大果甜仁杏新品种中杏7号的选育

夏乐晗1,刘静民2,黄振宇1,3,陈 龙1,陈玉玲1*

1中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所,郑州 450009;2上蔡县林业发展服务中心,河南上蔡 463800;3中国农业科学院中原研究中心,河南新乡 453519)

摘 要:中杏7 号是以蜜香为母本、凯特为父本人工杂交选育而成的大果甜仁优质杏品种。果实圆形,平均单果质量108.5 g,最大单果质量140.0 g;果实较对称,缝合线浅,梗洼中深,果顶微凹,无果顶尖,果皮有茸毛,中厚;成熟时果实底色黄色,阳面红色。果肉橙黄色,肉厚质细,多汁,纤维少,香甜浓郁。果核圆形,褐色,离核。仁甜,种仁较饱满。可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)14.5%,维生素C 含量9.3 mg·100 g-1,可溶性糖含量7.9%,总酸含量1.1%,可食率96.3%。新乡地区3月中旬开花,6月上旬果实成熟,11月中旬落叶。树体生长势强,易成花,以花束状果枝和短果枝结果为主,自花结实能力差,需配置授粉树。中杏7 号外观美,品质优,果个大,核仁甜,丰产稳产,适应性强,适合在河南及周边平原、丘陵、山地等杏栽培区栽培。

关键词:杏;新品种;中杏7号;大果;甜仁

杏(Prunus armeniaca Lam.)属于蔷薇科(Rosa‐ceae),是原产于中国的特色果树,是栽培历史最为悠久的果树树种之一,品种资源丰富,果实品质优异,栽培面积和产量均居世界首位[1-2]。杏果实成熟早,色泽鲜艳,风味独特,富含糖类、蛋白质、矿物质、维生素等营养物质,深受市场认可和消费者喜爱[3]。杏树对干旱、寒冷贫瘠土壤具有较强的抗性,广泛分布于中国“三北”地区,是兼具经济效益、社会效益及生态效益的经济林树种[4-6]

目前,中国生产上的主栽品种大多是地方优良品种,表现为果个大、风味浓郁,但果肉软、不耐贮运、大小年现象明显,丰产性差。针对国内杏品种丰产性差、不耐贮运等问题,金太阳和凯特因具备外观美、丰产性好、果肉硬、耐贮运等优点而从国外引进,但口感较酸,风味较差,没有中国杏的甜香味。近些年来,一系列杏新品种相继被中国杏育种工作者培育出来,如国锦[7]、京绯红[8]、中杏3 号[3]、吉露[9]、英华[10]、金辉[11]、早红艳[12]、金硕[13]、京骆丰[14]等,但是不能完全满足不同的栽培需求和市场需求。因此,选育并推广应用品质好、产量高、抗性强的杏新品种,是杏产业发展的重要基础和根本保障,也是提高种植效益的有效途径。中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所将硬肉、高产、优质、抗性强作为育种目标。经过多年的系统选育,选育出优质大果甜仁杏新品种中杏7 号。

1 选育经过

2010 年以蜜香为母本、凯特为父本进行杂交,获得杂交种子256 粒,翌年春季播种,繁育出杂交苗102 株,于2012 年春季定植于中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所李杏种质资源圃,进行正常水肥抚育管理,分别编号、调查。

2015 年杂交单株开花结果,从果实经济性状、结果习性、丰产性能等方面进行调查鉴定,编号为6-16 的杂交单株综合性状突出,表现为:果个大,肉厚质细,纤维少,汁液多,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)14.0%~15.5%,香甜浓郁,仁甜饱满,果实6月上旬成熟,遂定为优良单株。2015 年以大树高接,连续3 a(年)对高接树和实生母树进行观察,6-16 综合性状表现稳定,定为复选优系。同时通过嫁接繁育苗木,2018 年起在河南省新乡市新乡县、开封市兰考县、濮阳市濮阳县、南阳市镇平县等地进行区域试验或引种栽培。定植后第2 年少量结果,第3 年大量结果,第4 年进入丰产期。2023 年1 月通过河南省林木品种审定委员会审定,命名为中杏7 号(良种编号:豫S-SV-PA-008-2022)(图1)。

图1 杏新品种中杏7 号
Fig.1 A new apricot cultivar Zhongxing No.7

2 主要性状

2.1 果实经济性状

果实圆形,平均单果质量108.5 g,最大单果质量140.0 g。纵径5.5 cm,横径6.0 cm,侧径5.9 cm。果顶微凹,无果顶尖,缝合线浅,较明显,梗洼中深。果实底色黄色,阳面红色,果皮中厚。果肉橙黄色,肉厚质细,纤维少,汁液多,香甜浓郁,离核。可溶性固形物含量14.5%,维生素C 含量9.3 mg·100 g-1,可溶性糖含量7.9%,总酸含量1.1%。核圆形,干核平均质量3.2 g,核长2.7 cm,核宽2.4 cm。种仁较饱满,核仁甜,干仁平均质量0.5 g;可食率96.3%(表1)。

表1 中杏7 号与对照品种果实经济性状比较
Table 1 Comparison of economic characters among Zhongxing No.7 and the control cultivars

品种Cultivar肉质Flesh texture风味Flavor核仁Kernel中杏7号Zhongxing No.7蜜香Mixiang凯特Katy成熟期Maturity period 6月上旬Early June 6月上旬Early June 6月下旬Late June平均单果质量Average fruit mass/g 108.5 w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solids content/%14.5 81.0 13.8 85.0果形Fruit shape圆Globose圆Globose卵圆Ovate厚细Thick and less fiber厚细Thick and less fiber厚细Thick and less fiber汁液Juice content多Many多Many较多More香甜Intense aromatic and sweet香甜Intense aromatic and sweet酸甜Sour and sweet甜仁Sweet kernel甜仁Sweet kernel苦仁Bitter kernel 13.6

2.2 植物学特征

树体生长势强,树姿半开张。树皮棕褐色,多年生枝灰褐色,1 年生枝条阳面紫红色,较粗壮,锐角斜生,光滑无毛。节间长1.9 cm,皮孔灰白色,椭圆形。花5 瓣,花瓣下部浅粉红色。叶片长9.2 cm,叶片宽7.5 cm,叶表面深绿色,叶基钝圆形,叶片尖端夹角中等钝角,叶缘尖锯齿,叶缘起伏中等;叶柄长3.3 cm,叶柄暗红色,叶柄蜜腺数多于3个。

2.3 生长结果习性

中杏7 号树势较强,树姿较直立,经调查,新乡地区6 年生果园,平均树高4.1 m,平均冠幅3.4 m,平均地径15.2 cm。当年新梢平均长44.5 cm,枝条直径平均为0.8 cm,以花束状果枝和短果枝结果为主。1 年生嫁接苗第2 年开始少量结果,3 年即可大量结果,5年生树株产40.0 kg以上。经试验对比,中杏7号的产量优于对照品种凯特杏(表2)。

表2 中杏7 号与对照品种产量比较
Table 2 Comparison of fruit yield between Zhongxing No.7 and the control cultivar

品种Cultivar中杏7号Zhongxing No.7凯特Katy 3年生树3-year-old tree平均株产The average yield per plant/kg 13.0 666.7 m2产量666.7 m2 yield/kg 728.0 4年生树4-year-old tree平均株产The average yield per plant/kg 36.0 666.7 m2产量666.7 m2 yield/kg 2 016.0 5年生树5-year-old tree平均株产The average yield per plant/kg 42.0 666.7 m2产量666.7 m2 yield/kg 2 352.0 12.0 672.0 32.0 1 792.0 39.5 2 212.0

2.4 物候期

在河南省新乡地区,中杏7 号3 月初花芽萌动,3 月中旬开花,3 月中下旬盛花期,花期7~10 d,花落后子房逐渐膨大,6 月上旬果实成熟,果实发育期约75 d;3 月下旬叶芽萌动,4 月上旬展叶,11 月初开始落叶,到11 月中旬完全落叶,树体营养生长期220 d左右。新乡物候期比郑州晚5 d左右。

2.5 抗逆性与适应性

通过在郑州市、新乡市、开封市、濮阳市及南阳市等地区开展区域试验,结果表明中杏7 号适应性较强,在不同地区的壤土、壤砂土等不同类型土壤条件下均表现良好。该品种坐果率高,丰产、稳产,抗倒春寒,抗病虫能力较强,注意早春萌芽前后对蚜虫的预防。中杏7 号适应范围广,在河南省各地区及周边省杏的栽培区域均可种植栽培。

3 栽培技术要点

3.1 建园定植

在地势平坦、通风向阳、土壤肥沃、无核果类重茬、交通便利的地块建园。中杏7号树体较直立,生产园可适当密植,株行距一般采用(2~3)m×(3~4)m;采摘园可适当稀植,株行距以(3~4)m×(5~6)m 为宜。冬季落叶后到土壤封冻前或春季土壤解冻后到发芽前均可定植,选用芽眼饱满、根系发达、无病虫害的优质苗木,定植后立即灌透水,在60~80 cm 高度处选饱满芽定干。中杏7 号自花结实率较低,建园时需配置授粉树,如金太阳、凯特、玫香、中杏3号等,配置比例一般为(4~8)∶1。

3.2 整形修剪

中杏7 号可采用自然开心形、疏散分层形、Y 字形的树形。幼树期的修剪,为增加枝叶量,以轻短截为主,采用拉枝、摘心等夏季修剪方法;初果期树的修剪,以继续培养树形为主,疏除直立枝和旺长枝,其余枝条多缓放,扩大树冠,促使尽早进入盛果期。盛果期树的修剪,应遵循“适当重剪,强枝少剪,弱枝多剪,不过密不疏枝”的原则,维持树势,延长结果年限;衰老期树的修剪,以更新复壮骨干枝和结果枝组为主。

3.3 花果管理

杏树开花较早,易遭受晚霜危害,花期在低温或霜冻出现前及时采取熏烟、灌水、喷施防冻液等措施加以预防[15]。在花蕾期和花期,根据果园立地条件、树形和管理水平确定留花量,通过疏花减少养分的消耗。盛花后20 d左右开始疏果,疏去病虫果、畸形果和拥挤的果实,长果枝、中果枝、短果枝留果量分别为:3~6个果、2~3个果、1个果。

3.4 肥水管理

杏树施肥分基肥和追肥,在杏树秋梢停止生长到落叶前施基肥,基肥以有机肥为主,化肥为辅,即每666.7 m2施腐熟的畜禽粪便2000~3000 kg+平衡复合肥15~20 kg,单边开沟施入。追肥主要在萌芽期、幼果期、膨果期、转熟期进行,萌芽期以高氮肥为主,促进树体萌发和生长;幼果期以氮钙肥为主,促进果实细胞分裂,为增大果个打基础;膨果期以中氮低磷中钾为主,促进果实膨大;转熟期以钾肥为主,促进糖分积累和果实品质提升。每次施肥后和土壤干旱时及时浇水,雨季时注意排水防涝[16]。果实采收前10 d内不宜浇水,以防出现裂果。

3.5 病虫害防治

针对中杏7 号的病虫害防治,采用“预防为主,防治结合”的原则,可通过合理修剪、加强水肥管理等日常管理工作,增强树势,提高树体抗病能力。药物防治要选择高效、无毒或低毒、低残留的杀虫剂和杀菌剂,秋季落叶后或早春萌芽前,全园喷洒1 次5 °Bé 石硫合剂,消灭越冬若虫,日常应重点防控蚜虫、介壳虫、天幕毛虫等虫害,褐腐病、疮痂病、杏疔病、穿孔病等病害。

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Zhongxing No.7,a new large fruit and sweet kernel apricot cultivar

XIA Lehan1,LIU Jingmin2,HUANG Zhenyu1,3,CHEN Long1,CHEN Yuling1*
(1Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, Henan, China;2Forestry Develop‐ment Service Center of Shangcai County,Shangcai 463800,Henan,China;3Zhongyuan Research Center,Chinese Academy of Agricultur‐al Sciences,Xinxiang 453519,Henan,China)

Abstract: Zhongxing No. 7 apricot is a new large fruit and sweet kernel apricot cultivar selected from crossing between Mixiang and Katy apricot. It was approved by the Approval Committee for Improved Varieties of Forest Tree of Henan Province in January, 2023.The average fruit weight was 108.5 g, and the maximum fruit weight was 140.0 g.The average longitudinal diameter,transverse diameter and side diameter of the single fruit were 5.5 cm, 6.0 cm and 5.9 cm respectively. The fruit shape was near glo‐bose with concave apex and no fruit tip, and the fruit had yellow ground color and flake pink color on the sunny side when mature.The fruit had nearly symmetry, deep suture, and medium deep cavity.The fruit surface was smooth, the pericarp was hairy and the fruit peel was medium thick. The fruit flesh was orange in color,delicate in texture,with a low fiber content,medium firmness,balanced sugar/acid ratio and intense fruity aroma. The fruit soluble solids content was 14.5%, the total soluble sugar con‐tent was 7.9%,the total acid content was 1.1%,and the Vitamin C content was 9.3 mg·100 g-1.The fruit kernel was round,brown and detached from the flesh.The average dry kernel weight was 3.2 g,the ker‐nel length was 2.7 cm, and the kernel width was 2.4 cm. The kernel was sweet and large with average single dry weight of 0.5 g. The edible rate was 96.3%. The burst date of flower buds was in early-March,early blossoming period in mid-March,and full blossoming period in mid-late March.The flow‐ering period was approximately 7-10 days in Xinxiang area,Henan Province.The flower was showy.It had five light pink petals with one pistil and 26-35 stamens. The anther was light yellow with a lot of pollen.The fruit development period was about 75 days.The fruit ripening date was early June in Xinx‐iang.The leaf buds bursted in late March and the leaves expanded in early April.Trees defoliation start‐ed in early-November.The tree posture was spreading and the tree vigor was strong.The flower bud for‐mation was easy and the fruits were mainly bore on the short fruit branches. The pollination tree was needed for its poor self-fruiting ability. The tree was highly and stably productive and started to bear fruits in the second year after planting. It exhibited strong adaption to undesirable circumstances, and was resistance to frost.It would be suitable for cultivation in Henan province and the other apricot suit‐able planting areas of China.

Key words: Apricot;New cultivar;Zhongxing No.7;Large fruit;Sweet kernel

中图分类号:S662.2

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2024)08-1691-05

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20240207

收稿日期:2024-04-18 接受日期: 2024-04-29

基金项目:中国农业科学院创新工程专项经费项目(CAAS-ASTIP-2016-ZFRI);河南省科技兴林项目(豫财环资[2024]47号);国家园艺种质资源库(NHGRC)

作者简介:夏乐晗,女,助理研究员,硕士,主要从事李杏种质资源与遗传育种研究。Tel:0371-65330980,E-mail:xialehan@caas.cn

*通信作者 Author for correspondence.Tel:0371-65330980,E-mail:chenyuling@caas.cn