超高效液相色谱-三重四级杆质谱联用法同时测定荔枝中4种细胞分裂素

黄雨莲1,赵明磊1,2,马兴帅1,2,李建国1,2*,徐 婧1*

1农业农村部华南地区园艺作物生物学与种质创制重点实验室·华南农业大学园艺学院,广州 510642;2广东荔枝工程中心,广州 510642)

摘 要:【目的】 应用超高效液相色谱-三重四级杆质谱联用仪(UPLC-MS/MS),建立一种同时测定荔枝反式玉米素核苷(tZR)、异戊烯基腺嘌呤核苷(IPR)、二氢玉米素(DHZ)、异戊烯基腺嘌呤(IP)4 种细胞分裂素含量的方法。【方法】 0.25 g 荔枝样品用乙腈-水(80∶20,体积比)溶液浸提8 h,经Bond Elut Plexa PCX 固相萃取柱纯化,2.5%氨水甲醇洗脱后过0.22µm 有机滤膜检测。选取XSelect HSS T3 色谱柱,以甲醇和5 mmol·L-1甲酸铵水溶液为流动相进行7 min 梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾正离子(ESI+)模式电离,选择反应监测(MRM)模式对细胞分裂素进行定量。【结果】 4种细胞分裂素的检出限和定量限分别低于18.12 和60.39 pg·g-1,在0.05~50 ng·mL-1质量浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系,线性相关系数(r2)大于0.999。在高、中、低浓度三种加标水平下,4 种细胞分裂素的平均回收率为80.0%~108.2%,标准偏差为0.8%~15.5%。采用建立的方法可以同时检测出荔枝果皮、果肉、种子、幼果、叶片和果柄离区中4 种细胞分裂素含量。【结论】 该方法简便、快速、灵敏、准确,适用于荔枝不同组织中细胞分裂素含量的测定。

关键词: 荔枝;液质联用;细胞分裂素;定量测定

细胞分裂素是天然存在的腺嘌呤衍生物,是一类较活跃的植物激素,具有广泛的生物学活性,参与植物从种子萌发到衰老的各个阶段[1]。在植物中,它们主要以游离碱的形式存在,各种细胞分裂素分子结构不同,但它们都具有芳香族环和侧链,其中,芳香族环上带有羧基和甲基或羟基等官能团,侧链则包括苯丙氨基、异戊二烯基等官能团,这些官能团赋予了细胞分裂素特定的生理功能。根据侧链的不同,天然细胞分裂素又可以分为两类,分别是异戊二烯类细胞分裂素和苯环类细胞分裂素,且前者更为普遍[2]。反式玉米素核苷(tZR)、异戊烯基腺嘌呤核苷(IPR)、二氢玉米素(DHZ)、异戊烯基腺嘌呤(IP)都属于前者(图1)。细胞分裂素的主要存在形式在不同的植物、相同植物的不同组织以及发育阶段有很大的差异。例如在猕猴桃中,IPR 是细胞分裂素最为常见的存在形式[3];而在葡萄中,tZR 是最常见的存在形式[4]。作为一种植物生长必不可少的激素,细胞分裂素在荔枝发育的整个过程中都发挥了重要的作用,该文涉及的4 种细胞分裂素在细胞分裂素的合成代谢过程中较为关键。

图1 4 种细胞分裂素结构式
Fig.1 The structural formulas of four types of cytokinin

荔枝(Litchi chinensis Sonn.)为无患子科荔枝属常绿植物,是华南的重要经济果树,在热带农业产业中占有重要的地位[5]。中国是荔枝的原产地,现有荔枝种植面积55 万hm2,主要分布在广东、广西、福建、海南等省区[6]。荔枝在中国南方已有数千年的种植历史,且因色、香、味俱佳,深受广大消费者喜爱。李伟才等[7]发现无核荔枝果实中高含量的IAA和低含量的细胞分裂素可能是其产生无核的一个重要原因。在花芽分化过程中,细胞分裂素含量的升高会促进芽的分化和侧芽发育,消除顶端优势,促进花芽分化[8-9]。环剥是抑制落果、提高产量的有效措施,环剥后叶片的细胞分裂素含量明显提高[10]。采前落果期果柄离区内细胞分裂素含量的增加会抑制果柄离层的形成,减少果实的脱落[11]。在荔枝体胚发育过程中,添加外源玉米素可以促进体胚的进一步发育,促进球形胚的形成[12]。这些研究结果均说明细胞分裂素对荔枝的生长发育和产量形成至关重要。然而细胞分裂素在植物体内的含量极低,且在提取和测定过程中受其他代谢物的干扰严重[13],因此,选择一种合适的测定方法对获取细胞分裂素准确的测定结果至关重要。

目前,荔枝上多采用酶联免疫法(ELISA)[14-17]和高效液相色谱法(HPLC)[18]测定细胞分裂素含量,且前人多针对细胞分裂素中的一种进行测定,这两种方法精密度不高,获得的数据差异大。植物体本身除了基质组成复杂外,检测过程中还存在取样难、称量难和分析难等问题,这就对植物的定量分析提出了更高的要求[19]。因此,具有检测限低、带有质谱准确性、检出准确率高等特点的高效液相色谱-串联质谱法,已成为目前植物激素分析的主流检测方法。荔枝果实的样品酚类物质含量高,需要探讨细胞分裂素提取的最佳方案,高效液相色谱-质谱联用检测的色谱和质谱条件也需要进一步的优化。笔者在本研究中以仙进奉荔枝为材料,首次建立了用超高效液相色谱-三重四级杆质谱联用仪(UPLC-MS/MS)同时测定荔枝不同部位(果皮、果肉、种子、幼果、叶片、果柄离区)中tZR、IPR、DHZ、IP 的检测方法,为相关研究提供参考。

1 材料和方法

1.1 供试材料

以广州市增城石滩中荔园的仙进奉荔枝为试验材料,选花后50 d 的荔枝果实,将荔枝果实的果皮、果肉、种子和果柄离区分别作为试验材料,采集冬梢叶片,置于冰盒迅速带回实验室,做好标记后,置于液氮速冻后存放于-80 ℃冰箱中备用。

1.2 仪器与试剂

Waters 超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱联用仪(ACQUITY UPLC H-Class/Xevo TQD)、Eppendorf 台式冷冻离心机、Eppendorf Thermo Mixer混匀仪、氮吹仪。

乙腈(质谱纯)、甲醇(质谱纯)、甲酸(质谱纯)均购自赛默飞世尔科技公司,甲酸铵(色谱纯,上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司),28%~30%氨水(色谱纯,上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司),Bond Elut Plexa PCX柱(安捷伦科技有限公司),试验用水为屈臣氏蒸馏水。细胞分裂素标准品tZR、IPR、DHZ 和IP 均购自上海源叶生物科技有限公司,纯度均≥98%。

1.3 标准溶液的配制

准确称取tZR、IPR、DHZ、IP 的标准品,用质谱甲醇制成单标准储备液密封储存于-80 ℃冰箱中,用15%的质谱甲醇配制成0.1µg·mL-1的细胞分裂素混合标准溶液,密封储存于-20 ℃冰箱备用,使用时再稀释成相应浓度。

1.4 样品前处理

过程参考曹赵云等[20]的方法并加以改进,以花后50 d荔枝果皮为材料,分别考察不同提取剂(80%甲醇[21-23]、80%丙酮、80%乙腈[24])、不同提取时间(4 h、8 h、12 h、16 h)、不同纯化方式(PCX 柱[25]、C18柱[26]、HLB 柱[27]、不过柱)、不同体积分数的氨水甲醇洗脱液(0.5%、1.0%、2.5%、5.0%)对细胞分裂素提取富集及分离效果的影响;同时以5 ng·mL-1标准品为材料,考察甲醇为有机相时不同水相(0.05%甲酸水溶液、0.1%甲酸水溶液、1 mmol·L-1甲酸铵水溶液、5 mmol·L-1甲酸铵水溶液)对细胞分裂素提取富集及分离效果的影响,筛选出适合荔枝样品的前处理流程。

优化后的流程如图2 所示。取新鲜的荔枝果皮样品,于研钵中加液氮磨细,用千分之一天平准确称取0.25 g 样品于15 mL 塑料离心管中,加入2.5 mL 4 ℃预冷的80%乙腈溶液,在4 ℃下浸提8 h,其间振摇2 次。取出后于4 ℃在10 000 r·min-1的转速下离心10 min,收集上清液。在残渣中加入2.5 mL 80%乙腈,振荡10 min,于4 ℃在10 000 r·min-1的转速下离心10 min,将两次提取液合并,加甲酸调pH 值为2~3,混匀,获得样品粗提液。

图2 细胞分裂素提取纯化流程图
Fig.2 Flow chart of cytokinin extraction and purification

依次用2.5 mL 甲醇和2.5 mL 2%甲酸水溶液进行活化和平衡固相萃取柱,约5 mL 粗提液以每秒1~2 滴的速度过柱,之后再用等体积甲醇溶液(含0.1%甲酸)淋洗,最后用2.5 mL 甲醇溶液(含2.5%氨水)洗脱两次,洗脱液收集于试管,氮吹至10µL,加0.25 mL 15%甲醇水溶液复溶,漩涡混匀后过0.22µm有机滤膜后待测。

1.5 色谱和质谱条件

色谱条件:Waters 公司X Select HSS T3 柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,2.5µm),流动相A为甲醇,流动B为5 mmol·L-1的甲酸铵水溶液,梯度洗脱程序见表1。

表1 梯度洗脱程序
Table 1 Gradient elution program

时间Time/min 0.0 1.5 5.0 6.0 6.1 7.0流速Flow rate/(mL·min-1)B 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3体积分数Volume fraction/%A 10 60 90 90 10 10 90 40 10 10 90 90

质谱条件为电喷雾离子源(ESI+),检测方式为多反应检测(MRM)模式。离子源温度为150 ℃,毛细管电压为0.35 kV,脱溶剂气温度500 ℃,雾化气氮气流速1000 L·h-1,锥孔气流速50 L·h-1;碰撞气(氩气)流速0.17 L·h-1。质谱参数见表2,4种细胞分裂素标准溶液的选择反应检测色谱图见图3。

表2 4 种细胞分裂素的相关质谱参数
Table 2 Mass spectrometry parameters related to four types of cytokinins

注:*为定性离子。
Note:*is characterized ion.

细胞分裂素Cytokinin反式玉米素核苷tZR母离子Parent ion/(m/z)352.05锥孔电压Cone voltage/V 35异戊烯基腺嘌呤核苷IPR 336.10 35二氢玉米素DHZ 222.05 36异戊烯基腺嘌呤IP碰撞能量Collision energy/V 22 30 31 15 18 20 10 13 204.10子离子Daughter ion/(m/z)148.00*136.20 136.10*204.00 148.02*135.95 148.00*136.20驻留时间Dwell/s 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.019 28

图3 4 种细胞分裂素的选择反应检测色谱图
Fig.3 Chromatograms for selective reaction detection of four types of cytokinins

2 结果与分析

2.1 提取条件优化

2.1.1 提取剂优化 在植物激素测定中,常用的提取剂有甲醇、乙腈和丙酮[28-30]。以仙进奉果皮为样品,在其他条件相同的情况下,考察了80%甲醇、80%丙酮、80%乙腈作为提取溶剂的提取效果(图4-A)。结果表明,对于tZR 和IPR 而言,80%乙腈的提取效果好;对于DHZ 而言,80%甲醇的提取效果更好;对于IP而言,80%丙酮的提取效果更佳。经过综合比较,选择80%乙腈作为提取剂。

图4 不同提取剂(A)和不同提取时间(B)的提取效果Fig.4 Extraction performance of different extraction agents(A)and different extraction times(B)

2.1.2 提取时间优化 选定80%乙腈作为提取剂,考察了提取时间分别为4 h、8 h、12 h、16 h 时对细胞分裂素提取效果的影响。结果(图4-B)表明,提取时间从4 h 延长到8 h 时,tZR 和DHZ 的提取效果得到了显著提升;提取时间从8 h 延长到12 h 时,除IPR 和IP 提取效果略有下降外,其他两种细胞分裂素的提取效果没有发生显著变化;提取时间从12 h延长到16 h 时,IP 的提取效果略有下降,tZR 的提取效果显著下降。综合比较,提取时间最终选择8 h。

2.2 纯化条件优化

2.2.1 固相萃取柱优化 纯化条件主要考虑两个重要参数:固相萃取柱和洗脱溶剂。目前比较常见的固相萃取柱有以十八烷基键合相硅胶为填料的C18 柱,以亲水-亲油平衡聚合物材料为填料的HLB柱以及以混合阳离子交换材料为填料的PCX 柱等。以仙进奉果皮为样品,选择C18 柱、HLB 柱、PCX 柱,以及不纯化这4 种处理方式进行比较(图5-A)。C18柱可有效去除果皮中酯类及色素类化合物;HLB 柱无需活化,纯化步骤少,可有效除去磷脂、蛋白质和色素等大分子物质;PCX 柱能够除去大量酸性和中性化合物;空白对照不进行除杂。选择PCX 柱进行纯化时,4 种细胞分裂素检测响应值高且分离度好。其他3种纯化方式,4种细胞分裂素检测响应值都较PCX 柱低,DHZ 和IP 在色谱图中分离度差。综上所述,选择PCX 柱对样品进行纯化。

图5 不同萃取柱(A)和不同体积分数氨水甲醇洗脱液(B)纯化效果
Fig.5 Purification effects of different extraction columns(A)and different concentrations of ammonia methanol elution solutions(B)

2.2.2 洗脱液优化 根据选定PCX 柱的特点,再结合细胞分裂素的理化性质,在空白样品中添加相同质量浓度(5 ng·mL-1)4 种细胞分裂素,选择不同体积分数的氨水甲醇溶液进行洗脱,考察回收率差异(图5-B)。试验发现,不同体积分数氨水甲醇洗脱液均可影响细胞分裂素回收率。当氨水甲醇的体积分数为0.1%和1%时,碱性较弱,PCX 柱上固定的细胞分裂素不能被充分洗脱;氨水甲醇体积分数增加到2.5%时,碱性增强,被洗脱的IPR 和DHZ 含量显著增加;氨水甲醇体积分数增加到5%时,碱性进一步增强,但IPR 和DHZ 洗脱效果不佳,其他几种细胞分裂素无明显变化。因此,综合比较之后,选择体积分数为2.5%的氨水甲醇溶液进行洗脱。

2.3 色谱条件优化

细胞分裂素是一类碱性物质,流动相的pH 值和组成会对色谱分离和响应强度有较大的影响。试验采用甲醇分别与0.05%甲酸水溶液、0.10%甲酸水溶液、1 mmol·L-1甲酸铵水溶液和5 mmol·L-1甲酸铵水溶液组合,作为流动相进行考察,发现5 mmol·L-1甲酸铵水溶液(pH≈4.5)-甲醇为流动相时,4种细胞分裂素峰形较好,目标物响应值高(图6)。

图6 不同流动相的色谱效果
Fig.6 Chromatographic effects of different mobile phases

2.4 方法准确度及精密度考察

2.4.1 线性关系和检出限 取质量浓度为50 ng·mL-1的混合标准溶液,依次稀释配制成系列质量浓度为0.05、0.10、0.50、1.00、5.00、10.00、50.00 ng·mL-1的混合标准溶液进行检测,绘制标准曲线,并进行线性回归,得到回归方程和相关系数(r2)。再分别以3倍信噪比(S/N)和10倍信噪比所对应的质量浓度确定检出限(LOD)和定量限(LOQ)。结果表明,tZR、IPR、DHZ、IP在0.05~50.00 ng·mL-1范围内线性良好,r2>0.999,LOD 和LOQ 分别为3.11~18.12 和10.37~60.39 pg·g-1,说明该研究方法对细胞分裂素有较高的检测灵敏度(表3)。

表3 4 种细胞分裂素的线性方程、线性范围、相关系数和检出限
Table 3 Linear equations,linear ranges,correlation coefficients,and detection limits for four types of cytokinins

分析物Analytes tZR IPR DHZ IP线性方程Calibration y=137 550 x+40 902 y=174 525 x+32 593 y=160 160 x+5174 y=227 957 x+41 368质量浓度范围Concentration range/(ng·mL-1)0.05~50 0.05~50 0.05~50 0.05~50相关系数r2 0.999 7 0.999 6 1.000 0 0.999 6检出限LOD/(pg·g-1)18.12 11.76 3.11 8.39定量限LOQ/(pg·g-1)60.39 39.22 10.37 27.98

2.4.2 回收率 为了评价该方法的准确性和可重复性,以荔枝果皮为样品,向其中添加低、中、高三种不同质量浓度的标品(0.4、2.0、20.0 ng·mL-1)进行回收率试验,做3次平行试验,计算平均加标回收率和相对标准偏差。结果(表4)显示,4种细胞分裂素的相对回收率为80.0%~108.2%,RSD为0.8%~15.5%。

表4 荔枝皮中4 种细胞分裂素的加标回收率及相对标准偏差(n=3)
Table 4 Recovery and RSD%of four cytokinins from litchi peel by spiking(n=3)

分析物Analytes tZR IPR DHZ IP加标量Skiped/(ng·mL-1)0.4 2.0 20.0 0.4 2.0 20.0 0.4 2.0 20.0 0.4 2.0 20.0回收率Recovery/%93.5 95.0 80.3 93.3 102.1 93.4 87.1 108.2 93.3 89.1 80.0 80.6相对标准偏差RSD/%8.1 7.8 2.0 7.1 3.5 1.3 8.0 1.5 1.7 15.5 2.1 0.8

2.4.3 实际样品分析 为了证明该方法对荔枝不同部位的普适性,利用所建立的方法对荔枝果皮、果肉、种子、叶片、果柄离区和幼果中的内源细胞分裂素进行测定(图7)。测定结果见表5,tZR 含量(w,后同)以种子中最高(3.92 ng·g-1),果肉中最低(0.30 ng·g-1);IPR含量以叶片中最高(11.83 ng·g-1),其次为离区(7.86 ng·g-1),其他组织的含量均低于1.00 ng·g-1;DHZ 在所有测定的组织中,只有叶片和种子中含量达到0.10 ng·g-1,其他组织均低于此值;IP含量以离区中最高(1.29 ng·g-1),种子种最低。上述部位中的4 种细胞分裂素都能被检出,说明该法可用于荔枝不同部位的测定。

表5 荔枝不同部位内源细胞分裂素含量
Table 5 The contents of endogenous cytokinins in different parts of litchi(ng·g-1

组织Issue果皮Peel果肉Flesh种子Seed幼果Young fruit叶片Leaf离区Abscission zone tZR 1.60±0.15 0.30±0.010 3.92±0.090 1.38±0.020 1.63±0.002 2.08±0.020 IPR 0.62±0.03 0.26±0.004 0.44±0.020 0.60±0.020 11.83±0.160 7.86±0.010 DHZ 0.06±0.01 0.02±0.001 0.10±0.010 0.06±0.001 0.11±0.040 0.03±0.001 IP 0.20±0.01 0.06±0.001 0.04±0.001 0.15±0.020 0.54±0.020 1.29±0.005

图7 荔枝不同部位
Fig.7 Different parts of litchi

3 讨 论

对荔枝内源激素的测定多采用ELISA 法以及HPLC 法(目前难以胜任)。ELISA 法利用抗原与抗体的特异反应将待测物与酶建立关联,当同一类结构相似激素存在时,抗体专一结合性差,导致检测值偏高;HPLC 法根据各组分在固定相及流动相中吸附能力、分配系数、离子交换作用或分子尺寸大小的差异,在色谱柱中进行分离纯化,因此结构和极性相似的两种化合物可分离度较差。李伟才等[7]用液相色谱法测得荔枝谢花后80 d 内果实中细胞分裂素的含量为0~800 ng·g-1,而周贤军等[31]用酶联免疫测量结果为0~760 pg·g-1。周昌敏等[10]用酶联免疫测的白点期前后叶片中细胞分裂素含量为300~600 ng·g-1,花静静[32]用普通液质联用(LC-MS)测出来的结果约2.74 ng·g-1。胡桂兵等[33]用酶联免疫测定结果约为335.36 ng·g-1,笔者在本研究中用超高效液相色谱-三重四级杆质谱联用法测定荔枝果皮花后50 d 的IPR 含量约为0.62 ng·g-1,金峰等[34]用液质联用测定冬梢叶片中IP和IPR含量分别为0.66和9.88 ng·g-1,与本文测定结果接近。以上结果说明ELISA 法以及HPLC 法的准确性和灵敏度较差。而质谱分析法(MS),是通过高能电子轰击,检测带电分子离子或碎片离子的质量数,最终确定带电离子质量的方法,具有高选择性和灵敏性。另外与传统的HPLC 相比,超高效液相色谱(UPLC)在保留HPLC 优点的同时,还提升了分析速度。UPLC-MS/MS法更是结合了UPLC的高分离性、高速度的特点以及MS/MS 高选择性、高灵敏度的特点,成为了目前植物激素检测的主要手段之一,在石榴、文冠果、苹果等果树中也有相关报道[35-37]

植物内源激素属于微量物质,难以分析,且样品基质效应复杂,所以合适的前处理过程以及分析方法显得尤为重要。当以80%丙酮和80%甲醇为提取剂时,对tZR和IP的提取效果不佳,且80%丙酮作为提取剂时,提取剂绿色很深,说明其中溶解了很多叶绿素,易对后续检测造成干扰;以80%乙腈为提取剂时,DHZ和IPR提取效果不如另两种,但tZR和IP的响应值显著高于另外两种,且色谱图分离度好。综合考虑,选用80%乙腈作为提取剂。在提取过程中,提取8 h可达最佳效果,无需过夜,可实现当天提取,当天测定,提高了检测结果的准确度。与其他植物内源激素相比,细胞分裂素较为特别的地方在于其具有嘌呤环,呈碱性。因此利用其特性,在纯化时选择PCX 强阳离子交换柱,该柱以聚合阳离子交换树脂为填料,对弱碱性化合物吸附性较强,进而提高了碱性化合物的纯化效果。细胞分裂素在酸化后的提取液(pH≈2~3)中呈阳离子状态,过柱时被填料吸附,再用含0.1%甲酸的甲醇溶液(pH≈5~6)淋洗,此时大多数酸性和中性化合物被清除,留在柱上的目标物再用2.5%的氨水甲醇溶液洗脱(pH≈11.3),目标物随着洗脱液流出,最终实现目标物的收集。XSelect HSS T3 色谱柱以高强度硅胶为填料,可延长极性目标物的保留时间,有利于样品组分更好的分离。同时方法优化了流动相条件,最终实现了荔枝果实中多种细胞分裂素有效分离和准确定量。

4 结 论

建立了高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法同时测定荔枝中tZR、IPR、DHZ 和IP 这4 种细胞分裂素的检测方法。样品通过80%乙腈低温提取,PCX 纯化,X Select HSS T3 分离,在ESI+、MRM 模式下分析定量,实现了荔枝不同样品中4 种关键细胞分裂素的高效提取和测定。样品平均加标回收率为80.0%~108.2%,RSD 范围为0.8%~15.5%。经方法学验证,该方法具备前处理检测周期短、重现性好、灵敏度高等优点,适用于荔枝各部位细胞分裂素的快速筛查和定量测定。

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Simultaneous determination of four cytokinins in litchi by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry

HUANG Yulian1,ZHAO Minglei1,2,MA Xingshuai1,2,LI Jianguo1,2*,XU Jing1*
(1Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China;2Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center,Guangzhou 510642,Guangdong,China)

Abstract: 【Objective】 A method was developed to simultaneously measure four types of cytokinins(tZR, IPR, DHZ and IP) in litchi using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS).【Methods】 The experiment was conducted using litchi pericarp 50 days after flowering.The XSelect HSS T3 chromatographic column was selected.Methanol and 5 mmol·L-1 ammonium formate aqueous solution were used as the mobile phase with a flow rate of 0.3 mL·min-1.A gradient elution was conducted for 7 minutes. Positive electrospray ionization (ESI+)and the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode were set for mass spectrometry detection. Under these conditions [ion source temperature 150 ℃, capillary voltage 0.35 kV, dissolvent gas temperature 500 ℃,atomization gas flow rate 1000 L·h-1,cone hole gas flow 50 L·h-1,and collision gas(argon gas)0.17 L·h-1],quantification of cytokinins was achieved.The effects of different extraction solvents (80%methanol, 80% acetone, and 80% acetonitrile), different extraction times (4 h, 8 h, 12 h, and 16 h), different purification methods(PCX column,C18 column,HLB column,and no column),different concentrations of ammonium-methanol eluent (0.5%, 1.0%, 2.5%, and 5.0%), and different aqueous phases when methanol is the organic phase(0.05%formic acid solution,0.1%formic acid solution,1 mmol·L-1 ammonium formate solution, and 5 mmol·L-1 ammonium formate solution) were separately examined for their impact on cytokinin extraction, enrichment, and separation efficiency. Compared to other endogenous hormones, cytokinins are unique in that they have a purine ring and are alkaline. The PCX column is a strong cation exchange column filled with polymer cation exchange resin, which concentrates alkaline analytes and thereby enhances the detection sensitivity of alkaline compounds. Cytokinins exist as cations in the acidified extraction solution(pH≈2-3).They are tightly adsorbed by the filler during passage through the PCX column, and then rinsed with a 0.1% formic acid methanol solution(pH≈5-6).At this point, most acidic and neutral compounds are removed, leaving the target substances on the column to be eluted with a 2.5% ammonia-methanol solution (pH≈11.3).Target substances flow out with the eluent are collected ultimately. In addition, cytokinins are also polar substances which can be separated according to the principles of C18 column and HLB column separation,namely the principle of similar solubility. The stationary phase of C18 and HLB reverse phase columns is non-polar.When the polarity of the mobile phase is greater than that of the stationary phase,the target substance is eluted with the polar mobile phase.【Results】 As for the extraction conditions, the extraction effect was better with extraction solvent of 80% acetonitrile than the other extraction solutions and the extraction time was 8 hours,resulting in smooth,sharp peaks and high response values.Regarding the purification conditions, solid phase extraction with PCX was chosen, and the concentration of the ammonia methanol eluent was 2.5%.Under this condition,chromatogram had less interference,offering the best enrichment separation effect. For the mobile phase conditions, when methanol was used as the organic phase,a 5 mmol·L-1 aqueous solution of ammonium formate was most effective, with which the response intensity of the target substance was high and the peak time was appropriate. Fresh litchi samples were taken and ground into fine powder in a mortar with liquid nitrogen. 0.25 g of the sample was put into a 15 mL plastic centrifuge tube, and added with 2.5 mL of 80% acetonitrile pre-cooled at 4 ℃. Cytokinins were extracted at 4 ℃for 8 hours,during which the sample was shaken twice.After extraction,the extract was centrifuged at a speed of 10 000 r·min-1 for 10 minutes at 4 ℃,and the supernatant was collected.An equal volume of 80%acetonitrile was added to the residue,shaken for 10 minutes,and centrifuged at a speed of 10 000 r·min-1 for 10 minutes at 4 ℃. The supernatant was combined, added with formic acid to adjust the pH value to 2-3,and mixed well to obtain the crude extract.Consecutively,2.5 mL methanol and an equal volume of 2%aqueous solution of formic acid were added for activation and balancing. The crude extract was passed through the column at a rate of 1-2 drops per second, rinsed with an equal volume of 0.1% formic acid methanol solution, and finally washed twice with an equal volume of 2.5% ammonia-water methanol solution.The eluent was collected in a test tube,blown to almost dryness with nitrogen,and added with 0.25 mL 15%methanol solution to re-dissolve.After vortex mixing,the eluent was filtered through a 0.22µm organic membrane for testing.The limits of detection and quantification for the four cytokinins were below 18.12 and 60.39 pg·g-1, respectively, showing a good linear relationship within the concentration range of 0.05-50 ng·mL-1, with a correlation coefficient (r2) greater than 0.999. At three spiking levels of high, medium, and low concentrations (0.4, 2,and 20 ng·mL-1),the average recovery rates of the four cytokinins were between 80.0%-108.2%,with a standard deviation ranging from 0.8%-15.5%.The established method was used to measure the endogenous cytokinins in litchi pericarp, pulp, seed, young fruit, leaves, and the abscission zone, and all four cytokinins could be detected.【Conclusion】 This method has the advantages of easy preprocessing,short detection cycle, good reproducibility, high sensitivity, and low cost. The final results are reliable,making it suitable for rapid screening and quantitative detection of cytokinins in various parts of litchi.The method is of great practical value.

Key words: Litchi;Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry;Cytokinin;Quantitative determination

中图分类号:S667.1

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2024)06-1228-11

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20240078

收稿日期:2024-02-06

接受日期:2024-03-24

基金项目:国家自然科学基金重点项目(32330092);国家现代农业产业技术体系建设项目(CARS-32-07)

作者简介:黄雨莲,女,在读硕士研究生,研究方向为植物激素测定。E-mail:1401175682@qq.com

*通信作者 Author for correspondence.E-mail:jxu@scau.edu.cn;E-mail:jianli@scau.edu.cn