红肉猕猴桃新品种华红4号的选育

廖慧苹1,谢 玥2,周英丹1,刘 瑶1,胥伟秋1,李明章2*

1四川华胜农业股份有限公司,四川 绵竹 618200;2四川省自然资源科学研究院·猕猴桃育种及利用四川省重点实验室·中国-新西兰猕猴桃“一带一路”联合实验室,成都 610015)

摘 要:华红4号是由金实2号×SF0835M 杂交选育出的四倍体红肉猕猴桃新品种。果实椭圆形,喙端微钝凸,花萼环明显,无萼片宿存;果皮表面浅褐色,均匀分布有中等量的黄褐色、易脱落的短茸毛,外层果肉浅绿色,内层果肉紫红色;平均单果质量83.7 g,最大104.3 g;可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)15.2%,总酸含量1.56%,可溶性糖含量7.95%,干物质含量16.6%,维生素C 含量1.60 g·kg-1。果实生长期150 d 左右,在四川德阳地区9 月中旬成熟;花序类型属于单花序,萌芽力和成枝力都较强,树势中强。属于中抗溃疡病品种。果实在0 ℃~4 ℃条件下可存放120~140 d,较耐贮藏。适应性强,一般在年平均气温大于15 ℃、海拔1000 m 以下、透气性良好的微酸性壤砂土地区均可栽培;第3 年开花结果,丰产性好。

关键词:猕猴桃;新品种;华红4号;红肉

猕猴桃按照果肉颜色分为红肉、黄肉和绿肉猕猴桃,红肉猕猴桃因果肉鲜红色、风味甜香等优点受到消费者的喜爱。四川省自然资源科学研究院于1995 年培育了世界上首个红肉猕猴桃品种红阳[1],后续又培育了红华[2]、红什1 号[3]、红什2 号[4]等红肉猕猴桃新品种及金什1 号[5]、金实2 号和金实4 号[6]等黄肉猕猴桃新品种。为了优化猕猴桃品种结构、增强溃疡病抗性,笔者通过多年杂交选育,育成了四倍体红肉猕猴桃新品种华红4 号,该品种具有果实椭圆形、统一端正,内果皮红色程度深,果实较大、耐贮藏,植株抗溃疡病等优点。

1 选育过程

华红4 号是通过杂交选育出来的红肉猕猴桃新品种。2009 年4 月,在四川什邡猕猴桃研究基地以黄肉猕猴桃品种金实2 号为母本、含红色素基因的猕猴桃雄性材料SF0835M[7]为父本进行杂交,2009年9 月获得杂交种子,2010 年2 月播种获得杂交幼苗,于翌年2 月将幼苗栽植在什邡湔氐镇猕猴桃基地,2014 年4 月杂交苗初次开花结果。通过2 a(年)测试,2015 年在湔氐基地20-01-11d 位置选育出一株果实大、红色突出的优良单株。2016 年1 月在四川绵竹广济猕猴桃研究基地嫁接繁殖无性第一代,栽培100 株,2016—2022 年按照《植物新品种特异性、一致性和稳定性测试指南猕猴桃属》(NY/T 2351—2013)连续观测,通过多年观察、比较、区试、鉴定,表现出特异性、一致性及稳定性。取幼嫩叶片采用流式细胞术鉴定,与二倍体红阳、四倍体金丰对比,判定华红4 号新品种为四倍体。2019 年4 月向农业农村部植物新品种保护办公室提出申请,2023年9 月获得植物新品种权证书(品种名称华红4 号,品种权号CNA20191001991)。2021 年3 月获得四川省非主要农作物品种认定证书(认定编号:川认果2021004)。

2 主要性状

2.1 植物学特征

华红4 号为雌性猕猴桃品种,树势中强。一年生枝阳面灰褐色,枝条粗约10.4 mm,表皮粗糙程度中、有浅褐色的茸毛;一年生枝有少量、黄色、大小中等的短梭形皮孔;一年生枝芽座大小中等,接触面呈垂直状,叶痕浅,有芽盖,芽孔大小中等;一年生枝髓为片状髓。花序类型是单花序,花柄较长约5.1 cm,花萼绿色,数量6~8 个、多为7 个;花朵中等大小,花冠直径约4.0 cm,花瓣白色,花瓣基部排列重叠、萼裂处花青素着色程度弱、顶部波皱度极轻;花丝呈淡绿色,花药为橙黄色,花柱颜色白色、呈水平状态、平均每朵花42 根花柱。植株新梢有中等量的短茸毛,新梢生长点花青素着色度弱,叶柄正面花青苷显色弱;幼叶尖端形状为渐尖、基部不交叉;成叶基部呈心形,边缘锯齿状,叶片正面深绿色、茸毛无或极稀、波皱程度极弱到弱,叶片背面绿色、茸毛密集,成叶叶柄长约15.3 cm、叶片长约15.1 cm、叶片宽约15.9 cm,成叶近扇形,叶柄长/叶片长约1.01。

2.2 果实经济性状

华红4 号果实椭圆形、大小中等,果实纵径约6.1 cm,纵径/横径比率约1.43,平均单果质量83.7 g,最大单果质量104.3 g;果实赤道横断面长径约4.8 cm,短径约4.5 cm,横切面近圆形;果实喙端形状微钝凸,花萼环明显,果肩呈圆形;果柄长约6.3 cm,无萼片宿存,皮孔突出程度弱,果皮表面浅褐色,均匀分布有中等量的黄褐色、易脱落的短茸毛;果实易脱落,后熟后果皮剥离的难易程度中等,外层果肉颜色浅绿色,内层果肉颜色紫红色,相对果心小到中,果心横切面黄白色,呈椭圆形。果实后熟难易程度中等,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)15.2%,总酸含量1.56%,可溶性糖含量7.95%,维生素C含量1.60 g·kg-1,干物质含量16.6%(表1,图1)。

图1 红肉猕猴桃新品种华红4 号
Fig.1 The new red-fleshed kiwifruit cultivar Huahong 4

表1 华红4 号与对照品种果实经济性状比较
Table 1 Comparision of economic characteristic between Huahong 4 and controls

品种Cultivar金实2号Jinshi No.2红阳Hongyang华红4号Huahong 4果形Fruitshaped椭圆形Oval卵圆形Ovoid椭圆形Oval平均单果质量Average single fruit mass/g 101.51最大单果质量Maximum single fruit mass/g 144.6 w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solids content/%17.1 w(总酸)Total acid content/%1.36 w(可溶性糖)Soluble sugar content/%8.79 w(维生素C)Vitamin C content/(g·kg-1)1.15 w(干物质)Dry matter content/%19.45 64.29 83.1 19.1 0.99 12.00 1.69 17.70 83.70 104.3 15.2 1.56 7.95 1.60 16.60内层果肉颜色Inner flesh color中黄色Medium yellow红色Red紫红色Purplish red

2.3 生物学特性

在德阳什邡、绵竹地区,华红4 号猕猴桃3 月中旬开始萌芽,3 月下旬抽梢,4 月上旬展叶现蕾,4 月中旬开花,9月中旬果实成熟开始采收,12月上旬落叶,果实生长期150 d 左右,属中熟品种(表2)。果实在0 ℃~4 ℃下可存放120~140 d,较耐贮藏。定植后第2~3 年开花结果,第4 年进入盛果期,盛果期平均每666.7 m2产量为1500 kg左右。

表2 华红4 号与对照品种物候期比较
Table 2 Comparision of phenological period between Huahong 4 and controls

品种Cultivar金实2号Jinshi 2萌芽期Germinating date 3月中旬Middle March果实采收期Harvest date 10月中旬Middle October红阳Hongyang 3月上旬Early March开花期Blooming date 4月中下旬Middle to Late April 4月上旬Early April华红4号Huahong 4 3月中旬Middle March 4月中旬Middle April 8月下旬至9月上旬Late August to Early September 9月中旬Middle September

2.4 抗性

在什邡市红白镇柿子坪村(海拔955 m)、什邡市湔氐镇先锋村和下院村(海拔612 m)、绵竹市广济镇祈祥村(海拔561 m)、成都市大邑县新场镇揭家村(海拔559 m)等不同海拔地区开展抗性试验,经过连续多年的试验,华红4 号被认为是中抗溃疡病猕猴桃红肉品种,桑盾蚧、褐斑病和灰霉病的发生也较轻,植株总体抗性较强。

3 栽培技术要点

根据什邡、绵竹、大邑等地区域性试验,华红4号品种对气温、海拔、土壤、降雨量适应范围广。最适栽培条件为:年平均气温16.5 ℃,海拔1000 m 以下,年降雨量1000~1500 mm,背风向阳,土壤pH 值5.5~6.5、有机质含量高、透气性好及排灌方便的地区。根据园区情况从果园规划、土壤改良、棚架搭建、苗木定植、肥水管理、枝蔓管理、花果管理、病虫防治等方面进行细化。根据果园地形条件设置1~2 hm2大小的管理单元,进行道路、沟渠的合理规划布局;土地整理及土壤改良时配施有机肥并全园深翻60 cm。根据山地、台地、坡地、平地等不同类型选择大棚架、小棚架或者“T”形架建设。苗木适合于早春或晚秋两季,配华红4号专用雄株,以雌雄株(6~8)∶1、株行距3 m×4 m 栽植,666.7 m2约55 株。轻疏花重疏果,夏季修剪+冬季修剪相结合,夏季重通风透光,以疏除过密枝、控制徒长枝为主,冬季重树势发展及来年产量,以留20~25 个结果母枝,疏除病、弱及过密枝为主。1年施肥5次,即2—3月萌芽肥、4月花前肥、5—6月壮果肥、7—8月优果肥和10月后施基肥。在9月中旬,当果实可溶性固形物含量为7%~8%、干物质含量16%时,开始采收。

4 应用前景

目前,国内外主栽红肉猕猴桃品种都是二倍体,果实较小且抗溃疡病能力比较弱。华红4号是世界首个四倍体红肉猕猴桃雌性品种,该品种具有果实椭圆形,内果皮红色程度深,果实较大、耐贮藏,植株中抗溃疡病等优点,适宜在四川省及相同生态区域推广。

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A new red-fleshed kiwifruit cultivar Huahong 4

LIAO Huiping1,XIE Yue2,ZHOU Yingdan1,LIU Yao1,XU Weiqiu1,LIMingzhang2*

(1Sichuan Huasheng Agricultural Co., Ltd., Mianzhu 618200, Sichuan, China;2Sichuan Province Academy of Natural Resource Science/Kiwifruit Breeding and Utilization Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province/China-New Zealand Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Kiwi‐fruit,Chengdu 610015,Sichuan,China)

Abstract: Huahong 4 is a new tetraploid red-fleshed kiwifruit cultivar selected from a crossbreeding.The seedling was derived from a cross between Jinshi 2 and SF0835M in 2009 at Shifang Kiwifruit Base of Sichuan Province.Fine female vines were selected in 2015,grafted and propagated in 2016 and started to be observed.Varieties were selected and applied for variety rights protection in 2019.It is a tetraploid female variety with medium tree vigor,medium short villi on current canes and weak anthocyanin coloration on growing tips, short fusiform lenticels on canes and small yellow lenticels on young leaf petiole with adaxially anthocyanin staining, acuminate leaf tip, heart-shaped base and heart-shaped leaves.The inflorescence type is single, the anthocyanidin staining degree is weak at the calyx crack of the petal base.the base of the petal is arranged and overlapped, the crease of the top is very light, the color of the adaxial side is monochrome and mainly white, the color of the filament is light green, the color of the anther is orange-yellow, and style color is white and it stays at a horizontal state, with each flower having average of 40 styles.Fruit shape is oval,with a slightly blunt and convex beak shape.The calyx ring of the fruit is obvious,and the base of the fruit is circular.There are no persistent sepals,and the degree of protrusion of the lenticels is weak.The skin is light brown, with a moderate amount of short hairs evenly distributed on the surface of the skin.The color is yellow-brown and it is easy to fall off.After ripening,the skin of the fruit is light brown,and the difficulty of peeling off the skin is moderate.The outer flesh is light green,while the inner flesh is purple red.The average fruit weight is 83.7 g,and maximum fruit weight is 104.3 g.Soluble solids content is 15.2%,and dry matter content is 16.6%.Fruit contents 7.95%total sugar,1.56%total acid and 1.60 g∙kg-1vitamin C.The fruit development period is 150 d,it matures in mid-September in Deyang area of Sichuan province and it’s a mid-mature variety.The inflorescence belongs to a single inflorescence type,and the budding ability and cane branching ability are strong.It is medium resistant to PSA,and the occurrence of brown spot and scale insects is slight.The resistance and adaptability is strong.The fruit has long storage-life,and cold storage life is 120-140 days.The conditions of suitable cultivation area include annual average temperature >15 ℃,altitude below 1000 meters, and slightly acidic and good drain soil.It can start to flower and bear fruit in the third year with good yield.

Key words: Kiwifruit;New cultivar;Huahong 4;Red-fleshed

中图分类号:S663.4

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2024)07-1456-04

DOI: 10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20240012

收稿日期:2024-03-14

接受日期:2024-04-02

基金项目:国家重点研发计划(2022YFD1600701);四川省科技计划(2021YFYZ0010、2023YFN0005)

作者简介:廖慧苹,女,高级农艺师,主要从事猕猴桃育种及产业化技术研究与推广工作。E-mail:761329244@qq.com

*通信作者 Author for correspondence.E-mail:limzhang@163.com