西番莲属25个种(品种)花粉活力检验方法筛选及其花粉活力和柱头可授性比较分析

吴 斌1,王加志2#,邢文婷1,宋 顺1,黄海杰1,李洪立1,胡文斌1,马伏宁1,黄东梅1*

1中国热带农业科学院热带作物品种资源研究所·农业农村部华南作物基因资源与种质创制重点实验室·海南省热带作物资源遗传改良与创新重点实验室·海南省西番莲种质资源圃,儋州 571101;2云南农业大学热带作物学院,云南 普洱 665099)

摘 要:【目的】 探究25种西番莲(包括8个地方品种、15个引进品种/品系和2个选育品种/品系)的花粉活力和柱头可授性,为西番莲杂交亲本的选择提供理论依据。【方法】 以25种西番莲为试材,采用花粉离体培养、TTC染色和I2-KI染色方法检测西番莲花粉活力,利用联苯胺-过氧化氢法检测柱头可授性。【结果】 25种西番莲均具有柱头可授性,但可授性存在差异。在TN、HX No.1、W-1、KSTS、XG和GH等6种具有代表性的西番莲中,花粉离体培养的最适条件仅蔗糖浓度存在差异,分别为10%和15%。花粉离体培养和TTC染色法均可用于25种西番莲花粉活力的检测。基于花粉活力的聚类分析可分为3个类群,其中第Ⅰ类群和第Ⅱ类群共22个种,均属于正常可育类型,第Ⅲ类群包含3个种,均属于高不育类型。【结论】 花粉离体培养是最能呈现25种西番莲花粉活力的检测方法,TTC染色法可作为西番莲花粉活力的快速检测方法。除ZL、LX和RX适宜作杂交母本外,其余种均可作杂交父本或母本。

关键词:西番莲属;花粉活力;柱头可授性;杂交育种

西番莲属(Passiflora L.)是西番莲科(Passiflorine)的草质藤本植物,兼具花型美观、气味芬芳、果实美味、营养丰富等优点于一身。近年来国际市场对西番莲果汁的需求以每年15%~20%的速度增长,尽管西番莲产业发展速度较快,产业链日益健全,但仍然处于发展的初级阶段,存在较多的问题亟须解决。在西番莲的规模化生产中,商业主栽品种虽然被广泛种植,但在某些遗传特性方面仍然存在着不少缺陷,如果实性状不稳定、果实风味较差等,而那些尚未进行商业化栽培的种质却表现出某些性状的优异特性,这说明了不同西番莲种质间在遗传上具有一定的差异,并有望在育种上加以利用[1]。从20世纪60年代起,科研工作者就开始对西番莲的遗传与育种进行研究,国外西番莲的杂交育种较为活跃[2],尤其是观赏西番莲的种间杂交[3-4]。而中国西番莲种质资源评价与育种起步较晚,原始品种创新的突破则需加速开展杂交育种工作[5-6]

体外花粉萌发是评估花粉活力最常用的方法,能够模拟体内条件[7],并能够展示成功萌发和发育、花粉授粉和受精所需的生理和生化条件[8],在花粉活力研究中已得到广泛应用。前人对西番莲花粉活力和柱头可授性做了一定的研究,陈媚等[9]对6个西番莲品种(小黄金1号、大黄金1号、台农、满天星、红花、紫花)进行花粉活力的动态分析和比较,发现不同品种花粉活力持续时间不同,除紫花西番莲外,其他品种花粉活力均在花朵完全开放前后达到峰值。蔡昭艳等[10]探讨了台农一号西番莲花不同发育阶段的花粉活力、柱头可授性及其对坐果的影响,并通过培养基组分、光照、温度等因素,探究其对西番莲花粉体外萌发的影响,筛选获得西番莲花粉离体萌发的最适培养基组分、pH和培养时间。前人对西番莲花粉离体萌发的研究取得了一定的进展,为其进一步研究西番莲花粉活力提供了基础,但现有研究主要集中在一种培养条件下,忽略了不同种质间的差异性,使用同一种培养基难以反映出不同种质的真实花粉活力。这在Soares等[11]对17个西番莲品种进行的花粉体外萌发实验中得以验证,发现不同品种的西番莲花粉萌发存在差异,且在很大程度上受同一物种的基因型变异影响,也可能是遗传物质的发育条件和用于萌发的培养基导致,而国内这类研究还未见报道。

花粉活力和柱头可授性强弱是植物生殖生长的关键,了解西番莲的花粉活力和柱头可授性对西番莲杂交育种具有重要意义。目前西番莲属植物的花粉活力和柱头可授性研究多集中在对不同种(品种)西番莲的花粉形态、花生物学和行为等方面[12-14],很少涉及与生殖系统、花粉活力相关的研究。笔者进一步优化西番莲花粉离体萌发培养基组分浓度及培养温度,并对25种西番莲(包括8个地方品种、15个引进品种/品系和2个选育品种/品系)进行柱头可授性分析,同时采用不同方法测定花粉活力,寻找测定西番莲属花粉活力的快速有效检测方法,探究25种西番莲花粉活力的差异性,为提高西番莲坐果率以及在不同西番莲种间开展远缘杂交育种提供研究依据。

1 材料和方法

1.1 试材及取样

西番莲属25 个种(包括8 个地方品种、15 个引进品种/品系和2个选育品种/品系)均来自海南省西番莲种质资源圃(儋州),根据资源圃编号及花形态学信息对25个种进行梳理(表1、图1)。

图1 25 种西番莲种花形态
Fig.1 Flower morphology of 25 Passiflora L.species

表1 西番莲属种类信息及花形态参数
Table 1 Passiflora L. species information and flower morphology parameters

资Resource type 系系地Local varieties 系系系系系系系系/品/品/品/品/品/品/品/品/品/品型种种种种种种种种种种种种种类品品品品品品品品品品品品品源方选Breeding育varieties/strains引Introduce进varieties/strains引Introduce进varieties/strains引Introduce进varieties/strains引Introduce进varieties/strains地Local varieties方地Local varieties方引Introduce进varieties/strains引Introduce进varieties/strains引Introduce进varieties/strains引Introduce进varieties/strains引Introduce进varieties/strains花Pollen grain径直粒粉diameter/μm 84.15±2.53 82.40±2.18 74.01±3.49 69.70±3.90 83.49±1.89 76.28±2.28 84.05±3.14 83.65±2.30 83.15±1.41 60.29±5.72 69.09±3.46 82.31±3.87 86.60±2.02数雌Pistil蕊number 3333333333333雄Stamen数蕊number 5555555555555花Filament长丝length/cm 2.41±0.06 2.75±0.06 3.57±0.11 1.72±0.03 3.34±0.12 2.06±0.11 2.24±0.07 2.33±0.10 5.24±0.11 3.26±0.11 5.86±0.09 4.11±0.14 2.72±0.12柱长length/cm 1.17±0.02花Style 1.08±0.04 1.24±0.03 1.27±0.05 0.99±0.05 1.08±0.02 1.14±0.07 1.07±0.06 0.75±0.03 1.19±0.09 1.47±0.03 0.86±0.02 0.85±0.05柱Stigma width/cm宽头0.30±0.01 0.30±0.02 0.36±0.01 0.28±0.02 0.37±0.01 0.24±0.01 0.30±0.01 0.29±0.02 0.31±0.02 0.25±0.01 0.30±0.01 0.26±0.02 0.37±0.01长头柱Stigma length/cm 0.18±0.01 0.18±0.01 0.25±0.01 0.17±0.01 0.17±0.02 0.22±0.01 0.16±0.01 0.16±0.01 0.18±0.02 0.15±0.01 0.16±0.01 0.07±0.01 0.16±0.02宽药花Anther width/cm 0.28±0.01 0.24±0.01 0.26±0.02 0.24±0.01 0.26±0.01 0.22±0.01 0.29±0.00 0.30±0.01 0.27±0.01 0.17±0.01 0.29±0.00 0.18±0.02 0.27±0.01长花Anther药length/cm 0.50±0.01 0.63±0.02 0.64±0.02 0.57±0.02 0.54±0.01 0.51±0.01 0.56±0.01 0.51±0.01 0.55±0.01 0.42±0.01 0.56±0.01 0.46±0.02 0.48±0.01瓣Petal宽width/cm 0.59±0.03 0.86±0.08 0.79±0.04 1.03±0.04 0.89±0.03 1.43±0.03 0.64±0.04 0.83±0.04 1.78±0.10 0.76±0.04 1.16±0.11 0.83±0.05 0.96±0.01瓣Petal长length/cm 2.51±0.04 3.25±0.10 3.34±0.07 3.04±0.06 3.07±0.13 4.99±0.08 2.62±0.93 3.00±0.14 4.82±0.33 3.06±0.09 4.18±0.13 3.59±0.03 3.43±0.15学Species名P.edulis P.edulis f.flavincarpa P.caerulea‘Purple Haze’P.caerulea‘Conatance elliot’P.maliformis P.miniata P.edulis P.edulis f.flavincarpa P.alata P.‘Soi Fah’P.incarnata×P.cincinnata P.laurifolia P.maliformis观Guanhua 番康Kangsitansi Honghuaxifanlian资Resource 斯番新Xintainong番Tainong称9 号莲1 号西茎Jingchixifanlian农坦瑞Ruixiang name 西樟Zhangyexifanlian西名莲农黄Huangxiang No.1源香花莲斯花台蜜翅香紫Zilian 叶莲皮台/红钦Qinmi No.9绿Lüpi引Introduction号编种number TNHX No.1 GHKSTS W-1 XGXTN QM No.9 MGMX RXZLJMCH LP

表1 (续)
Table 1(Continued)

资Resource type 系系系系系系系/品/品/品/品/品/品/品型种种种种种种种种种种种种类品品品品品品品品品品品品源引Introduce进varieties/strains地Local varieties方引Introduce进varieties/strains地Local varieties方引Introduce进varieties/strains地Local varieties方地Local varieties方地Local varieties方选Breeding育varieties/strains引Introduce进varieties/strains引Introduce进varieties/strains引Introduce进varieties/strains花Pollen grain径直粒粉diameter/μm 86.62±3.15 86.22±2.87 86.79±1.93 85.01±2.14 85.86±1.58 87.13±2.63 84.44±2.47 87.39±2.78 86.75±2.29 82.31±2.96 85.28±2.61 59.33±3.59数雌Pistil蕊number 333333333333雄Stamen数蕊number 555555555555花Filament长丝length/cm 4.61±0.16 3.55±0.08 4.06±0.55 2.37±0.06 3.93±0.07 5.20±0.02 2.93±0.01 2.94±0.07 4.12±0.16 2.80±0.15 1.54±0.05 4.56±0.06长花Style柱length/cm 1.78±0.03 1.01±0.08 0.93±0.02 1.08±0.05 1.49±0.02 1.29±0.02 1.24±0.01 1.18±0.02 1.28±0.01 0.89±0.04 1.21±0.05 1.49±0.06柱Stigma宽头width/cm 0.30±0.02 0.29±0.02 0.44±0.02 0.29±0.02 0.28±0.01 0.40±0.01 0.34±0.01 0.31±0.01 0.33±0.01 0.33±0.01 0.23±0.02 0.29±0.03柱Stigma长头length/cm 0.16±0.01 0.18±0.01 0.20±0.01 0.17±0.01 0.16±0.01 0.19±0.01 0.16±0.01 0.25±0.01 0.19±0.01 0.13±0.01 0.20±0.01 0.18±0.01花Anther宽药width/cm 0.25±0.01 0.22±0.02 0.31±0.01 0.27±0.01 0.27±0.01 0.31±0.01 0.29±0.01 0.30±0.01 0.28±0.01 0.26±0.01 0.23±0.01 0.19±0.01花Anther长药length/cm 0.58±0.01 0.60±0.02 0.59±0.02 0.52±0.02 0.55±0.01 0.62±0.01 0.60±0.01 0.62±0.01 0.62±0.01 0.46±0.02 0.56±0.01 0.56±0.02瓣Petal宽width/cm 0.93±0.03 0.77±0.04 1.04±0.03 0.56±0.03 0.96±0.05 0.90±0.03 0.95±0.01 0.84±0.09 0.90±0.03 0.98±0.03 0.94±0.02 0.82±0.07瓣Petal长length/cm 4.23±0.09 3.27±0.05 3.07±0.07 2.32±0.10 3.99±0.28 4.08±0.08 3.42±0.09 3.27±0.05 3.83±0.04 3.29±0.12 3.06±0.02 3.51±0.14学Species名P.maliformis P.edulis f.flavincarpa P.edulis P.edulis×P.edulis f.flavincarpa P.edulis P.edulis f.flavincarpa P.edulis×P.edulis f.flavincarpa P.edulis f.flavincarpa P.edulis f.flavincarpa P.maliformis P.caerulea P.‘Incense’果香果香莲情百资Resource 百青Qingpi称宝番热金蜜name名霸黄天Tianhuangxing蜂Fengmihuangjinbai-果xiangguo蜜红Hongguan小Xiaohuangjin西Juwubabaixiangguo圭星壮Zhuangxiangmibao皮源蜜冠鸳Yuanyangmi金鸯无皇乡黄皮拉香/巨绿Lüpixifanlian乌Wulaguireqingguo兰Lanxiang引Introduction号编种number QPFMHJ HGYYM ZZ-B1 D1-A1 THX ZXMB D2-11Ⅱ-Y ULGRQG LX

花粉离体培养以TN、HX No. 1、GH、W-1、XG和KSTS等6种具有代表性的西番莲为供试材料;柱头可授性、花粉离体培养、TTC 和I2-KI 染色等试验以西番莲属25 个种为供试材料。西番莲属每个种各采集5 枚盛花期即将开放的花蕾,待花药自然裂开,在25 ℃下将花药和柱头用镊子轻轻取下,放置于称量纸上备用。

1.2 柱头可授性检测

采用联苯胺-过氧化氢法测定柱头可授性。取下柱头浸入盛有联苯胺-过氧化氢溶液(1%联苯胺∶3%过氧化氢∶蒸馏水=4∶11∶22,体积比)的培养皿中,20 min 后观察柱头染色情况和气泡的产生,柱头呈深褐色同时有大量气泡不断冒出,可认定为该柱头具有可授性。若柱头呈深褐色并有少的气泡冒出,说明柱头可授性较弱,用+表示;若柱头呈深褐色并有较多气泡冒出,说明柱头可授性中等,用++表示;若柱头呈深褐色并有大量气泡冒出,说明柱头可授性较强,用+++表示。

1.3 花粉离体培养

花粉离体培养采用液体培养基的培养方法。具体方法为:用镊子取下适量花粉放入载玻片的凹槽中,然后放入相应浓度培养基,轻轻将载玻片放入培养皿中,覆上保鲜膜,并将培养皿放置于预先设置好的人工气候培养箱中。所有浓度梯度试验均在黑暗、25 ℃下进行培养,培养时间均为4 h。

以0.02%(w,后同)H3BO3+15%蔗糖+15%PEG-4000+0.08% Ca(NO3)2·4 H2O+0.02% MgSO4·7 H2O为基础培养基开展单因素试验。分别设置以下浓度梯度,蔗糖浓度:5%、10%、15%、20%、25%;H3BO3浓度:0%、0.02%、0.04%、0.06%、0.08%;PEG-4000 浓度:0%、5%、10%、15%、20%;硝酸钙[Ca(NO3)2·4H2O]浓度:0%、0.02%、0.04%、0.08%、0.16%;温度:20、25、30、35、40、45 ℃。每个处理设置5次重复。

1.4 TTC和I2-KI染色

TTC染色。待花粉干燥后用软毛笔将花粉轻轻扫入5 mL离心管中,使其充分混匀。使用50%蔗糖溶解TTC 至终浓度为1%的TTC 染色液,并使其浸没花粉,然后迅速将离心管放入预先设置好温度的37 ℃恒温箱中,避光染色15 min后用移液枪将染色花粉移至载玻片凹槽中。在ZEISS显微镜下观察统计6 个视野中红色花粉粒的比例,设置5 次重复,统计不少于500粒花粉的染色比例。

I2-KI染色。取适量花粉放入载玻片的凹槽中,滴加1滴30%蔗糖溶液,使花粉充分散开后滴加1~2滴I2-KI 染色液,染色5~10 min。在ZEISS 显微镜下观察统计6个视野中蓝色花粉粒的比例,设置5次重复,统计不少于500粒花粉的染色比例。

1.5 数据统计分析

采用IBM SPSS Statistics 22软件进行数据统计和差异显著性分析,采用最远邻元素法进行花粉聚类分析。

2 结果与分析

2.1 柱头可授性比较分析

采用联苯胺-过氧化氢法对25种西番莲进行柱头可授性检测,结果(表2)表明,25种西番莲的柱头在浸没于联苯胺-过氧化氢溶液中均产生不同程度的气泡,且柱头颜色变化也有明显差异。其中,TN、HX No. 1、W-1、XG、XTN、QM No. 9、MGMX、LP、QP、FMHJ、HG、YYM、ZZ-B1、D1-A1、THX、ZXMB、D2-11、Ⅱ-Y和ULGRQG等19种西番莲的柱头可授性较强,GH、KSTS、JMCH等3种的柱头可授性中等,RX、ZL、LX 等3 种的柱头可授性较弱。由此说明,25 种西番莲均具有可授性,但可授性强度存在差异。

表2 25 种西番莲柱头可授性
Table 2 Stigma acceptability of 25 Passiflora L.species

引种编号Introduction number TN HX No.1 GH KSTS W-1 XG XTN QM No.9 MGMX RX ZL JMCH LP QP FMHJ HG YYM ZZ-B1 D1-A1 THX ZXMB D2-11Ⅱ-Y ULGRQG LX柱头可授性Stigma acceptability++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

2.2 蔗糖、硼酸、PEG-4000、硝酸钙和培养温度对6种具有代表性的西番莲花粉萌发的影响

2.2.1 蔗糖 蔗糖是花粉离体萌发的碳源,西番莲花粉离体萌发率受培养基中蔗糖浓度的显著影响(表3)。6 种西番莲花粉萌发率随着蔗糖浓度的增加均呈先上升后下降的趋势,在蔗糖浓度分数为15%时,TN、HX No.1、KSTS 和GH 等4 种西番莲花粉萌发率达到最高,分别为87.81%、91.17%、70.12%和67.03%。而W-1和XG在蔗糖浓度为10%时达到最高,分别为86.67%和92.22%。由此说明单一的蔗糖浓度并不适宜25种西番莲花粉萌发的检测,不同种的西番莲花粉离体培养对培养基蔗糖浓度的适宜程度不同,具有显著的差异性。

表3 6 种西番莲在不同蔗糖浓度下的花粉萌发率
Table 3 Pollen germination rates of 6 Passiflora L.species under different sucrose concentrations

注:同行数据不同小写字母表示差异显著(p<0.05)。下同。
Note:The data in the same row with different lowercase letters indicate significant difference(p<0.05).The same below.

引种编号Introduction number TN HX No.1 W-1 KSTS XG GH w(蔗糖)Sucrose concentrations/%5 26.39±1.11 d 22.83±0.94 d 33.87±0.47 c 13.42±0.49 c 59.64±0.76 c 15.45±0.73 d 10 55.87±0.99 b 67.49±1.34 b 86.67±4.77 a 52.06±4.98 b 92.22±2.29 a 45.36±1.11 c 15 87.81±1.05 a 91.17±0.61 a 75.73±1.22 b 70.12±1.57 a 86.27±2.41 b 67.03±1.39 a 20 39.73±0.43 c 46.68±1.07 c 6.54±1.50 d 12.05±2.40 c 27.50±7.90 d 48.35±0.86 b 25 11.37±1.51 e 12.50±0.53 e 0.00±0.00 e 0.00±0.00 d 0.00±0.00 e 11.61±1.60 e

2.2.2 硼酸 西番莲花粉离体萌发率受培养基中硼酸浓度的显著影响(表4)。6 种西番莲的花粉萌发率随着硼酸浓度的增加均呈出先上升后下降的趋势,当硼酸浓度为0.02%时,TN、HX No. 1、W-1、KSTS、XG和GH等6种西番莲的花粉萌发率均达到最高,分别为88.70%、90.92%、77.86%、71.91%、88.53%和68.76%。

表4 6 种西番莲在不同硼酸浓度下的花粉萌发率
Table 4 Pollen germination rates of 6 Passiflora L.species under different boric acid concentrations

引种编号Introduction number TN HX No.1 W-1 KSTS XG GH w(硼酸)Boric acid concentrations/%0 21.51±0.70 e 20.10±0.77 e 30.16±3.83 e 22.36±2.37 e 20.64±3.29 c 12.07±2.82 e 0.02 88.70±0.43 a 90.92±0.66 a 77.86±2.34 a 71.91±1.89 a 88.53±0.78 a 68.76±1.07 a 0.04 86.97±2.14 b 89.23±0.84 b 66.81±1.80 b 63.31±1.32 b 87.13±1.64 a 64.13±0.85 b 0.06 84.16±0.28 c 84.60±0.83 c 62.21±1.97 c 52.78±3.51 c 84.87±2.36 a 54.20±1.61 c 0.08 67.60±1.19 d 70.95±0.45 d 36.13±3.75 d 39.84±2.42 d 78.39±5.81 b 37.27±1.38 d

2.2.3 PEG-4000 PEG-4000 是西番莲花粉离体萌发的必要组分之一,主要维持渗透压平衡,西番莲花粉离体萌发率受培养基中PEG-4000 浓度的显著影响(表5)。6种西番莲花粉萌发率随PEG-4000浓度的增加均呈出先上升后下降的趋势,当PEG-4000浓度为15%时,TN、HX No. 1、W-1、KSTS、XG 和GH等6 种西番莲的花粉萌发率均达到最高,分别为87.64% 、91.10% 、86.10% 、71.20% 、91.49% 和65.82%。

表5 6 种西番莲在不同PEG-4000 浓度下的花粉萌发率
Table 5 Pollen germination rates of 6 Passiflora L.species under different PEG-4000 concentrations

引种编号Introduction number TN HX No.1 W-1 KSTS XG GH w(PEG-4000)/%0 1.79±0.45 e 1.54±0.36 e 1.33±0.38 d 0.63±0.22 e 5.12±0.88 e 0.33±0.10 e 5 12.05±1.85 d 10.84±0.80 d 8.75±0.79 c 7.35±0.76 d 23.81±1.38 d 9.88±0.63 c 10 31.89±0.43 b 30.30±1.00 b 25.45±1.29 b 20.37±1.14 b 50.34±1.46 b 18.61±1.06 b 15 87.64±0.52 a 91.10±0.47 a 86.10±0.36 a 71.20±1.57 a 91.49±1.14 a 65.82±0.80 a 20 22.05±0.62 c 21.94±0.56 c 24.60±0.64 b 11.14±1.56 c 30.54±1.57 c 2.90±0.40 d

2.2.4 硝酸钙 硝酸钙虽不是西番莲花粉体外萌发的必需组分,但硝酸钙浓度对6 种西番莲花粉萌发率均有显著影响(表6)。花粉萌发率随着硝酸钙浓度的增加均呈先上升后下降的趋势,当硝酸钙浓度为0.08%时,TN、HX No. 1、W-1、KSTS、XG 和GH 等6 种西番莲的花粉萌发率均达到最高,分别为87.55%、90.60%、86.13%、70.46%、91.06%和68.75%,均与浓度为0.04%硝酸钙无显著差异,因此也可使用0.04%的硝酸钙浓度为培养基组分。

表6 6 种西番莲在不同硝酸钙浓度下的花粉萌发率
Table 6 Pollen germination rates of 6 Passiflora L.species under different calcium nitrate concentrations

引种编号Introduction number TN HX No.1 W-1 KSTS XG GH w(硝酸钙)Calcium nitrate concentrations/%0 30.03±0.96 c 28.06±0.71 d 23.88±0.89 d 10.94±0.85 d 41.68±2.01 d 10.78±0.53 d 0.02 78.08±1.12 b 81.01±0.47 b 45.08±1.83 c 38.36±1.81 c 86.35±2.19 b 37.51±0.71 c 0.04 86.73±0.61 a 89.85±0.84 a 84.91±1.44 a 68.84±2.46 a 90.06±1.95 a 67.91±1.12 a 0.08 87.55±0.52 a 90.60±0.54 a 86.13±1.01 a 70.46±1.52 a 91.06±2.78 a 68.75±3.52 a 0.16 78.09±1.23 b 77.48±0.94 c 82.29±0.83 b 46.77±1.45 b 76.32±3.23 c 47.40±1.26 b

2.2.5 培养温度 温度对西番莲花粉萌发率生长具有显著影响(表7),6种西番莲花粉萌发率随着温度的升高均呈先上升后下降的趋势。当培养温度达到25 ℃时,TN、HX No.1、W-1、KSTS、XG和GH等6种西番莲的花粉萌发率均达到最高,分别为88.38%、90.58%、85.81%、71.22%、91.28%和65.55%。当培养温度为45 ℃时,TN、HX No.1和GH花粉均不萌发,而W-1、KSTS 和XG 在此条件下花粉仍能萌发,萌发率分别为21.46%、12.04%和53.01%。由此可见,KSTS、W-1 和XG 的花粉具有一定的耐高温特性,其中XG 的花粉耐高温程度最高。

表7 6 种西番莲在不同培养温度下的花粉萌发率
Table 7 Pollen germination rates of 6 Passiflora L.species under different culture temperatures

引种编号Introduction number TN HX No.1 W-1 KSTS XG GH培养温度Culture temperatures/℃20 84.37±0.82 b 85.67±0.56 b 78.63±2.20 b 61.98±1.63 b 82.67±2.02 c 60.89±0.78 b 25 88.38±0.99 a 90.58±0.72 a 85.81±1.79 a 71.22±2.72 a 91.28±1.13 a 65.55±1.04 a 30 81.09±0.94 c 79.77±0.94 c 68.36±1.59 c 59.23±0.82 b 86.87±1.19 b 57.57±0.53 c 35 58.86±2.77 d 60.11±1.38 d 46.61±1.69 d 47.59±2.19 c 83.04±1.98 c 43.52±1.83 d 40 29.31±1.80 e 18.94±0.98 e 31.09±2.50 e 33.55±5.53 d 76.81±3.69 d 20.12±1.79 e 45 0.00±0.00 f 0.00±0.00 f 21.46±0.92 f 12.04±1.06 e 53.01±0.60 e 0.00±0.00 f

2.3 3 种花粉活力测定方法对25 种西番莲花粉活力的比较分析

通过对花粉离体培养、TTC染色和I2-KI染色等3种方式进行对比,发现这3种花粉活力检测方法均检测出西番莲的花粉活力,但不同检测方法的西番莲花粉活力存在显著差异(表8),相较TTC 和I2-KI染色法而言,花粉离体培养是最能呈现25种西番莲花粉活力的检测方法,TTC 染色法与花粉离体培养法对花粉活力的检测结果相接近,可作为西番莲花粉活力的快速检测方法,因此,在进行花粉活力研究过程中可以将TTC 染色法与花粉离体培养法作对比,而I2-KI 染色法的结果与前两者差异较大,并不适用于西番莲花粉活力的检测。

表8 25 种西番莲花粉离体培养、TTC 和I2-KI 染色的花粉活力比较
Table 8 Comparison of pollen viability pollen culture in vitro,TTC and I2-KI staining of 25 Passiflora L.species

引种编号Introduction number TN HX No.1 GH KSTS W-1 XG XTN QM No.9 MGMX RX ZL JMCH LP QP FMHJ HG YYM ZZ-B1 D1-A1 THX ZXMB D2-11Ⅱ-Y ULGRQG LX花粉活力Pollen viability/%花粉离体培养Pollen culture in vitro 88.14±0.74 a 90.82±0.56 a 67.92±0.70 a 72.36±0.41 a 86.78±1.41 a 91.67±0.24 a 84.90±0.31 a 89.41±1.06 a 92.49±0.98 a 5.35±0.44 a 1.21±0.25 a 76.72±0.72 a 85.06±1.22 a 83.21±0.38 a 86.42±1.51 a 81.19±0.67 a 88.14±0.33 a 81.20±0.40 a 91.41±0.33 a 87.55±0.50 a 86.10±0.97 a 91.42±0.17 a 86.36±0.43 a 85.31±0.75 a 0.63±0.41 a TTC染色TTC staining 84.59±0.98 b 86.66±0.81 b 56.60±0.83 b 71.06±1.72 a 82.98±0.27 b 89.06±0.97 b 82.86±0.61 b 85.09±0.92 b 88.68±1.29 b 1.01±0.52 b 0.26±0.01 b 69.73±0.87 b 80.88±1.02 b 78.05±1.73 b 82.09±1.79 b 77.48±1.13 b 80.93±0.83 b 74.44±1.19 b 86.60±0.19 b 84.32±1.15 b 81.96±1.25 b 85.55±1.70 b 83.36±1.62 b 84.60±0.87 a 0.25±0.01 bc I2-KI染色I2-KI staining 14.09±2.73 c 19.02±0.04 c 15.52±0.86 c 24.61±2.00 b 28.91±2.88 c 27.88±0.62 c 14.77±0.70 c 16.94±1.37 c 9.78±0.50 c 0.91±0.31 b 0.00±0.00 b 8.72±0.27 c 14.44±0.15 c 10.88±0.77 c 16.78±0.38 c 9.70±0.44 c 10.92±1.64 c 7.20±1.05 c 21.29±0.49 c 11.10±0.68 c 12.68±0.61 c 21.41±3.84 c 16.57±0.94 c 28.07±1.52 b 0.00±0.00 c

2.4 基于花粉活力的聚类分析

基于25 种西番莲花粉离体培养和TTC 染色法的花粉活力数据,采用最远邻元素法对25种西番莲进行聚类,在遗传距离5处,可将25种西番莲分为3个类群,第Ⅰ类群包含21 个种类,分别为FMHJ、ZXMB、W-1、Ⅱ-Y、LP、XTN、TN、THX、QM No. 9、ULGRQG、HX No. 1、D1-A1、D2-11、YYM、XG、MGMX、QP、HG、ZZ-B1、KSTS、JMCH,花粉活力均在70%以上;第Ⅱ类群包含1 个种类GH,花粉活力在50%~70%之间;第Ⅲ类群包含3 个种类,分别为ZL、LX、RX,花粉活力均在10%以下(图2)。由此说明西番莲属的花粉活力具有多样性。

图2 25 种西番莲花粉大小和花粉活力的聚类分析
Fig.2 Cluster analysis of pollen size and vitality of 25 Passiflora L.species

3 讨 论

柱头和花粉是植物进行有性生殖的重要组成部分,研究柱头可授性及花粉活力,不仅能够提高坐果率,而且对人工授粉、提高杂交育种的效率也具有重要意义。柱头可授性的强弱是决定育种工作成功与否的指标之一[15],可通过柱头可授性的强弱进而明确杂交父母本的选择,减少杂交的盲目性。采用联苯胺-过氧化氢溶液处理后的西番莲柱头会发生氧化还原反应,通过柱头颜色的变化和气泡的产生判断柱头可授性的强弱。25 种西番莲中的TN、HX No. 1、W-1、XG、XTN、QM No. 9、MGMX、LP、QP、FMHJ、HG、YYM、ZZ-B1、D1-A1、THX、ZXMB、D2-11、Ⅱ-Y和ULGRQG等19种柱头可授性较强,可作为杂交父本。

除柱头可授性外,花粉活力是影响杂交成功率的关键因素。笔者对TN、HX No. 1、GH、W-1、XG和KSTS 等6 种在花型、果实性状、叶片形状等具有代表性的西番莲进行花粉离体萌发最适培养基组分、浓度和培养温度的筛选研究。6 种西番莲的花粉离体培养最适硼酸、PEG-4000和硝酸钙浓度的需求一致,分别为0.02%、15%、0.08%,仅PEG-4000 浓度与前人在西番莲上的研究结果相一致[10,16],而硼酸、浓度和蔗糖浓度均存在差异。

硼酸被认为是花粉萌发及花粉管生长的关键物质,钙是作物花粉管生长中所必需的营养物质。本研究结果表明,硼酸和硝酸钙浓度显著影响25种西番莲花粉离体萌发率,是西番莲花粉体外萌发的必需物质,适当浓度可促进花粉管萌发,但浓度过高会产生抑制作用。不同植物花粉离体萌发对硼酸和硝酸钙浓度的需求存在较大差异,火龙果花粉离体萌发最适硼酸质量浓度为500 mg·L-1[17],苹果花粉离体萌发最适硼酸和硝酸钙质量浓度分别为40 mg·L-1和20 mg·L-1[18],茶树花粉离体萌发最适硼酸和硝酸钙质量浓度分别为150 mg·L-1和100 mg·L-1 [19],甘蔗花粉离体萌发最适硼酸和硝酸钙质量浓度分别为400 mg·L-1和100 mg·L-1[20]。本研究中西番莲花粉的最适硼酸和硝酸钙质量分数分别为0.02%和0.08%,与蔡昭艳等[10]报道的硼酸质量浓度25 mg·L-1、硝酸钙质量浓度300 mg·L-1存在一定差异,可能是不同时期、不同种植环境所造成的,因此在杂交育种和生产中,对授粉后的花喷施适当浓度的硼酸和硝酸钙可促进花粉管萌发。

蔗糖作为花粉离体萌发的必不可少的碳源和能源物质,其最适浓度因物种而异。李范[21]在探究不同培养条件对锦带花粉萌发的影响中表明,蔗糖质量分数为15%有利于锦带花花粉萌发,较低或较高质量分数对花粉萌发有抑制作用,而在葡萄[22]、桃[23]、梨[24]等物种中,花粉离体萌发的最适蔗糖质量分数为10%。此外,朱江华等[25]研究表明,6 个蓝莓品种花粉萌发所需的最适蔗糖浓度不尽相同,莱格西、布里吉塔、密斯梯在蔗糖质量分数为10%时,花粉萌发率均最高,当蔗糖质量分数为15%时,夏普蓝、粉蓝、梯芙蓝等3个蓝莓品种的萌发率均达到最高。这一结果与本研究中TN、HX No. 1、KSTS 和GH等4种西番莲最适蔗糖质量分数为15%,W-1和XG 等2 种西番莲最适蔗糖质量分数为10%的研究结论相一致,表明同一作物不同种间离体培养对蔗糖浓度的需求也存在差异,可能是西番莲基因型的差异所造成的,其中TN、HX No. 1、KSTS 和GH 的叶片类型为掌状三裂,W-1和XG叶片呈单裂,遗传差异较大。因此在后续开展花药离体培养试验时需要进行蔗糖浓度梯度分析。

温度是影响花粉萌发、坐果率的主要因素[26]。前人研究表明,不同作物的花粉最适萌发温度差异较大,海仙花花粉萌发最适温度为20 ℃[27],绵带花花粉萌发最适温度为25 ℃[21],猕猴桃花粉萌发最适温度为30 ℃[28]。笔者在本研究中发现不同温度对西番莲花粉萌发具有显著影响,但6 种具有代表性的西番莲最适温度均为25 ℃。蔡昭艳等[16]用拟合方程预算出台农一号西番莲花粉离体萌发的温度范围为6.19~45.13 ℃,最适温度为25.69 ℃,这与本研究结果一致。当培养温度达到45 ℃时,TN、HX No.1、GH的花粉已不萌发,而KSTS、W-1和XG在此条件下花粉仍能萌发,这与前人在杧果、榛子等作物上的研究结果相一致[29-30]。由此可说明,KSTS、W-1 和XG可用于以耐高温为育种目标的杂交亲本材料。

前人在对花粉活力的研究中使用不同的检测方法,主要有花粉离体培养和染色法[31]。花粉离体培养法是反映花粉活力的最好方式,被广泛使用于各类作物中,而染色法以TTC、I2-KI、MTT和醋酸洋红染色为主[32],但并不适用于所有物种。在云杉中使用I2-KI染色法和醋酸洋红染色法染色效果不佳,而TTC 染色法和花粉离体培养法效果较好[33],而在通关藤中最适合花粉活力的测定方法为I2-KI 染色法[34]。笔者在对25 种西番莲进行花粉离体培养、TTC和I2-KI染色的对比结果中发现,花粉离体培养法结果最佳,这与前人的研究结果一致,TTC 染色法也能较好地反映花粉活力,可作为西番莲属花粉活力快速检测方法。而I2-KI 染色法结果与前两者差异过大,并不适用于西番莲花粉活力的检测。25种西番莲的花粉活力存在明显差异,这与在葡萄[35]、三角梅[36]、萱草[37]、桃[38]、猕猴桃[39]等植物中的研究结果相一致。Soares 等[40]研究表明,西番莲不同种之间的差异可能受到同一物种基因型差异的影响,骆东灵等[41]和Kakani等[42]分别在蔷薇和棉花中观察到花粉离体萌发因品种而异。由此可见,不同种西番莲花粉活力产生差异的原因,可能与选育、进化过程中的遗传变异相关。

花粉活力能够反映种间特异性,可以运用于种与品种之间的区分[43],为物种分类提供重要的依据。张良英等[44]在不同软枣猕猴桃雄株花粉离体培养条件及花粉性状比较的研究中,依据单花花粉量、萌发率与花粉管长度进行聚类分析,将15份雄株分为4个类群。杜文文等[45]采用最短距离法对30种秋海棠花粉活力进行聚类,可将30 种秋海棠分为6 个类群。笔者基于25 种西番莲花粉离体培养和TTC染色法的花粉活力,将25 种西番莲分为3 个类群。从遗传角度分析,花粉萌发率为花粉育性的重要指示指标,可以直接反映雄配子的育性发育状况,与杂交育种中父母本的选择密切相关。对花粉活力进行分级,可以划分为不同等级的育性,一般花粉可育率为0,定为全不育;小于5%,为高不育;≥5%~30%,为半不育;>30%~50%,为低不育;>50%,为正常可育[46]。由此可将25种西番莲分为正常可育、高不育两类,其中聚类的第Ⅰ类群和第Ⅱ类群共22个种均属于正常可育类型,杂交时可以作父本;第Ⅲ类群中含3个种均属于高不育类型,适宜作母本。

4 结 论

花粉离体培养是最能呈现25 种西番莲花粉活力的检测方法,TTC染色法与花粉离体培养法相比,可作为西番莲花粉活力的快速检测方法。25 种西番莲属中,ZL、LX和RX适宜作杂交母本,而FMHJ、ZXMB、W-1、Ⅱ-Y、LP、XTN、TN、THX、QM No.9、ULGRQG、HX No. 1、D1-A1、D2-11、YYM、XG、MGMX、QP、HG、ZZ-B1、KSTS、JMCH、GH 等22 种西番莲均可作杂交父本或母本。

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Screening of pollen viability test methods and comparative analysis of pollen viability and stigma acceptability from 25 species of Passiflora L.

WU Bin1, WANG Jiazhi2#, XING Wenting1, SONG Shun1, HUANG Haijie1, LI Hongli1, HU Wenbin1,MA Funing1,HUANG Dongmei1*

(1Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute,Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rual Affairs/Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources Genetic Improvement and Innovation of Hainan Province/Germplasm Repository of Passiflora,Hainan Province,Danzhou 571101,Hainan,China;2College of Tropical Crop Science,Yunnan Agricultural University,Puer 665099,Yunnan,China)

Abstract:【Objective】 The study aimed to test the pollen viability and stigma receptivity of 25 species[including 8 local varieties are Tainong (TN), Xintainong (XTN), Qinmi No. 9 (QM No. 9), Fengmihuangjinbaixiangguo (FMHJ), Yuanyangmi (YYM), Juwubabaixiangguo (D1- A1), Tianhuangxing(THX), Zhuangxiangmibao (ZXMB), 15 introduced varieties/strains are Guanhua (GH), Kangsitansi(KSTS), W- 1, Honghuaxifanlian (XG), Jingchixifanlian (MGMX), Ruixiang (RX), Zilian (ZL),Zhangyexifanlian(JMCH),Lüpi(LP),Qingpi(QP),Hongguan(HG),ZZ-B1,Lüpixifanlian(Ⅱ-Y),Wulaguireqingguo (ULGRQG), Lanxiang (LX), and 2 selected varieties/strains are Huangxiang No. 1 (HX No. 1), Xiaohuagnjin (D2-11).] of Passiflora L., and provide theoretical basis for the selecting parents for crossing in Passiflora L.【Methods】 Using six representative species of Passiflora L.as test materials,including TN,HX No.1,GH,W-1,XG and KSTS a single-factor experiment was conducted using a basic medium containing 0.02%boric acid(H3BO3),15%sucrose,15%PEG-4000,0.08%calcium nitrate[Ca(NO3)2·4H2O],and 0.02%MgSO4·7H2O to screen optimal conditions for pollen viability test in vitro.The 25 species of Passiflora L.were used as materials,the basic floral morphological parameters were measured.Pollen vitality was detected using pollen culture in vitro,TTC staining,and I2-KI staining methods to compare differences of pollen vitality of different species with different detection methods. Additionally, the stigmatic receptivity of the 25 species of Passiflora L. was compared and analyzed using the benzidine-hydrogen peroxide method.【Results】 The results showed that all the 25 species of Passiflora L. exhibited different stigma receptivity.Among them, the 19 species including TN,HX No.1,W-1,XG,XTN,QM No.9,MGMX,LP,QP,FMHJ,HG,YYM,ZZ-B1,D1-A1,THX,ZXMB, D2-11, Ⅱ-Y and ULGRQG exhibited strong stigma receptivity. The 3 species, GH, KSTS and JMCH had moderate stigma receptivity, while another 3 species, RX, ZL and LX showed weaker stigma receptivity. Only the optimal sucrose concentration for different species was different in pollen culture in vitro.Aong the 6 species tested, the optimal sucrose concentration for TN, HX No. 1, GH and KSTS was 15%, while the optimal sucrose concentration for W-1 and XG was 10%.The optimal concentrations of boric acid, PEG-4000, and calcium nitrate were 0.02%, 15%, and 0.08%, respectively,with an optimal incubation temperature of 25 ℃. The pollen culture in vitro was the most effective method for demonstrating the pollen vitality of the 25 species, followed by TTC staining, which could serve as a rapid detection method.The I2-KI staining was not suitable for detecting the pollen vitality of Passiflora L.Based on pollen culture in vitro and TTC staining methods,the 25 species of Passiflora L.was classified into three groups by cluster analysis. GroupⅠconsisted of 21 species, including FMHJ,ZXMB,W-1,Ⅱ-Y,LP,XTN,TN,THX, QM No.9,ULGRQG, HX No.1,D1-A1,D2-11,YYM, XG,MGMX, QP, HG, ZZ-B1, KSTS and JMCH with pollen vitality above 70%, being considered as normally fertile.Group Ⅱconsisted of only one species,GH with pollen vitality between 50%and 70%,also being considered as normally fertile. Group Ⅲincluded three species, ZL, LX and RX which belonged to the high sterile category.【Conclusion】 Among the three detection methods, pollen vitro-culture is the most effective method for evaluating the pollen vitality of the 25 species of Passiflora L.,while the TTC staining method could serve as a rapid alternative.Among the 25 species (varieties) of Passiflora L., ZL, LX and RX could be only used as female parents for hybridization, while the other 22 species could be used as either male or female parents for hybridization.

Key words:Passiflora L.;Pollen viability;Stigma acceptability;Cross breeding

中图分类号:S667.9

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2024)10-1947-14

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20240160

收稿日期:2024-03-27

接受日期:2024-04-29

基金项目:2024年海南育种联合攻关项目(百香果育种联合攻关);海南省科技计划项目(ZDYF2021XDNY119)

作者简介:吴斌,男,助理研究员,硕士,主要从事百香果新品种选育及配套栽培技术管理研究。E-mail:wubin520327@163.com。#为共同第一作者。

*通信作者 Author for correspondence.E-mail:huangdm@catas.cn