.34 c处理Treatment对照Control G1 G2 G3花序产量Inflorescence yield/g 653.22±20.33 a 293.88±14.56 d 514.14±17.65 c 620.16±19.48 b单株产量Yield per tree/kg 98.00±27.89 a 44.08±15.43 d 77.12±12.58 c 93.02±11.34 b

不同花序留果数对相应花序产量、单株产量和单果质量有一定的影响,随着花序留果数量的减少,寒红梨果实的单果质量均呈上升趋势,产量则呈下降趋势。可见疏果在降低树体负载量的同时,花序产量和单株产量也会明显下降,但单果质量明显增大,生产出较大果个、外观品质好、商品价值高的果实;而花序留果数量过多,树体负载量过大,花序产量和单株产量皆增加,但影响果实的膨大,导致单果质量下降,果实品质也相应受到影响。

3 讨 论

在果树生产中,常通过疏花疏果来调控树体负载量,进而达到提高叶片光合能力、改善果实品质的目的[21-23]。王铤等[24]研究表明,留果量能改变胭脂脆桃果实品质,随留果量增加果实品质趋于下降,其中果实的单果质量、着色面积、可溶性固形物含量降低,可滴定酸含量、硬度、666.7 m2产量升高。张春胜等[25]通过减少莱阳茌梨树体负载量、增加枝果比后,可使果实可滴定酸含量降低,进而改善内在品质。对梨树来说,疏花疏果是调节树体养分,提高果实品质的重要手段之一[26]。在调控过程中,疏果方式、疏果量及疏果时期均会影响坐果率及果实品质,不同树种及品种的最佳疏果量、疏果时期亦不相同。Sutton等[27]对美国东南部产区的桃进行了疏花疏果的策略调整优化,发现花后21 d疏花疏果能增加Cary Mac 和July Prince 2 个桃品种的单果质量。适宜负载量可以提高果实品质、保持较高优果率和一定的产量,使得在适宜负载量下生长的果树能产生最大效益[28]。郭瑞英等[29]以黄金梨为试材,两年的试验结果表明,不同留果量对其单果质量和产量影响较大,随着留果量的减少,单果质量增加,产量降低,这与本研究结果一致。王少敏等[30]在留果量对红星苹果果实品质影响的研究中指出,留果量为1500~2000 kg·666.7 m-2的果实品质最佳,糖酸比最适宜,产量也有保证;留果量为2500~3000 kg·666.7 m-2的处理品质整体下降,留果量1000 kg·666.7 m-2虽果品质量高,但因产量低,一定程度上影响试验园的经济效益。

笔者在本研究中发现,寒红梨果实从向阳的一侧先开始着色,阴面上色比较缓慢,至采收时整个果面色泽很难均匀一致,而且留果量也会影响果实着色,这与杨双晓[31]在套袋影响富士苹果果实品质的研究中的结果一致。寒红梨随着留果数量的减少,处理花序果实表现为果个大(纵横径增大)、平均单果质量增加、着色指数增加,外观品质改善明显。留果量过多或自然坐果的条件下,则果实品质表现相对差,果个小,风味不佳,与在核桃和苹果相关研究中的结果一致[32-33]。G1和G2处理的果实还原糖、可溶性糖、可溶性固形物及维生素C含量均高于对照,但可滴定酸含量并没有降低。G1和G2处理的果实硬度低于同组对照,G3处理则高于对照。硬度是果实重要的品质指标,相对比较,脆肉型品种的梨果实硬度相对低、肉质酥脆、口感更好,表明减少花序留果数对相应花序果实生长品质发育有利。本研究结果表明,若要增加梨果实的大果比例,并进一步提高果实的内在品质,应适当减少树体负载量,但这会使总产量明显下降,这就需要配合果园的品牌营销措施,通过提高单价来保障稳定的经济效益。

笔者在本研究中采用花后7 d果实间距法疏果,仅仅研究不同花序留果量对寒红梨果实品质的影响,但未对不同疏果时期、留果方式及化学疏果等对寒红梨果实品质的影响进行研究,相关研究内容还需进一步补充和完善。

4 结 论

疏果有利于提高寒红梨相应花序保留果实的综合品质,尤其平均单果质量、可溶性固形物含量、硬度等指标,总体表现为花序留果越少,提升效果越明显。综上,寒红梨花后7 d 进行疏果,花序可选留发育良好的幼果1~2个,以花序留单果为宜,对提高寒红梨果实品质效果最好。

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Effects of fruit thinning on fruit growth and quality in Hanhong pear

LISiyu,WU Chunhao,LU Mingyan,YAN Xingkai,ZHAO Ying,ZHANG Maojun,WANG Qiang*
(Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Northeast China Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Center)Fruit Research Institute)/Northeast China(Jilin)Fruit Science Observation and Experimental Station of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Gongzhuling 136100,Jilin,China)

Abstract: 【Objective】Pear is a kind of fruit crop with many flowers in clusters.Each cluster generally contains more than 5 flowers, and the fruit setting rate is high. If the flower and fruit thinnings are not taken properly in production to bring with overloading, this often causes large differences in fruit size,poor coloring and poor quality,resulting in reduced economic benefits.For the excellent varieties,their own quality may be excellent,but in the large-scale commercial production,if there is no scientific technical guidance for flower and fruit thinning, the high load per plant often results in lower high-qualityfruit rate,poor fruit market competitiveness,and low economic benefit,so as to seriously affect the pear farmers’growing enthusiasm. In order to ensure the sustainable development of the industry, the research and application of fruit thinning technology play an important role in achieving stable and high yield, high quality and high efficiency in the pear industry. As different pear cultivars have various amount of flowers and differential fruit setting rates,it is urgent to determine the appropriate amount of fruit retention in Hanhong pear.【Methods】Thinning treatments were carried out at 7th day after flowering, with no fruit thinning serving as the control.The internal and external qualities of fruits with each fruit thinning treatment were determined, and the effects of each treatment on the external and internal fruit quality were analyzed.【Results】According to the results of fruit growth and quality, different flowers in a cluster had a certain effect on the yield and single fruit weight.With the decrease of the ordinal position in a cluster, the single fruit weight of Hanhong pear showed an upward trend, while the yield showed a downward trend.It showed that fruit thinning could significantly reduce the yield of the corresponding cluster, but it significantly increased the single fruit weight and produced larger fruits.Compared with the control, the ordinal position fruits of G1 and G2 showed larger fruit (vertical and horizontal diameter increased),heavier single fruit weight,and better appearance quality.The fruit retention of G3 treatment was more,but the fruit quality was relatively poor,the fruit was small,and the flavor was poor.However,the excessive number of fruits increased the yield but decreased the single fruit weight, which affected the fruit quality. The contents of reducing sugar, soluble sugar, soluble solids and vitamin C in Hanhongli were higher than those of the control, among which G1 and G2 treatments were higher, and the titratable acid content showed no decrease. The fruit hardness of each treatment was significantly lower than that of the same group, while that of G3 treatment was higher than that of the control. Hardness is an important quality index of fruit. Relatively, the hardness of pear fruit of the same variety with crisp flesh type is better than that with low flesh and crisp taste,indicating that reducing the number of fruit left in a cluster is more beneficial to the growth and quality of fruit in the corresponding cluster.【Conclusion】Appropriate fruit load can improve fruit quality,maintain high excellent fruit rate and a certain yield.Hanhong pear is a new cold-resistant pear variety with the blood of Pyrus ussuriensis varieties.It is a large fruit type with a single fruit weight of more than 200 g.Fruit thinning is beneficial to improve the comprehensive quality of the corresponding cluster retained fruit,especially for the single fruit weight,soluble solids and hardness.The overall performance is that,the less fruit retained in a cluster, the better the quality improvement effect. Based on the comprehensive analysis of this study,it is suggested that the fruit thinning of Hanhong pear should be carried out 7 days after flowering, 1-2 young fruits with good development can be selected for retention, and the best way is to retain single fruit in a cluster. The fruit development of different pear varieties is affected by many factors.The reasonable fruit thinning scheme for the production of high-quality pear varieties can be used as a reference.The specific fruit thinning scheme should be determined according to the actual situation of a pear orchard.

Key words: Hanhong pear;Fruit thinning;Growth and development;Fruit quality

中图分类号:S661.2

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2024)12-2436-08

DOI: 10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20240262

收稿日期:2024-05-28

接受日期:2024-09-11

基金项目:吉林省果树创新中心(20210502011ZP);吉林省农业科技创新工程(CXGC2023RCY023)

作者简介:李思宇,女,在读硕士研究生,研究方向为梨育种与栽培创新。Tel:0434-6099957,E-mail:1136394763@qq.com

*通信作者 Author for correspondence.Tel:0434-6099956,E-mail:wangq7505@163.com