两个香榧新品种美人指和早珍珠的选育

曹永庆,姚小华,任华东,王开良,常 君

(中国林业科学研究院亚热带林业研究所,杭州 311400)

摘 要:美人指和早珍珠是2023 年从浙江省嵊州市实生榧树中选育出的两个新品种,采用穗条嫁接方式繁育子代。美人指种实质量10.77 g,呈卵球形,种形指数1.69,鲜出核率26.8%,种核质量2.89 g,核形指数2.74,种核细长、种壳较薄,干核出仁率72.54%,种仁含油率59.1%,蛋白质含量(w,后同)13.1%,可溶性糖含量2.94%。早珍珠种实质量7.98 g,呈圆球形,种形指数1.21,鲜出核率33.7%,种核质量2.69 g,核形指数1.75,呈近卵球形,种壳极薄,干核出仁率达78.68%,种仁含油率57.6%,蛋白质含量11.0%,可溶性糖含量4.17%。两个品种在炒制加工后,均表现出极易脱衣、质地松脆、后味香甜、综合口感佳的特点,推广应用前景广阔。美人指4 月上旬开花,种实9 月上旬成熟;早珍珠花期较早,于3 月下旬开花,10 月上旬种实成熟,成熟期较迟。子代测定结果表明,两个品种的种实性状、种仁风味与母株表现一致,且早实性、丰产性和稳产性良好,适宜在浙江省及相似环境地区栽培。

关键词:榧树;新品种;美人指;早珍珠

香榧是裸子植物红豆杉科(Taxaceae)榧属(Tor‐reya Arn.)常绿乔木,为中国特有的珍稀干果和木本油料树种,是榧树中的优良类型,经人工选育并嫁接繁育栽培的优良品种[1-2]。中国浙江会稽山脉地区是实生榧树的主要分布区,绍兴嵊州市则位于会稽山脉主段,素有“中国香榧之乡”之称,香榧的人工栽培历史有1300 多年,嵊州香榧是农产品地理标志登记保护产品,全市香榧古树有近3万株,古香榧群落被联合国粮农组织认定为“全球重要农业文化遗产”,嵊州市现有香榧栽培面积超过0.87 万hm2,投产面积超过0.67 万hm2。目前,香榧生产中广泛栽培的是细榧(Torreya grandis‘Xifei’)、象牙榧(T.grandis‘Xiangyafei’)等良种[3]。近年来,为了满足产业和市场的需求,加快了香榧新品种选育的进程,并陆续磐安[4-6]、东阳[7]等地选育出了一批新品种和良种,但针对嵊州地区古香榧群的新品种选育报道较少。美人指和早珍珠均是从嵊州实生榧树中选育出来的特异新品种,在种实特性、物候期等方面明显与细榧等良种不同,具备较好的市场发展前景。

1 选育过程

1.1 美人指的选育过程

2012 年,在香榧种质资源调查和收集过程中发现该优良单株,该单株位于嵊州市谷来镇,为实生起源榧树古树,树龄超过150 a(年),通过资源踏查和炒制加工,发现其特点主要是籽形偏细长、脱衣好、口味佳,丰产性好,优株的最高产量年份达200 kg鲜果。2013 年采集母树穗条在浙江省杭州市富阳区千家村嫁接15 株。2020 年,采集2013 年嫁接树穗条在浙江省嵊州市谷来镇嫁接100 株,对其生长发育、物候期、叶片、结实等性状连续多年观测。

1.2 早珍珠的选育过程

2015 年,在香榧种质资源调查和收集过程中发现该优良单株,该单株位于嵊州市谷来镇,为实生起源榧树古树,树龄超过100 a,通过资源踏查和炒制加工,发现其特点主要是花期早、脱衣好、壳薄、后味甜;2016 年采集母树穗条在浙江省嵊州市谷来镇嫁接15 株,2017 年采集2016 年嫁接树穗条在浙江省杭州市富阳区千家村嫁接15株。2018—2022年,嫁接繁殖1000 余株,对其生长发育、物候期、叶片、结实等性状连续多年观测。

2020 年,分别对两个品种的果实性状、品质指标进行了取样测定分析,并参照相关标准对炒制加工干果样品进行了风味打分评测。结果表明,两个品种的口味佳,商品性能优良,市场接受度高。2023年9 月,两个品种通过了DUS 测试,2023 年12 月获得了国家林业和草原局授权颁发的《植物新品种权证书》,美人指的品种权号:20230718,早珍珠的品种权号:20230716。

2 品种特性

2.1 植物学特征

两个品种均为雌雄异株,树势旺盛,实生树冠呈圆头形或半圆头形。嫁接后的美人指树姿开张,早珍珠树姿紧凑直立。两个品种的叶片以规则二列方式着生于枝上,呈披针形,叶端硬而尖,与细榧相比,叶端尖刺较长,刺手感较强。叶片上表面暗绿色,有光泽,下表面嫩绿色,有两条平行的白色气孔带,叶面两侧基部向下延伸。两个品种叶片大小类似,美人指的平均叶长为2.15 cm,叶宽为0.32 cm;早珍珠的平均叶长为2.12 cm,叶宽为0.31 cm;乳白色肉质根系主要集中分布在10~50 cm 的土层内,对土壤的透气性要求较高。

2.2 生物学特性

2.2.1 生长结果习性 美人指和早珍珠的芽着生于枝梢先端,通常3 个或5 个呈簇生状,进入结果期前的幼树1 a 可抽梢2~3 次,成年结果树则仅春季抽梢1 次,生长相对缓慢。结果枝节间着生胚珠10~12个,成对着生于叶腋,第2年有4~9个种实膨大,膨大率较高。种子发育需要17~18 个月,经历缓生期(从受精到翌年4 月底)、速生期(5 月上旬至6 月底)、充实期(6月下旬至8月底)、成熟期(9月初至假种皮开裂成熟)四个发育阶段。利用榧树实生大砧嫁接该品种后,一般2~3 a开始挂果,早实性和丰产性优良,盛果期大树一般株产榧蒲150 kg以上,丰产、稳产。

2.2.2 物候期 花芽一般3月中下旬萌动,叶芽4月上旬萌动;美人指的胚珠展现期在4 月上旬,传粉滴吐露期一般为4 月中旬,与细榧类似,早珍珠的胚珠展现期为3 月下旬,传粉滴吐露期4 月上旬,物候期明显早于细榧;美人指种子的成熟期为9 月上旬,与细榧类似,早珍珠的成熟期为10 月上旬,成熟期较晚;根系周年生长,无明显休眠期,一年内可见3 次根系生长高峰。

2.3 种实性状

如表1 和图1 所示,美人指种子呈卵球形,平均质量为10.77 g,种形指数为1.69,鲜出核率为26.8%,种核呈近长卵形,单核质量为2.89 g,核形指数为2.74,种壳较薄,干核出仁率为72.54%,种仁呈倒卵形,含油率达59.1%,蛋白质含量(w,后同)为13.1%,可溶性糖含量为2.94%,脂肪酸组分包括:棕榈酸7.34%,硬脂酸2.53%,油酸33.4%,亚油酸39.8%,亚麻酸0.527%,花生酸0.131%,顺11-二十碳烯酸0.892%,11,14-二十碳烯酸3.44%,金松酸10.9%。

图1 美人指(左)、早珍珠(中)与细榧(右)种实性状对比
Fig.1 Comparison of seed and nut among Meirenzhi(left),Zaozhenzhu(middle)and Xifei(right)

表1 美人指、早珍珠和细榧种实主要性状比较
Table 1 Comparison of seed characters among Meirenzhi,Zaozhenzhu and Xifei

品种Cultivar种核形状Shape of nut成熟期Mature period美人指Meirenzhi种子形状Shape of seed卵球形Ovoid种形指数Index of seed 1.69核形指数Index of nut 2.74单实质量Single mass of seed/g 10.77单核质量Single mass of nut/g 2.89鲜出核率Ratio of fresh nut to seed/%26.8干核出仁率Ratio of dry kernel to nut/%72.54种仁含油率Oil content of dry kernel/%59.1 9月上旬Early September早珍珠Zaozhenzhu圆球形Spherical 1.21 1.75 7.98 2.68 33.7 78.68 57.6 10月上旬Early October细榧Xifei卵球形Ovoid近长卵形Nearly long oval近卵球形Nearly ovoid卵球形Ovoid 1.56 2.26 9.40 3.20 34.5 67.62 52.5 9月上旬Early September

早珍珠种子呈圆球形,平均质量为7.98 g,种形指数为1.21,鲜出核率为33.7%,种核呈近卵球形,单核质量为2.69 g,核形指数为1.75,种壳极薄,干核出仁率达78.68%,种仁近椭圆形,种仁含油率为57.6%,蛋白质含量为11.0%,可溶性糖含量为4.17%,脂肪酸组分包括:棕榈酸7.26%,硬脂酸2.35%,油酸30.0%,亚油酸42.6%,亚麻酸0.442%,花生酸0.118%,顺-11-二十碳烯酸0.714%,11,14-二十碳烯酸3.88%,金松酸11.9%。

美人指和早珍珠两个品种的咬感、香味、甜味、肉质细腻程度4 项指标综合评分分别为81.5 分和81.6 分,得分高于细榧77.3 分,呈现极易脱衣、后味香甜、综合口感佳的优良商品性能。

与细榧相比,美人指种子偏大,种核呈近长卵形,鲜出核率较低,干核出仁率和种仁含油率均较高;早珍珠种子呈圆球形,单实质量和单核质量较小,核形指数较小,呈近卵球形,种仁近椭圆形,干核出仁率极高,成熟期较晚。

2.4 抗性

2.4.1 抗寒性 美人指和早珍珠的母树生长于嵊州海拔500~550 m 处,树龄均在150 a 以上,通过踏查和近年来的观测,在原生地未发现其遭受冻害的情况。分别从2013年和2016年开始,在浙江杭州市富阳区榧种质资源圃以及嵊州市谷来镇香榧苗圃对两个品种开展嫁接繁殖子代,截至目前未发现苗木受冻现象。

2.4.2 抗高温干旱性 与细榧及其他香榧品种类似,两个品种的幼苗和幼树较喜阴凉环境,嫁接后需要遮阴防止日灼伤害,结果期大树也要避免长期的高温和强光照,特别是这两个品种的结果性状较好,在产果期的夏季持续高温干旱天气,要着重关注水分供给,与早珍珠相比,进入结果期的美人指对高温干旱更为敏感。

2.4.3 抗病性 美人指和早珍珠两个品种的抗病性较强,母株、苗木、幼树和结果树的特殊病虫害在苗圃、种植基地和种质资源圃地均没有表现出易感病虫情况,田间正常管理即可对病虫害进行较好的防控,主要病虫害为根腐病、茎腐病、介壳虫类、绿藻等。

3 栽培技术要点

美人指和早珍珠适合在浙江省香榧产区及气候立地类似地区栽培,其栽培技术要点与细榧等相同[5]

3.1 立地选择与栽植

选择微酸性到中性(pH 值5.0~7.5)的红壤、黄壤、红黄壤、石灰岩母质土壤、火山灰母质土壤等,土层厚度宜大于60 cm。种植穴规格一般要求80 cm×80 cm×60 cm,每穴施商品有机肥(基肥)3~5 kg,磷肥0.1~0.2 kg,与表土混匀,回填穴中。种植密度为400~600株·hm-2

3.2 除草和施肥

苗木定植后3 年内,夏季高温来临前需进行遮阴保湿等降温处理,距离幼树50 cm 以外进行中耕除草,成林每年一般在3—4 月扩穴(树冠滴水线以外30~50 cm)松土1 次(深度15~20 cm),并结合垦复每年施肥3 次,其中3—4 月施磷、钾为主的复合肥,9 月采收后施氮磷钾平衡复合肥,冬季结合深翻扩穴施有机肥。

3.3 整形修剪

幼树在树高超过1 m 时开始整形修剪,并采用冬季疏删、春季抹芽、夏秋季摘去顶梢等措施,在主枝的适当部位培养副主枝,以保持枝冠的均匀生长,成年树要及时清除不定芽萌生的丛生枝,选择留养散生或单生的粗壮有力的萌发枝,修剪过长和生长过密的枝条,夏、秋季对新梢摘顶,培养侧枝群。

3.4 病虫害防控

采用以营林技术为基础,生物防治、药物防治相结合的综合防治措施。

4 推广发展前景

美人指和早珍珠两个品种从发现优株就开始嫁接繁育子代并相继开展品种遗传稳定性测定等研究,同时开展多点种植试验,目前,早珍珠在嵊州已形成繁育基地和种植示范基地,美人指也在杭州富阳和安徽黄山进行了种植推广。近两年来,两个品种的干果商品售价比普通细榧高50%以上,市场接受度高,市场前景较为广阔;此外,早珍珠嫁接的树体呈现结构紧凑、早实丰产的特点,未来具备密植栽培的发展潜力,相关研究正在进行中。

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Breeding report of two new Torreya grandis cultivars Meirenzhi and Zao‐zhenzhu

CAO Yongqing,YAO Xiaohua,REN Huadong,WANG Kailiang,CHANG Jun
(Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry,Chinese Academy of Forestry,Hangzhou 311400,Zhejiang,China)

Abstract: Meirenzhi and Zaozhenzhu are two new cultivars selected from adult seedling trees of Tor‐reya grandis in Shengzhou county of Zhejiang province in 2023.The progenies were cultivated by graft‐ing method.Meirenzhi was initially found and selected in 2012 for its thin seed shell and excellent pro‐cessing flavor,and Zaozhenzhu was initially found and selected in 2015 for its extremely thin shell,ear‐ly anthesis and excellent processing flavor. The maternal plants of both Meirenzhi and Zaozhenzhu were discovered in two villages of Gulai town, Shengzhou county.The planting of Meirenzhi and Zao‐zhenzhu was expanded in 2013 and 2017 by grafting method, respectively. And the DUS testing was completed in November 2023. Finally, the two new cultivars of T. grandis were successfully registered in December 2023 after several years selection. The two cultivars are both tall and vigorous trees,whose crown shows a circular or semicircular shape with a height of 10-15 m. Meanwhile, the grafting progenies crown of Zaozhenzhu shows more compact and upright compared with Meirenzhi. Leaves of both cultivars are linear lanceolate. For Meirenzhi, the average leaf length and width are 2.15 cm and 0.32 cm, respectively.And for Zaozhenzhu, they are 2.12 cm and 0.31 cm, respectively.The upper epi‐dermis of their leaves are dark green and the lower epidermis are light green. Both of the two cultivars are dioecism plants,the floral bud of female plant is a mixed bud.The seed with arillus encircled is dru‐paceous. The seed of Meirenzhi shows a nearly ovoid shape with thin nut, and the seed of Zaozhenzhu shows a spherical shape with nearly ovoid nut.And they are different from the shape of seeds of T.gran‐dis‘Xifei’. The milky white fleshy roots usually distribute in the loose and ventilate soil at 10-50 cm underground.For Meirenzhi,the average mass of fresh seed is 10.77 g,and the average vertical and hor‐izontal diameters of seeds are 3.81 cm and 2.25 cm, respectively. The average shape index of seeds is 1.69.The average ratio of fresh nut to seed is 26.8%.The mean weight of fresh nut is 2.89 g.The mean vertical and horizontal diameters of nuts are 3.46 cm and 1.26 cm, respectively. The mean shape index of nuts is 2.74. The mean ratio of dry kernel to nut is 72.54%. The oil content of dry kernel is 59.1%.The contents of soluble sugar and protein are 2.94%and 13.1%,respectively.For Zaozhenzhu,the aver‐age mass of fresh seed is 7.98 g,and the average vertical and horizontal diameters of seeds are 2.52 cm and 1.44 cm, respectively. The average shape index of seeds is 1.21. The average ratio of fresh nut to seed is 33.7%.The mean fruit weight of fresh nut is 2.68 g.The mean vertical and horizontal diameters of nuts are 2.48 cm and 1.42 cm, respectively.The mean shape index of nuts is 1.75.The mean ratio of dry kernel to nut is 78.68%. The oil content of dry kernel is 57.6%. The contents of soluble sugar and protein are 4.17% and 11.0%,respectively.The seed quality is excellent and the product performance is good.The market application prospect is broad in the future.In addition,the anthesis period of Meiren‐zhi is in early April,and the mature period is in early September of next year.The anthesis period of Zao‐zhenzhu is in late March, and the mature period is in early October of next year. The seedlings and young trees of both cultivars prefer cool and damp environments and fear high temperature, drought,waterlogging and intense sunlight. The mature trees show better environmental adaptability compared with young tress,which are resistant to cold,heat and slight drought to some extent.It shows good uni‐formity and stability by progeny testing, and the shape of seed and kernel quality are consistent with those of maternal plants. Their cultivation techniques are the same as T. grandis Xifei. It is suitable for cultivation throughout the distribution areas of wild T.grandis besides Zhejiang.The two cultivars need sandy and fertile soil with the pH value from 5.0 to 7.5.We suggest that 400-600 seedlings per hectare should be planted. The managements should focus on rational fertilization, efficient soil loosening, sci‐entific pruning and integrated management of pests and diseases.

Key words: Torreya grandis;New cultivar;Meirenzhi;Zaozhenzhu

中图分类号:S664.5

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2024)08-1700-05

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20240190

收稿日期:2024-04-25 接受日期: 2024-05-27

基金项目:科技基础资源调查专项(2019FY100801);国家林业和草原局测试指南编制项目(201601)

作者简介:曹永庆,男,副研究员,主要从事经济林培育研究。Tel:0571-63320229,E-mail:caoyq1981@163.com