观赏桃新品种玲珑红的选育

焦雪辉1,史喜兵1*,岳长平2,申潇潇1,乔雨轩1

1郑州市农业科技研究院,郑州 450005;2鄢陵县东华种植农民专业合作社,河南鄢陵 461224)

摘 要:玲珑红是以嫣红早花桃为母本、红寿星桃为父本进行杂交,从其杂交后代中选育出的观赏桃新品种。树姿矮型,2年生平均株高50.7 cm,平均冠幅34.6 cm×34.9 cm,枝条短;节间短,平均长0.9 cm;以短枝着花为主,成花容易,花芽数多;花为梅花形,重瓣,平均花径3.8 cm;花蕾深红色,花瓣红色,4轮,平均22枚;花丝平均33条,少量花丝瓣化;花药黄色,有花粉;雌蕊1枚;花萼2轮,10枚,红褐色。在河南省许昌地区,始花期3月14日,盛花期3月18—27日,末花期3 月29 日,花期15 d 左右。果面绿色,茸毛中等。耐旱,耐寒,适应范围广,抗逆性强。需冷量较低,在满足需冷量400~550 h的地区均可栽植。

关键词:观赏桃;新品种;玲珑红;矮型

观赏桃(Prunus persica)为蔷薇科(Rosaceae)李属(Prunus L.)多年生落叶小乔木,具有花型丰富、花色鲜艳繁多、花期跨度长等观赏性较强的特点,且适应性强、易繁殖,通常作为观赏植物广泛应用于城市景观美化、生态环境改善、风景名胜区建设、观光农业结构优化等方面。中国观赏桃起源较早[1],随着社会需求的不断变化、生长地域及应用领域的不断增加,培育出各种特性的观赏桃新品种[2-4]。观赏桃以其花色、花型、树型、枝型、叶色等性状的多样性以及较长的花期等特点,在园林绿化中占有重要地位,不仅对风景名胜区建设、行道树绿化、庭院布置、城市规划设计等有增色作用,在改善生态环境方面也起着不可估量的作用[5]。观赏桃还可作为盆景、切花、插花等使用[6],在园林绿化中的应用日益广泛。根据枝型特征将观赏桃分为四大类,分别为直枝桃、寿星桃、垂枝桃、帚形桃[7]

明代(公元1368—1644 年)开始有寿星桃、日月桃的记载:“瑞香桃,又名孩儿桃,矮桃,高一二尺”,即为今天的寿星桃[8]。寿星桃植株矮小,节间短,花芽密集,花色丰富,既适合园林绿化栽植,也适合作盆栽室内观赏。常见的有双花寿白、单瓣寿白、单瓣寿粉、单瓣寿红等品种[7]。近年来又培育出了一些新的品种,如红宝石寿星桃、红伞寿星桃等。

1 选育过程

2015年3月,以嫣红早花桃为母本、红寿星桃为父本进行杂交,获得杂交种子30 粒。2015 年秋季,按照常规播种育苗方法,成功繁育种苗25 株。2017年3 月开花后,从中发现1 株特异单株S16。该单株始花期3 月14 日左右,比石马红寿星桃早8 d,花红色,花型为梅花形,重瓣,花径较大,观赏价值高。随后进行嫁接扩繁。2018 年分别在许昌市鄢陵县、郑州市中牟县、洛阳市新安县等试验基点进行区域试验,连续5 a(年)观测发现,该品种生物学特性表现稳定、一致,初步定名为玲珑红桃(图1)。2023 年河南省林木品种委员会审定为良种(编号:豫S-SV-PP-022-2023)。

图1 观赏桃新品种玲珑红
Fig.1 A new ornamental peach cultivar Linglonghong

2 主要性状

2.1 花器性状

玲珑红桃为梅花形,重瓣,花朵直径3.8 cm。花蕾深红色;花瓣红色,4 轮,平均22 枚;花丝平均33条,少量花丝瓣化;花药黄色,有花粉;雌蕊1 枚;花萼2轮,10枚,红褐色(表1)。

表1 玲珑红与石马红寿星性状比较
Table 1 Comparation between Linglonghong and Shimahongshouxing

品种Cultivar玲珑红Linglonghong石马红寿星Shimahongshouxing始花期First blooming date 3月14日Mar.14 3月22日Mar.22花色Petal color红色Red浅红色Light red平均花瓣数Average petal number 22 20花药颜色Anther color黄色Yellow橘黄色Orange

2.2 生长成花习性

树姿矮型,节间平均长度0.9 cm,2 年生平均株高50.7 cm,平均冠幅34.6 cm×34.9 cm。以短枝着花为主,花芽起始节位为第3~4节,单枝着花数平均36朵;成花容易。

2.3 物候期

在河南省许昌地区,2月底叶芽膨大,3月4日现蕾,始花期3 月14 日,盛花期3 月18—27 日,末花期3月29日,开花持续15 d左右。7月中旬果皮底色转为绿白色,果实成熟。

3 栽培技术要点

3.1 建园

喜温暖湿润气候,适应性强。对立地条件要求不严,但要注意防涝。喜光,不耐阴,耐寒,需冷量较低,在满足需冷量400~550 h 的地区均可栽植。对立地条件要求不严,耐干旱,耐瘠薄,但不耐水湿,怕渍涝,适生于地势高燥、排水良好、疏松、肥沃的沙质壤土。

3.2 定植

种植前施有机肥,深翻土壤30~40 cm。按照1 m×1.5 m 或1 m×2 m 株行距进行栽植。前期修剪以培养树形为主,后期控制旺长,促进花芽分化。在落叶前后,结合施有机肥进行秋耕,深20~30 cm,靠近树干周围宜浅,约10 cm,由内向外逐步加深。中耕常与灌水相结合,每次灌水后中耕除草,以利保墒,疏松土壤。

3.3 水肥管理

施足基肥,定植时穴内要施充分腐熟的有机肥,配施少量复合肥。玲珑红桃喜干怕涝,喜磷钾肥。由于其耐干旱、不耐水湿、更怕渍涝,平日注意适时中耕、锄草,视干旱情况及时浇水。雨季注意排水防涝,防止水大烂根导致植株死亡。早春浇1 次开冻水,秋末浇1次封冻水。夏季高温天气,如遇连续干旱,需要适当浇水。花芽分化之前可以结合浇水增施磷钾肥,以提高花芽质量及数量。

3.4 病虫害防治

玲珑红桃病虫害较少,加强光照和通风,可有效减少病虫害发生。流胶病发生时可用刀刮净流胶,并涂硫黄粉,10 d 后再涂1 次即可防治。防治蚜虫用50%氟啶虫胺腈4000~5000 倍液喷雾,防治红蜘蛛用15%哒螨灵乳油2000 倍液喷雾。在花芽膨大期应喷洒石硫合剂,可减轻蚜虫、介壳虫及一些真菌类的侵害。

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Breeding report of a new ornamental peach cultivar Linglonghong

JIAO Xuehui1,SHI Xibing1*,YUE Changping2,SHEN Xiaoxiao1,QIAO Yuxuan1
(1Zhengzhou Agricultural Science and Technology Research Institute, Zhengzhou 450005, Henan, China;2Yanling Donghua Planting Farmers'Professional Cooperative,Yanling 461224,Henan,China)

Abstract: Linglonghong (Prunus persica) is a new ornamental peach cultivar derived from a cross be‐tween Yanhongzaohua and Hongshouxing made in 2015. It was initially selected in 2017 for its bright colors and early flowering.The flowers were red and of high ornamental value.Then it was propagated by grafting for further investigation.After regional adaptability testing at three sites (including Xuchan,Zhengzhou and Luoyang),it was finally selected in 2023.The tree posture was dwarf,with a semi open crown and straight branches. The average height of two-year old plants was 50.7 cm, with an average crown width of 34.6 cm × 34.9 cm. The internodes were short, with an average length of 0.9 cm. The flowers usually grew on short branches,with an average of 36 flowers per branch.The number of flow‐er buds were moderate. The flower was plum in shape, with multi petal, with an average diameter of 3.8 cm and an average number of petals of 22.The flower buds were deep red, and the petals were red.The sepals were double and reddish brown.The average number of filaments were 33.The anthers were yellow in color. In Xuchang of Henan Province, the initial flowering time of this individual plant was around March 14th,8 days earlier than the check variety Shimahongshouxing.The peak flowering peri‐od lasted from March 18th to 27th, and the final flowering period was on March 29th. The flowering lasted for about 15 days.The fruit was green with moderate hair.It was resistant to drought,cold and ad‐versity.It would be suitable for planting in the areas with chilling accumulation of 400-550 hours.

Key words: Ornamental peach;New cultivar;Linglonghong;Dwarf type

中图分类号:S662.1

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2024)08-1688-03

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20240118

收稿日期:2024-03-12 接受日期: 2024-04-17

基金项目:中原学者工作站项目(ZYGZZ2022073)

作者简介:焦雪辉,女,助理研究员,硕士,主要从事园林植物育种及栽培技术研究。Tel:0371-67883781,E-mail:526807741@qq.com

*通信作者 Author for correspondence.E-mail:3511319300@qq.com