葡萄(Vitis vinifera L.)是葡萄科葡萄属植物,被广泛应用于鲜食、酿酒、制汁、制干等[1]。无核葡萄因其食用方便,口感佳,而深受消费者喜爱,因此无核已成为国内外葡萄育种工作的重要目标之一[2-3]。
葡萄童期较长,无核表型仅能在成年结果植株中进行筛选,造成无核葡萄新品种选育进程缓慢[4]。DNA 标记技术的发展,为植物育种提供了新的方向,通过标记辅助选择(Marker assisted-selection,MAS)可以实现对目标性状在幼苗期的鉴定,缩短育种周期[5]。因此,筛选准确高效的葡萄无核分子标记对育种工作有重要意义。目前国内外基于葡萄无核主要位点SDI(Seed Development Inhibitor,种子发育抑制)开发了一系列无核分子标记[6-7],主要包括序列特征扩增区(Sequence Characterized Amplified Region,SCAR)和简单重复序列(Simple Sequence Repeats,SSR)两种标记[8-10]。MEJÍA 等[11]通过集群分离分析法(Bulk Segregant Analysis,BSA),利用红宝石无核×苏丹娜的杂交群体开发了SCAR 标记SCF27-2000,该标记可以结合无核相关基因扩增出2.0 kb 的特异性片段。GSLP1-569 是王跃进等[12]采用自动荧光DNA 序列分析仪对葡萄无核基因的RAPD 标记UBC-269450 进行测序后,按照该序列人工合成的寡聚核苷酸,利用该标记可以对携带无核基因或表达无核性状的葡萄DNA 扩增出约590 bp 的特殊片段。马亚茹等[13]通过红地球×森田尼无核及F1 杂交群体开发了SSR 标记VvSD10,可以在111 bp等位点对葡萄无核性状进行鉴定。现有的葡萄无核分子标记准确率多在特定杂交群体中进行验证,验证效率与亲本关联度较高,但在自然群体中的鉴定效率尚不明确,不能满足葡萄无核育种需求[14]。
笔者在本试验中在国内外研究的基础上,对已报道的3 个SCAR 标记和6 个SSR 标记进行通用性验证,以期从中筛选出适用于自然群体的葡萄无核分子标记,为加快无核葡萄新品种选育进程提供技术参考。
试验于2022—2023 年在中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所进行。试验共208 份种质,包含无核种质88 份和有核种质120 份(表1),试验所用材料均保存于国家葡萄种质资源圃(郑州)。
表1 208 个葡萄种质信息
Table 1 Information on 208 grape germplasm
Origin源来America America America America America The Soviet Union America America America America America America America America America America America America America America America AmericaIran America America Japan America America America America料国国国国国联国国国国国国国国国国国国国国国国朗国国本国国国国美美美美Parent材美苏美美美美美美美美美美美美美美美美伊美美日美美美美香97148-027-365×Sugra Thirtyone 核Red Globe×Autumn Seedless 17-138×Fantasie Seedlesss Emperador×Sultanina Emperor×E4-87无Emperor×Pirovano B36-27×P64-18 Black Monukka×SugraFive Black Seedless AngoorKalan×Kichmich Rond Bar1×35-22+4 FresnoA69-190×C84-116 Muscatof Alexandria核核89345-090-144×89361-091-364 Beita Mouni×C22-121 Gargiulo4320×Red MalagaIchkimar×Sultanina玫PerletteIslandBelle×Ark1339 Gaw 1×Gzw5无Calmeria×白KoeniginDerWeingaerten×黑可Gaw 5×Gzw4 Kyoho×Concord Seedless Gar 4×Gzr1 Gold×Emperor本特×秋Red Globe×069-172莱露亲×康球Alden×Ny4600籽瑰球Gold×波无地尔交91171-094-492×Sugra Twentythree峰C.R.×Grapaes无地红杂红巨Red Malaga×Tifafihi Ahmer红Seneca×N.Y.Seeded/Seedless核/无Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核有无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无Germplasm name MidnightBeauty Venus Seedless Taphay QimiaoWuheIFG6 RubySeedless 1436Zhengyin1436 1437Zhengyin1437 1713Zhengyin1713 2022Zhengyin2022 Black EmeraldSeedless CentennialSeedless VanerssaSeedless石ShenhongWuhe Blush Seedless核核Flame Seedless心DawnSeedless 0367BlackMonukka0367 MarsSeedless BeautySeedless PinkSeedless核称人核乌核宝AutumnSeedless籽核无无核鸡核露核核Honey Seedless核无名美无那无蓝1434Zhengyin1434 2021Zhengyin2021核无无石默1839Zhengyin1839无1901Zhengyin1901 1838Zhengyin1838白无籽无无蜜1616Zhengyin1616无1435Zhengyin1435萨质夜引引引星尔妙引蜜引引无红脸宝爱引光引引核明无星丽核引红引讷种午郑郑郑金塔奇郑甜郑郑秋深红红黑郑红郑郑无黎红火美无郑粉郑范Species类Code种VvVvVv-Vl VvVv-Vl VvVvVvVvVv-Vl VvVvVv-Vl VvVvVvVv-Vl VvVvVvVvVvVvVv-Vl VvVv-Vl VvVvVv-Vl Vv-Vl号序123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930。种杂欧;Va-Vv.山种杂美;Vv-Vl.欧种亚。Vv.欧核残含包核无中:表注Note:Thereareseedless in thetableincludingrudimental seed.Vv.V.vinifera;Vv-Vl.V.vinifera-V.labrusca;Va-Vv.V.amurensis-V.vinifera.
表1 (续) Table 1 (Continued)
Origin Azerbaijan Azerbaijan源疆疆来America Japan China Japan拜Japan Central Asia Unknown America Chile China Unknown UnknownIran China The Soviet Union Central Asia China Central Asia Unknown Unknown America拜Unknown China China China China China China China America China料国本国本塞本亚详国利国详详朗国联亚国亚详详国塞详国国国国国国国国国Parent材美日中日阿日中不美智中不不伊中苏中中中不不美阿不中中中中中中中美中Guibao×Centennial Seedless BlueFrench×Manuka Guibao×Centennial Seedless Guibao×Centennial Seedless Red Globe×Centennial Seedless Red Globe×Centennial Seedless Red Globe×Jingzaojing心心AutumnRoyal×Niunai Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 心心心鸡鸡鸡鸡Unknown 晶鸡白白奶纽白白白早核核核×牛核×玛本核×无×京TchéKirdeksiz×无×无卡天亲×无兰×无球球球Emperor×C33-199秋交详详详详详详详详详详详详详详详详详详详详详详国宝宝宝地地地帝家杂Sy8536×Sultanina不不不不不不不不不不不不不不不不不不不不不不法瑰瑰瑰红红红皇皇Seeded/Seedless核/无Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核有无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无Germplasm name Bronx Seedless Suosuo Lichuan Wuhe ZidaWuhe HeicuiWuhe 0368BlackMonukka0368 JingfengWuhe WatcomSeedless Russian Seedless SeedlessHoney Lilit Black Seedless Black Monukka核♀Jade Seedless ♀Baiwuhe紫(黑)Dawuhezi(hei)紫(红)Dawuhezi(hong)AustrianSeedless Crimson Seedless核WuheMeigui QueenoraSeedless核核WuheCuibao Yuebi Wuhe YunchuWuhe YuexiuWuhe核Zicui Wuhe称核萄核核露核无Thompsons Seedless瑰0746BlackMonukka0746 Krina核无无Jingkejing Zaokangbao Lihongbao宝核核核无核名无核葡特核无紫无无核核核核籽无康白玫紫那314♀Yuantian314♀无斯利晶宝宝翠无无无森无质朗无索丽无川核大脆无无无无无丰特核核核里田诺罗地可康红核碧楚秀瑞脆种布蜜索粒黑立无紫黑玉白大大红京瓦无无无克元昆俄奥京早丽无岳云岳克紫Species类Code种Vv-Vl Vv-Vl VvVv-Vl VvVv-Vl VvVvVvVvVvVvVvVvVvVvVvVvVvVvVv-Vl VvVvVvVvVvVvVvVvVvVvVvVv号序313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263
表1 (续) Table 1 (Continued)
Origin源Italy来China Japan China America China China China China China China China China America China China China China China China America China China China China China Japan China America France Japan America The Soviet Union利料国本国国国国国国国国国国国国国国国国国国国国国国国本国国国本国联大Parent材中日中美中中中中中中中中美中中中中中中美中中中中中日中美法日美苏意Jingxiu×Bronx Seedless MascatHamburg×CrimsonSeedless Queen of Vineyard×Manuka Queen of Vineyard×Thompsons Seedless Queen of Vineyard×Italia CentennialSeedless×Red Globe Red Globe×Centennial Seedless Xiangfei×Ruby Seedless妃秀核卡白利球心香京MascatHamburg×Jingzaojing无Niunai×Autumn Royal纽核大地鸡核Zhengzhou Zaohong×Kyoho Triumph核Kyoho×Thompsons Seedless晶森天白无峰旋Bailey×Muscat Hamburg Bicane×Muscat Hamburg无白Crimson Seedless×B40-208×马早瑞秋×无×意Cardinal×红WatcomSeedless核CentennialSeedless Xile×Kyoho核石香核香×克核心HimrodSeedless×巨核朗家红后后峰本Kyoho 宝后瑰无瑰×京×无皇×布皇皇无Thompsons Seedless无×无Thompsons Seedless鸡Thompsons Seedless Thompsons Seedless Thompsons Seedless德红Aramon×Teniturier Du Cher亲森香香×皇园园园尼白康球白白白白白劳×巨SummerBlack Piōne×红早蒙×玫×玫交秀峰峰里瑰瑰奶萄萄萄田核特地核核核核核姆乐黑锋妃州拉蕾坎杂京巨巨克玫玫牛葡葡葡森无瓦红无无无无无希喜夏先香郑Lincecumii×凯73-7-6×绯Alden×Ny4600阿蓓Bermestia Bianca×Agostenga BertilleSeyve822×Bertille Seyve872比Seeded/Seedless核/无Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seedless Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核有无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无有有有有有有有有Germplasm name ZhengyanWuhe JufengWuhe Melissa Seedless Zhengguodawuhe SummerBlack Changsuiwuhebai Ningxia Wuhebai Ruidu Wuheyi Venus Seedless核Aishenmeigui Royal Seedless Bixiang Wuhe Hongyan Seedless核Yuehong Wuhe Zaowuhebai KeyuWuhe白Dawuhebai白Canadice Hupei No.1 Ruifeng Wuhe怡HongbiaoWuhe核MuscatBailey MuscatBlanc称核核无瑰Cuihongbao核Jingzijing Jingzaojing核核无SuperiorSeedless核白籽核白核核Sanbenti核核核无PetiteBouschet玫♀Joanne Charnice♀1号Huangguan Xiangfei瑰瑰Italia名无无莎玫宝无晶晶无无大核无核无无核无无提无无无斯魂玫利质艳黑峰丽神红家紫早香艳果无红无玉穗无夏能培本峰都标冠妃纳塞蕾尼白大种郑夏巨蒙爱脆皇京京碧红郑优岳早科长大宁康沪三瑞瑞红皇香维北蓓琼小意Species类Code种Vv-Vl Vv-Vl Vv-Vl VvVvVv-Vl VvVvVvVvVvVvVvVvVvVv-Vl VvVvVvVv-Vl Vv-Vl VvVv-Vl VvVvVv-Vl VvVv-Vl VvVv-Vl VvVvVv号序646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596
表1 (续) Table 1 (Continued)
Origin Romania Romania源亚Hungary Portugal Hungary亚HungaryItaly Spain Hungary Austria来Japan Japan America尼France France The Soviet Union利France China France Japan Japan The Soviet Union France牙利America America尼利利牙利America The Soviet Union France利Britain America America France The Soviet Union料本本国马国国联牙国国国本本联国萄牙国国马牙大班牙国联国地国国国国联Parent材日日美罗法法苏匈法中法日日苏法葡匈美美罗匈意西匈美苏法奥英美美法苏Black Hamburgh×Palestine Cabernet Sauvignon Muscat of Alexandria香Muscat of Alexandria Cardinal×Afus Ali Chasselas×Loire Muscat Chasselas×Loire Muscat Ezereves Magyarorszag×Thalloczy Lajos Gamay Teinturier De Bouze瑰香瑰珠玫玫霞坦1170斯Muscat of Alexandria本勒Muscat Hamburg×Ciclopica Muscat Hamburg×Diamond Muscat Hamburg×Ontario香3Sc×9-Saperavi×Areni Sev亲×巴拉拉Kyoho×Cannon Hall Muscat香香香瑰蜜Syrah交罕红斯斯峰瑰瑰瑰玫红拉杂黑Black Queen×赤C12-80×S45-48绯夏夏Coarna Alba×Bulanyi Golden Hamburg×白Grenache Noir×Portugieser Blau巨Labrusca×Aestivalis Magdeleine Noire Des Charentes×Prunelard Magdeleine Noire Des Charentes×Prunelard Muscat A玫玫玫白Olasz Rizling×Ezerjo Perle Von Csaba×David Pinot×Heunisch Weiss Pozsonyi×Perle Von Csaba S44-晚Savagnin Blanc Savagnin Blanc Schiava Grossa×白Seyval×Schuyler Sugraone西Tavkveri×Khindogny Seeded/Seedless核/无Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有Germplasm name Tebie Heidali Muscat Adenauer Sibirkovy Taihei Delaware Annamaria粒Kasanduolie Victoria Muscat Ottonel瑰维Gamay Teinturier洼Noirde crime Muscat Violet Commmon New York Muscat Muscat Adda Hungaria亚Christmas Rose称大列Red Globe亚瑰玫考Kocsias Irma美拉木瑰Aromatic of Pecs Golden Muscat瑰瑰亚里Gamay NoirIrsay Oliver瑰Pinot Noir Oporto Mascat Hamburg Horigaon Kapa名黑多球利玫纳利玛加Niunai Portan Piōne地里Cot玫斯瑰玫玫利马美文玫诺托香冈1433 Zhengyin 1433 174 Syrah Clone 174万质别三地多托登比尔汁奶坦锋平克特吉克玫约达加娜佳利诞比坡瑰里引拉帕种特卡红维奥阿西伊红牛波先大黑考罗派金纽阿红安黑奥圣1452/75黑奥玫霍郑西红Species类Code种Vv-Vl VvVvVvVvVvVvVvVvVvVvVv-Vl Vv-Vl VvVvVvVvVv-Vl Vv-Vl VvVvVvVvVvVvVvVvVvVvVv-Vl Vv-Vl VvVv号序979899100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110111112113114115116117118119120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129
表1 (续) Table 1 (Continued)
Origin Romania Bulgaria源Italy亚Hungary亚来利China China Japan尼Japan America America China China America Unknown Japan Unknown利China China China The Soviet Union利China Unknown China Unknown China The Soviet Union America The Soviet Union The Soviet Union France Unknown Unknown America料大国国本马本国国国国国详本详牙国国国联加国详国详国联国联联国详详国Parent材意中中日罗日美美中中美不日不匈中中中苏保中不中不中苏美苏苏法不不美Muscat Of Alexandria香瑰Akitsu-21×Hakunan Bicane×Boulgal玫南Olympia Barati×Jingxiu尔Trollinger×白21×白秀加本亚×京尔亲津匹蒂×保Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown交芸林拉坎详详详详详详详详详详详详详详详详详详详详详详详详详详详详杂安奥巴比不不不不不不不不不不不不不不不不不不不不不不不不不不不不Seeded/Seedless核/无Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有Germplasm name Aleatico Pink Ayisuna娜Yili Xiang可Shine Muscat Hutai No.8 Red Barado Badarai Ayaneskeal苏Zhengguo No.4 Zhangguo No.5 Voidino萄Red Darai Kamrasha♀Kefancia♀Kucharzky Ceclach称基瑰多Greaca依基依♀Huangmisi♀♀Kilar♀Su No.46诺葡American White依夏亚基赫名阿玫8号拉卡Jiuzhou Concord Champion拉斯亚482020 Osaka482020斯尔4号5号Qiubai季香Zitao Juyou白拉拉西兹拉Yiji Zhalan质列光太巴拉州可槟达尼红阪蜜拉果果白46号依犁桃优洲达姆番夏克及栏种阿阳户红格九康香228白安粉大黄基郑郑秋苏沃伊紫巨美红卡凯库切S.7053依栅SV12308 Species类Code种VvVv-Vl Vv-Vl VvVvVv-Vl VIVIVvVvVv-Vl VvVv-Vl VvVvVvVvVvVvVvVvVvVv-Vl Vv-Vl VvVvVv-Vl VvVvVv-Vl VvVvVv号序130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162
表1 (续) Table 1 (Continued)
Origin Moldova Bulgaria源瓦亚来China France America The Soviet Union America China多China China Japan China China France China China Japan China The Soviet Union France China China China China China China China China China Japan Japan China China利料国国国联国国尔国国本国国国国国本国联国国国国国国国国国国本本国国加Parent材中法美苏美中摩中中日中中法中中日中苏法中中中中中中中中中日日中中保Flame Tokay×Ribier Phoenix 51×Victoria Hongxiangjiao×Queen of Vineyard Mallinger Early×Royal Madeline Katta Kyprah×Palkent林德Guzalikala×Sv12375 Queen of Vineyard×Black Monukka Black Olimpia Black Hamburg×Niagara Hongmi×Piōne Autumn Royal×Niunai Kyoho×Meixiangyi Kyoho×Zaoheibao玛Mascat Hamburg×Queen of Vineyard Mascat Hamburg×Pearl of Csaba Mishan 3×Red Barado露Tchaouch×Boulgal 2后2号后亚Mascat Hamburg×TriumpH家Mascat Hamburg×Vitis amurensis Rupr.籽Mascat Hamburg×Vitis amurensis Rupr.Mascat Hamburg×Alicante Bouschet多Unknown 尔Unknown Unknown 利皇珠Unknown ×皇无特尔Mascat Hamburg奶Mascat Hamburg×Kyoho必园Mascat Hamburg×Longyan拉皇肯蕉园珍萄萄塞加×瑞多生拉巴萄×红×牛拉怡宝尔早香峰眼萄巴葡葡北Pannoniavinesa×60-33后尔本萄卡加锋×葡51×维天香黑×帕尔×白×巨×龙×葡×莎×山×山×紫Manicure Finger×Seneca×红亚皇×保葡亲丽林×尼×先Piont Gris蕉秋诺×瑰×早Kyoho Kyoho甘格香香香香香香香香香指3号尼园斯交详详详详红凰扎奥汉蜜香家比峰峰峰峰口林瑰瑰瑰瑰瑰瑰瑰瑰瑰人山诺萄吾杂不不不不粉凤古黑黑红红皇灰巨巨巨巨可马玫玫玫玫玫玫玫玫玫美米潘葡巧Seeded/Seedless核/无Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核核有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有Germplasm name Zhengguo No.16 Squire Seedless Jingtian Feicui Moldova Zitian Wuhe Rizamat Zaoshu Meiguixiang香Jinan Zaohong Zhengzhou Zaohong Black Barado Qiaobao No.2称Tenate核翠瓦核Pinot Blanc Zhuangyuanhong特Angivin瑰红红Beimeijia Gold Finger多名16号特无Cardinal翡多Jingya Zifeng Fujiminori Juhuang无地红Chunguang Hongyi Fenghou马文玫Cuihong Yueguang Zeyu早早佳Beichun指拉Jingxiu Jingfeng 2号质果纳士红田尔亚丰稔皇甜根元光义后扎吉熟红光玉南州玫醇73 Yan73手巴秀丰保种郑泰绅1288/38绯金摩京紫藤巨紫白状春红峰里安早脆月泽济郑北北烟金黑京京巧Species类Code种Vv-Vl VvVv-Vl VvVvVvVv-Vl Vv-Vl VvVv-Vl Vv-Vl VvVvVv-Vl Vv-Vl Vv-Vl Vv-Vl VvVvVvVv-Vl Vv-Vl VvVvVvVvVa-Vv VvVv-Vl VvVvVvVv号序163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195
表1 (续) Table 1 (Continued)
Origin源Hungary Hungary Hungary来China Central Asia Central Asia America China China China利China利China Japan利料国亚亚国国国国牙国牙国本牙Parent材中中中美中中中匈中匈中日匈Isbisa Fruit×Vila Rose Black Monukka×Ribier Thompsons Seedless Hungarian Rose×Otone Rose瑰Elizabeth Grape×Pearl of Csaba瑰Purple Sassilla×Muscat Ottonel Thompsons Seedless Younger×Zizhenxiang Summer Black Summer Black 玫玫瑰涅珠托Unikol×Barati拉玫巴×奥蒂尔珍香托×维×莎必果拉珍×奥×瑞本玫×紫Minoru Fujica白瑰沙×巴拉亲白白紫Summer Black利尔莎比坤斯交稔核核核黑黑黑牙格丽斯尼沙杂藤无无无夏夏夏匈杨伊依优紫Seeded/Seedless核/无Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded Seeded核核核核核核核核核核核核核核有有有有有有有有有有有有有有Germplasm name Wuhebai No.1 Wuhebai No.3 Zaoxia Wuhe Chunxiang Wuhe Pearl of Csaba Hupei No.2 Queen of Vineyard后称Yongyou No.1 1号3号Black Muscat Zaoxiaxiang核核珠皇Manicure Finger Muscat Mathiasz Janosne名1号白白瑰香无无珍2号园Guibao指红质优核核玫夏夏香巴培萄宝人花种甬无无黑早早春莎沪葡瑰美谢Species类Code种Vv-Vl VvVvVvVvVvVvVvVv-Vl VvVvVvVv号序196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208
取葡萄健康幼嫩叶片,液氮研磨,采用CTAB 植物基因组DNA快速提取试剂盒(北京艾德莱生物科技有限公司)提取叶片基因组DNA。利用Nano-Drop 1000 spectrophotometer(Themo Scientific)紫外分光光度计检测DNA 浓度和纯度,然后将DNA 浓度稀释到工作液质量浓度(约20 ng·μL-1),保存于-20 ℃,用于后续试验。
选用9 个已报道的与葡萄无核表型相关的分子标记(表2),引物由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司合成,含FAM 荧光探针的SSR 引物由北京擎科生物科技股份有限公司合成。
表2 分子标记对应引物名称及信息
Table 2 Molecular marker correspond to primer name and its information
参Reference 献文考[11][12][15][16][8][8][8][17][13]产Fragment size/bp小大物2000 569 1080 198 245 171194 319111退Annealing temperature/℃度火温585557525156535758列(5′-3′)引Primer sequence(5′-3′)序物F:CAGGTGGGAGTAGTGGAATG R:CAGGTGGGAGTAAGATTTGT CCAGTTCGCCCGTAAATG F:GGTGTCAAGTTGGAAGATGG R:TATGCCAAAAAACATCC F:AAGAAAGTTTGCAGTTTATGGTG R:AAGATGACAATAGCGAGAGAGAA F:GACACGCGAATTTAATAATCCA R:TTTATGAAACCCGTATTGGTG F:TGTACACCAATACGGGTTTCAT R:GTTTGCTGGATTTCCGATGT F:CTCCCTTTCCCTCTCCCTCT R:AAACGCGTATCCCAATGAAG F:CGCCCATTCTCTCTCGCTAT R:GTGCAAAAACGCGTATCCCA F:GGAAAAATCCATCGCTAACAAAGTATTAATTCTCTTCA R:AGAGCTCATTTGGATTAAGAGCGAGTAATTATATTGT引Primer name称名物SCF27-2000 GSLP1-569 SCC8-1080 VMC7f2 p1_VvAGL11 p2_VvAGL11 p3_VvAGL11 5U_VviAGL11 VvSD10引Primer type型类物SCAR SSR
PCR 反应体系如下:SCAR 标记PCR 反应体系25 μL:2×Taq Master Mix 15 μL,正、反向引物各1 μL(20 μmol·L-1),DNA 模板(20 ng·μL-1)2 μL,ddH2O 6 μL。反应程序为:95 ℃预变性3 min;95 ℃变性10 s,适宜Tm 值退火10 s,72 ℃延伸1 min,35 个循环;72 ℃延伸5 min,扩增产物4 ℃保存。SSR 标记PCR反应体系30 μL:1×TSE101金牌Mix 27 μL,正、反向引物各1 μL,DNA 模板1 μL。反应程序为:98 ℃预变性3 min;98 ℃变性10 s,适宜Tm 值退火10 s,72 ℃延伸5 min,37个循环,扩增产物4 ℃保存。
SCAR 标记的PCR 扩增产物采用1.5%琼脂糖凝胶电泳25~30 min(恒压150 V),使用UV 凝胶成像仪拍照记录。SSR标记的PCR扩增产物通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳(2 μL 样品+6 μL 溴酚蓝),300 V 电压下12 min,获取鉴定胶图,通过胶图确定模板浓度,加无菌水稀释后采用荧光毛细管电泳(ABI3730 XL遗传分析仪)进行验证。
参考马亚茹等[13]、Baldi 等[18]和Vihinen[19]的方法分别计算真阳性(True Positive,TP)、真阴性(True Negative,TN)、假阳性(False Positive,FP)、假阴性(False Negative,FN)、准确率(Accuracy)和无核检测率(Nuclear-free Detection Rate,NDR)。
准确率=(TP+TN)/(TP+FP+TN+FN)×100%,无核检测率=TP/(TP+FP)×100%。并利用SPSS 软件对样本表型与不同的SSR标记的等位点及基因型之间进行卡方(χ2)独立性检验(p<0.05),用于评估表型和试验数据之间的关联程度。
在208 个葡萄种质中验证SCAR 类型无核标记的通用性。结果如表3 所示,标记GSLP1-569 在葡萄种质间的鉴定准确率和无核检测率分别是57.12%和90.51%。检测到的16 个种质包含14 个无核种质和2 个有核种质,其中11 个无核种质是无核白及其衍生后代,可见GSLP1-569 适合针对无核白及其后代的检测。标记SCC8-1080 分别在53 个无核种质和19 个有核种质中扩增出1080 bp 的特异性条带,经统计在208 个葡萄种质间的鉴定准确率和无核检测率分别是72.20%和79.18%;标记SCF27-2000 分别在87 个无核种质和55 个有核种质中扩增出2000 bp 的特异性条带,在208 个种质间的鉴定准确率和无核检测率分别是75.38%和67.82%。3 个SCAR 类型标记中SCF27-2000 的准确率和真阳性最高;标记GSLP1-569 有较高的无核检测率、假阴性和真阴性。鉴定结果表明,在针对自然群体的检测中SCF27-2000综合表现最优,适用于无核葡萄新品种的SCAR分子辅助选择。
表3 SCAR 标记在自然群体中的验证结果
Table 3 Validation results of SCAR markers in natural populations
注:+表示标记有特异性条带;-表示标记无特异性条带。
Note:The+in the Table indicates that the mark has a special type strip;-marks have no specific bands.
标记Marker GSLP1-569 SCC8-1080 SCF27-2000无核Seedless+14 53 85有核Seeded 准确率NDR/%57.12 72.20 75.38--74 35 3+2 19 55 118 101 65真阳性TP/%15.91 60.22 96.59真阴性TN/%98.33 84.17 54.17假阳性FP/%16.67 15.83 45.83假阴性FN/%84.09 39.77 3.41无核检测率Accuracy/%90.51 79.18 67.82
对6 个SSR 无核标记的通用性进行了验证,结果表明:6 个标记分别检测到3~24 个不等的标记位点,这些位点大小为101~321 bp,标记p2-VvAGL11检测到的位点最少,5U_VviAGL11 检测到的位点最多。每个标记表现最好的标记位点如表4所示,经卡方检验与种子有无均呈极显著相关,检测出这些位点的种质中无核种质占41.4%~89.4%,p1-VvAGL11的250 bp占比最高,同时在41.7%的三倍体种质中检测到该位点。这些位点在56.1%~88.1%的无核葡萄种质中检测到,5U_VviAGL11 的315 bp 占比最高,在三倍体种质中未检测到该位点。
表4 微卫星标记位点分布与无核葡萄种质的相关性
Table 4 Correlation between distribution of microsatellite markers and germplasm of seedless grape
注:-表示无核;+表示有核;*显著相关(p<0.05);**极显著相关(p<0.01)。下同。
Note:-in the table means no seeded;+eans there are nucleated;*means significant correlation(p<0.05);**means extremely significant correlation(p<0.01).The same below.
标记Marker p1-VvAGL11 p2-VvAGL11 p3-VvAGL11 5U_VviAGL11 VMC7F2 VVSD10数量Number标记位点Marker site/bp 250 171 195 315 197 105频率Frequency 45.5 29.5 23.8 20.0 28.0 38.8表型Phenotype-161 89 88 74 88 101+p 2.3708E-55**9.17E-10**1.4542E-25**7.4534E-21**5.6739E-16**0.000 002**6 3 14 24 8 9 30 35 12 10 31 79相关性Correlation χ²245.595 37.493 109.218 87.743 65.547 22.595
6个标记分别检测到5~75种数量不等的基因型,标记p2-VvAGL11 检测到的基因型数量最少,5U_VviAGL11检测到的数量最多。每个标记表现最好的基因型如表5 所示,经卡方检验与葡萄种子有无极显著相关。检测到这6 种基因型的种质中,71%~93.3%的种质为无核表型,标记5U_VviAGL11检测到的种质中无核种质占比最高;无核种质中24.4%~86.7%的种质检测出这6种基因型,其中p1-VvAGL11检测到的250/250在无核种质中占比最高;有核种质中仅有1.7%~24.2%检测到这6种基因型;5U_VviAGL11 检测到的307/315 在有核种质中占比最低。
表5 微卫星标记基因型分布与相关性
Table 5 Distribution and correlation of microsatellite markers genotypes
标记Marker p1-VvAGL11 p2-VvAGL11 p3-VvAGL11 5U_VviAGL11 VMC7F2 VVSD10数量Number基因型Genotype 250/250 158/171 185/195 307/315 197/199 105/105频率Frequency 42.9 47.6 32.7 7.1 36.7 14.3表型Phenotype-78 71 60 28 57 22+p 8 5 12 29 30 75 21 23 8 2 20 8相关性Correlation χ²123.433 61.742 84.557 36.413 48.230 13.274 1.120E-28**3.916E-15**3.733E-20**1.60E-09**3.79E-12**0.000269**
对6个SSR类型无核标记进行验证,结果(表6)显示p1-VvAGL11准确率最高,达到88.47%,无核检测率为87.74%。p3-VvAGL11 和5U_VviAGL11 的无核检测率较高,分别为90.72%和90.80%,同时二者的真阴性也最高,分别为95.00%和95.83%。p1-VvAGL11真阳性最高,为89.44%;6 个标记假阳性均表现良好,最高是VVSD10,为32.92%,最低是p3-VvAGL11,仅为5.00%。整体上p1-VvAGL11综合表现最优,适用于无核葡萄新品种的SSR分子辅助选择。
表6 SSR 标记在自然群体中验证结果
Table 6 Validation results of SSR markers in natural populations
标记Marker p1-VvAGL11 p2-VvAGL11 p3-VvAGL11 5U_VviAGL11 VMC7F2 VVSD10真阳性TN/%89.44 49.44 48.89 41.11 48.89 56.11真阴性TN/%87.50 85.42 95.00 95.83 87.08 67.08假阳性FP/%12.50 14.58 5.00 4.17 12.92 32.92假阴性FN/%10.56 50.56 51.11 58.89 51.11 43.89无核检测率NDR/%87.74 77.22 90.72 90.80 79.10 63.03准确率Accuracy/%88.47 67.43 71.94 68.47 67.99 61.60
葡萄基因型高度杂合,童期长,导致育种进程相对缓慢[20]。通常对果实无核表型的筛选,只能等植株成年之后才能进行。而利用准确率高的分子标记进行辅助选择育种,可以有效缩短育种年限,提高育种效率,推动无核葡萄育种的进程[21]。
国内外对开发葡萄无核分子标记进行了系统研究,屈田田等[22]通过不同葡萄杂交组合实生后代对GSLP1-569 进行验证,结果表明其在检测无核白的后代时有着更高的准确性。在本研究中,GSLP1-569 检测出的14 个无核品种中有11 个品种与无核白有遗传关联,证实GSLP1-569 较为适合检测无核白及其衍生后代。朱瑜等[23]利用该标记对木纳格的胚挽救后代进行鉴定,成功获得了21 个无核株系。SCC8-1080 是Lahogue 等[15]运用BSA 技术开发出的离无核位点更近的SCAR 标记,也是目前应用较多的标记之一[22]。Ryan等[24]通过对火焰无核及其F1组成的杂交群体进行检测,证实SCC8-1080 能准确鉴定F1中无核表型的植株,宣旭娴[25]研究表明该标记在无核群体中对残核和三倍体中的无核分型正确率分别是52.94%和50.00%,在自然群体中其无核分型正确率和无核检测率分别是73.08%和43.18%。在本研究中,该标记的准确率和无核检测率分别是72.20%和79.18%,这种差异可能是试验材料选择差异造成的。SCF27-2000 是Mejía 等[11]利用RAPD 标记技术通过对随机引物筛选之后进行测序分析转化而成的SCAR 标记,宣旭娴[25]的研究结果表明,该标记在无核群体中对残核、软核和三倍体品种无核分型正确率分别是94.12%、100%和66.67%,在自然群体中的无核分型正确率是92.31%,无核检测率为42.11%。Akkurt 等[26]利用Alphonse Lavallee 与无核白的372 株F1杂交后代对SCF27-2000 进行验证,结果表明该标记更适用对亲本均为无核的杂交后代进行鉴定。王勇等[27]利用SCF27-2000 在14 份葡萄种质资源和火州黑玉3 个杂交组合共116 株胚挽救后代中检测到84株携带目的基因片段,其中81株与田间鉴定结果吻合,正确率96.4%,并认为该标记是一个显性或主效基因标记,可以用来进行葡萄杂交后代无核单株的早期筛选。
p1-VvAGL11、p2-VvAGL11 和p3-VvAGL11 是Mejía等[8]将遗传图谱和物理图谱与欧亚种葡萄的公共基因组序列进行整合,对无核葡萄杂交后代进行QTL 分析之后筛选出的三个SSR 类型标记,并证实离转录起始点越近的标记越适合用于基因的辅助选择。安栋梁[28]在自然群体中的验证表明,p3-VvAGL11验证结果最优,无核品种扩增结果中杂合基因型ab的解释率为58.86%,在有核品种扩增结果中纯合基因型BB 解释率达到66.67%,可以有效区分种子状况。在针对p3-VvAGL11 的研究中Ocarez 等[17和陈豆豆等[20]分别认为与194 bp和187 bp标记位点极显著相关,而笔者在本研究结果中表明,195 bp位点与无核表型相关性最显著。在进行相关验证试验时,仪器或试验操作会造成扩增片段长度出现偏差[29],因此使用该类型标记时,应加入标准样品进行校对,从而减小试验误差。在本研究中,p1-VvAGL11、p2-VvAGL11 和p3-VvAGL11 在自然群体中鉴定准确率分别是88.47%、67.43%和71.94%,无核检测率分别是87.74%、77.22%和90.72%,相比之下p1-VvAGL11表现出更高的准确性,而p3-VvAGL11则表现出更高的无核检测率。5U_VviAGL11 是Ocarez 等[17]根据p3-VvAGL11 等位点的分子多样性重新设计的位于VvAGL11 启动子区域的SSR 标记,含有更丰富的遗传信息。前人验证表明其等位点306 bp 与无核表型极显著相关,270 bp 和298 bp与无核相关[20],在本研究中,5U_VviAGL11 在自然群体中鉴定准确率和无核检测率分别是68.47%和90.8%。VMC7F2 是Cabezas 等[16]利用QTL 定位到与葡萄无核性状有关基因后经筛选设计的SSR 标记,其198 bp 等位点与无核表型显著相关。Akkurt等[26]使用SCC8-1080、SCF27-2000 和VMC7f2 在Alphonse Lavallee 与无核白的372 株F1杂交后代中进行检测,分别检测到40、80 和174 个无核株系,并选用了在3个标记中均表现无核特征的20个子代进行研究,结果显示VMC7f2与无核性状关联最紧密。
除笔者在本研究中所用的SCAR和SSR类型标记外,单核苷酸多态性(Simple Nucleotide Polymorphisms,SNP)技术逐渐成为研究热点[30],Ocarez 等[17]用20K SNP 芯片对573个无核单株进行基因分型和精细化QTL 定位分析,并根据p3_VvAGL11 等位基因的分子多样性重新设计了该标记,得到了SNP 标记E7_VviAGL11。随着高通量自动化检测方法的更新换代,基因芯片、高通量检测技术等SNP 检测技术也逐渐普及,能够更快速、成本更低且更准确地检测出已知的SNP 位点,为无核葡萄育种提供参考。对于育种工作者而言,高效、准确的无核鉴定标记可加快田间育种进度,降低育种成本,促进产业的健康持续发展。本研究试验材料中,出现个别名称中有“无核”的品种,在田间调查时出现种子充分发育情况,这可能是命名问题或者引种记录错误所致,种子状况以田间调查结果为准。
通过由88份无核种质和120份有核种质组成的葡萄自然群体对3 个SCAR 无核标记和6 个SSR 无核标记进行验证,结果表明SCAR 类型标记中SCF27-2000 准确率和真阳性最高,表现最优,GSLP1-569 更适用于无核白系列的杂交后代;SSR标记中p1-VvAGL11 有着较高的准确率和无核检测率,且假阴性和假阳性较低,表现最优。
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Validation of the generality of molecular markers for seedless fruit in grape