青皮红心柚新品种云青1号的选育

赵东兴,杨永智,陈林杨,李 春*,毕光林,张建春,李万云,李永慧

(云南省红河热带农业科学研究所,云南河口 661399)

摘 要:云青1 号是云南省红河热带农业科学研究所科研人员从云南省河口县集市上购买柚果后通过种子繁育选育出的柚新品种。该品种树势强旺,树姿开张,萌芽力中等,成枝能力强;果实呈饱满长水滴形,平均单果质量1.56 kg,果实可食率68%,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)11.3%,总酸含量0.47 g·100 g-1,固酸比24.04,维生素C 含量56.7 mg·100 g-1,维生素E含量0.407 mg·100 g-1。在云南省河口县2月初现蕾,3月盛花,9月下旬成熟,果实生育期190 d左右。果实成熟后,果面主色绿色,果肉红色,汁胞呈水晶切面晶莹剔透,无苦麻味,汁胞不粒化,单一品种种植表现为无籽或少籽。该品种植株较耐贫瘠,耐高温高湿,适宜热区栽培,云南南部热区和全省低热河谷区域均可种植。

关键词:青皮红心柚;新品种;云青1号

青皮红心柚为芸香科(Rutaceae)柑橘属(Cit‐rus)柚[Citrus grandis(L.)Osbeck]的一种,原产地为东南亚的泰国、越南和中国云南南部热区,因成熟后果表绿色,果肉红色而得名青皮红心柚,简称青柚[1],其果肉水分充足、口感清甜,低糖低酸,含有丰富的胡萝卜素、膳食纤维和多种维生素成分,有较高的营养价值和保健功能,受到消费者青睐[2]。云南省西双版纳、红河州先后引进泰国红宝石青柚和越南青柚种植,但引种栽培的青柚多为种植户自繁自育、自由引种,种源多、品种杂,没有经过优良品种筛选和纯化,缺乏适宜云南省栽培的优良品种,导致种植效益不高,严重制约着产业的发展和市场竞争力的提高[3]。为培育出适宜云南热区栽培的优质高值新品种,丰富云南乡土柚品种,提高青柚产业的地位,云南省红河热带农业科学研究所从2007 年开始开展柚种质资源的收集、保存与创制研究,经过10余年的栽培试验与调查,选育出了一个具有自主产权的青柚新品种云青1号。

1 选育过程

2007年9月云南省红河热带农业科学研究所科研人员从云南省红河州河口县集市上购买到的一批青皮红肉柚果,通过种子繁育最终得到实生母树104株。实生母树于2013年开始挂果,经过连续2 a(年)的观测记录,从中筛选出1株具有早花、中熟、果汁含量高、甜度高,果实留果时间长,汁胞不粒化的优株(自用代号5-2),将其定为优系。2014年以本地酸柚为砧木进行高枝换接并进行观察试验,2016试花挂果,经过连续2 a对高枝换接的青皮红肉柚进行植物学特征和生物学性状调查,没有非典型植株出现,说明无性繁殖植株的植物学特征和生物学性状一致。2018年向农业农村部提交植物新品种保护申请,通过多年连续的观察,该品种性状稳定,在云南省河口县9月下旬至10 月初成熟,2021 年10 月通过专家现场审查,2023 年3 月7 日获农业农村部植物新品种保护授权(品种权号:CNA20184826.0),定名为云青1号(图1)。

图1 青皮红心柚新品种云青1 号
Fig.1 A new pomelo with green skin and red pulp Yunqing 1

2 主要性状

2.1 植物学特征

云青1 号树势强旺,树姿开张,萌芽力中等,成枝能力强,幼树生长旺盛,新梢呈绿色、有短刺,无茸毛;花蕾为白色间绿点,盛开时花瓣为白色,雄蕊平均数量25枚,雌蕊1枚,可自花结实;叶片长14.85 cm,宽8.11 cm,椭圆形,有波状缘,叶片较厚、绿色深有光泽,有翼叶,翼叶长3.7 cm,宽4.2 cm;成年树枝条生长量大,枝条密。

2.2 生长结果习性

云青1 号喜光、耐高温的环境,嫁接苗当年可长1~2 m冠幅,结果早,定植第2年开始少量开花结果,3 a 投产,5 a 进入丰产期,以短状枝结果为主;如果果树营养过剩,容易形成营养枝和徒长枝,结果能力降低。

2.3 物候期

云青1 号在云南省河口县2 月初现蕾,3 月盛花,9 月下旬成熟可陆续采摘,果实生育期190 d 左右(表1)。

表1 云青1 号物候期(云南省河口县)
Table 1 Phenology of Yunqing 1 in Hekou of Yunnan(月-日)

年份Year 2021 2022 2023现蕾期Date of initia squaring 02-04 02-02 02-03初花期Date of initial blooming 03-04 03-02 03-03盛花期Date of full blooming 03-10 03-08 03-07生理落果期Date of physiological fruit drop 03-18 03-16 03-17果实成熟期Date of fruit maturity 09-29 09-26 09-28

2.4 果实品质性状

如表2 所示,该品种果实纵径16.90 cm,横径15.48 cm,最宽处近果顶,呈饱满长水滴形,平均单果质量1.56 kg,丰产性强。果实表面有凹凸,果面主色绿色,油胞明显。果皮厚度1.46 cm,硬度高,果肉红色,β-类胡萝卜素(w,后同)58.7 μg·100 g-1,汁胞现水晶切面晶莹剔透,肉质脆嫩化渣,汁液多,风味清甜,主要用于鲜食;果实可食率68%,可溶性固形物含量11.3%,固酸比24.04,维生素C 含量56.7 mg·100 g-1,维生素E 含量0.407 mg·100 g-1,均优于对照品种强德勒。

表2 云青1 号与强德勒主要性状比较
Table 2 Comparison of main charaters between Yunqing 1 and Chandler Janet

品种Cultivar果实形状Fruit shape云青1号Yunqing 1强德勒Chandler单果质量Average fruit mass/kg 1.56果实纵经Fruit longitudinal diameter/cm 16.90果实横径Fruit transverse diameter/cm 15.48 w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solid content/%11.3 w(总酸)Total acid content/(g·100 g-1)0.47固酸比Solid-acid ratio 24.04 1.09果面主色Fruit surface main color绿色Green绿黄色Green-yellow 14.47 14.93水滴形Drop高扁圆形High flat round 10.0 0.67 14.92品种Cultivar可食率Edible rate/%果肉颜色Flesh color汁液Juice of flesh云青1号Yunqing 1强德勒Chandler w(维生素C)Vitamin C content/(mg·100 g-1)56.7 w(维生素E)Vitamin E content/(mg·100 g-1)0.407 68 w(β-类胡萝卜素)β-carotenoids content/(μg·100 g-1)58.7多51.1 0.354果面光滑度Fruit surface smoothness中等Medium粗糙Rough 65红色Red红色Red 32.0 More中Medium汁胞粒化Juicy sac granulation无No少Little

2.5 特异性和抗逆性

云青1 号果实成熟后果面主色绿色无杂色,果肉红色,汁胞呈水晶切面晶莹剔透,汁胞不粒化,无苦麻味,单一品种种植表现为无籽或少籽,与其他品种混种平均种子数为83 枚。植株较耐贫瘠,壤砂土、砾壤土均宜栽培,云南南部热区和全省低热河谷区域均可种植。

3 栽培技术要点

3.1 定植建园

适宜年平均温度24 ℃,绝对最低温度≥10 ℃,1月平均温度≥4 ℃,年日照时数达到1600 h,≥10 ℃的年积温5000 ℃以上区域种植。宜选择平地、缓坡地、丘陵,坡度10°~25°之间建园,园区土壤有机质含量≥1%,pH 在5.5~6.5 之间,土层深厚,土层在40 cm以上,地下水位1 m以下效果较好。

3.2 肥水管理

春夏浅施,秋冬深施;化学肥料浅施,磷、钾、有机肥深施,遵循以有机肥为主、化学肥料为辅的原则。每年10—11 月结合施采果肥和绿肥还田时进行,对管理差的果园在树冠滴水线以外的土壤全面深翻30~50 cm,回填入经腐熟的有机肥或腐烂的覆盖物,回填时混以绿肥、秸秆或腐熟的人畜粪尿、堆肥、饼肥等,表土放在底层,心土放在表层,然后对穴内灌足水分。

3.3 整形修枝

树形选择变则主干形、自然开心形、自然圆头形。幼树以培养树形骨架为目的,定干高度60 cm,主干留2~3 个主枝,每一主枝上留2~3 个副主枝,每年健壮的外围枝上始终只留1~3条新梢。结果树修枝整形按照控上促下、控外促内的原则,使枝梢分布合理,上下不重叠,左右不拥挤,结构紧凑,通风透光,调整树体营养与生殖生长的平衡,促进挂果。

3.4 花果管理

花前复剪,强枝适当多留花,有叶单花多留,抹除畸形花、病虫花。适当抹除春梢,5—6 月份抹除夏梢,控施氮肥。根据叶果比疏果,保留大果,疏除畸形果、病虫果、弱小果。

3.5 主要病虫害防治

云青1 号主要受潜叶蛾、蓟马、红蜘蛛、介壳虫危害,对溃疡病有一定抗性,种植过程中以农业防治和物理防治为基础,生物防治为核心,按照病虫害的发生规律,科学使用化学防治技术。

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Breeding report of a new pomelo cultivar Yunqing 1 with green skin and red pulp

ZHAO Dongxing, YANG Yongzhi, CHEN Linyang, LI Chun*, BI Guanglin, ZHANG Jianchun, LI Wanyun,LI Yonghui
(Honghe Institute of Tropical Agriculture of Yunnan,Hekou 661399,Yunnan,China)

Abstract: Yunqing 1 is a new pomelo cultivar selected by Honghe Tropical Agricultural Science Insti‐tute of Yunnan. In September 2007, the researchers purchased a batch of pomelo with green skin and red pulp from the market of Hekou county, Honghe Prefecture,Yunnan province. Finally, 104 maternal trees were obtained through seedling breeding. Those trees began to bear fruit in 2013.After two con‐secutive years of observation, an optimized strain with early flowering, medium ripening, large fruit juice content, high sweetness, long fruit retention time and resistance to granulation of flesh was select‐ed. In 2014, local sour pomelo was used as the rootstock for top-grafting and the observation experi‐ment was conducted.In 2016,the flower and fruit were tested.After two consecutive years of investiga‐tion on the botanical characteristics of the top-worked Qingpi red pomelo,no atypical plant appeared in the investigation. In 2018, the application for protection of new varieties was submitted to the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs.After years of continuous observation,the variety performance was sta‐ble in Hekou of Yunnan province. In October 2021, it passed the on-site examination of experts. On March 7, 2023, it was authorized by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs for the protection of new varieties of plants(Code of Plant variety rights:CNA20184826.0)and named Yunqing 1.The culti‐var has strong growth vigor, open tree gesture, medium bud breaking rate and strong branching ability.It enjoys sunlight and high temperature environment. It begins to produce in third year, and enters the fertile period in fifth year. The fruit shows long water droplet shape. The average weight of single ma‐ture fruit is 1.56 kg and the edible rate of fruit is 68%.The soluble solid content is 11.3%,the total acid is 0.47 g·100 g-1,the solid/acid ratio is 24.04,the content of vitamin C is 56.7 mg·100 g-1,and the con‐tent of vitamin E is 0.407 mg·100 g-1,all of which were superior to the control variety Chandler pome‐lo. In Hekou area of Yunnan, the bud break appears in early February, flowers bloom in March, fruits mature in late September, and the fruit growth period is about 190 d.After the fruits mature, the main color of the fruit surface is green and the flesh is red. The juice cell is three-dimensional slice crystal and clear without bitter hemp taste and the juice sac is not granulated. Seedless or less seeded pomelo fruits can be obtained under monoculture conditions.The plant of this variety is resistant to barren,high temperature and high humidity, which is suitable for cultivation in hot areas, and can be planted in southern hot areas and low hot valley areas of Yunnan.

Key words: Pomelo with green skin and red;New cultivar;Yunqing 1

中图分类号:S666.3

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2024)08-1696-04

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20240179

收稿日期:2024-04-07 接受日期: 2024-05-11

基金项目:云南省院士(专家)工作站项目(202305AF150145);云南省高层次科技人才及创新团队选拔专项(202405AD350031)

作者简介:赵东兴,男,副研究员,主要从事热带作物栽培与育种研究。E-mail:dongxingzhao11@126.com

*通信作者 Author for correspondence.E-mail:lichunhonghe@126.com